...which morality can’t be based on consequences. And finally, we will look for the virtue in this situation. Utilitarianism is defined as a theory on which morality is determined by the consequences of an action or rule. In essence, the life and liberty of the innocents who are to be tortured, is nothing but a utility to save potentially thousands and prevent unhappiness. John Stuart Mill, follows a utilitarian approach to life. He says on utilitarianism, that our actions should promote happiness and or prevent unhappiness. He lays out a principle called the greatest happiness principle, in which, actions are right in proportion to their tendency to promote happiness, and wrong as they tend to unhappiness. Mill would think that it is required to torture the prisoners in order to serve the greatest happiness of those who would be saved, by preventing their unhappiness. Bentham, another utilitarian thinker, I assume would go about the situation the same way Mill would, only Bentham would inquire about the number of people affected no matter the distance. Bentham would also look at how much unhappiness is prevented vs caused. As Bentham believed that pain and pleasure are entirely quantitative. In today’s society, in enlightened countries at...
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...world of politics, the main bone to pick with one another among the liberals and conservatives in the world of economics is the topic of government intervention. Conservative Austrian economists believe in an entirely free market, with very little to no government intervention whatsoever, (even in times of severe economic downturn and in the midst of financial crises), whereas more liberal Keynesian economists believe that government intervention is key to maintaining a healthy, growing economy with little to no possibility of collapse. These two vastly different economic philosophies not only have monetary implications, but also very significant social as well as ethical ones. Keynesian economics was developed by the British economist John Maynard Keynes who was born in 1883 and died in 1946 (Keynesian Economics, 2). His economic theory, which would later bear his name, gained widespread recognition during the Great Depression of the early 1930s. The main components of his economic theories have to do with the role of the Federal Government in the mitigation of economic recessions. Keynes advocated capitalism as a healthy economic system, but also noted that in such a society there are going to be...
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...decision on behalf of them rather than their culture or laws, as long as they are a good person, it is a good decision. It is person based rather than cultural. Virtue, practical wisdom and eudemonia, are the three main concepts that virtue ethics’ enforces. Aristotle and Plato are virtue ethics principle ethicists. Utilitarianism’s principal concepts are: egalitarianism, hedonism, consequentialism. This ethical system is based on a perception that a choice is moral when it has a result that is more positive for people. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-73) who was actually one of Bentham’s students, are, ethicist’s involved in developing utilitarianism. Social contact is that the persons’ moral or obligations are dependent on a contract or agreement. To be polite, not cheat or lie to one another in marriage, which marriage is like a contract. The ethicists that were involved in this were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Individual relativism says that is not a universal standard. “All values are subjective because they are based upon the personal preferences that express one’s own self-interest” (Argosy, 2015). What you says goes basically, what you think is the better option is. The ethicists involved were Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer. Deontology with goals is comprised of the principle components of an individual making ethical decisions based on achieving a certain goal. Hinduism and...
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...Why was Socrates regarded as a man of virtue? Why was Socrates regarded as a man of virtue? Socrates: Man of Virtue (470-399 B.C.E.) Socrates proposed the theory of value in which there are two sorts of good: virtue and happiness. Both are unconditional goods. But happiness is a "self-generated" good in that it "derives its value strictly from its inherent properties;" whereas virtue is an "other-generated" good in that it derives its value from happiness, precisely from its conduciveness to happiness. Virtue is an instinct in all humanity which can be aroused through self-examination. This universal truth is accessible to everyone who thinks and question. Socrates assumes that any person with whom he talks has the resource to answer his question correctly, that is, that no specialist knowledge is required. Socrates thought that knowledge is virtue, and virtue leads to happiness. It makes sense to think that moral people know what morality is. If you know right from wrong, then you might be able to choose to do what you know to be right. It also makes some sense to suspect that our beliefs about right and wrong influence our decisions. If we believe its right to help a drowning child, then it would be fairly shocking to decide not to do so—and it would less surprising when we decide to help the child. It is quite a shocking statement to say that virtue always leads to happiness. Criminals commit crimes that hurt others to help themselves. To think that their crimes would...
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...a) Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a moral theory that ultimately concentrates on the happiness of an individual. This theory was initially developed by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and later altered by Stuart Mill (1806-1873). A Utilitarian’s attitude towards justice implies that no significant act (e.g., act of copying) or rule (e.g., “should not lie”) is basically good or bad. Rather, it solely depends on the overall non-moral good produced on accomplishing the act. The central idea here is that morality depends on the happiness produced after an ethical act or regulation. Hence the act is influential and not elemental. Therefore, utilitarianism is classed under “consequential” theory. Both Bentham and Mill were hedonists and regarded happiness as the most important thing in life. However, there was a conflict in the way they measured happiness. Bentham did not differentiate the pleasures obtained from the actions (Bentham, 1781). According to him, any work that generates happiness- be it eating or listening to music was essentially good. He was concerned about the quantity of happiness produced by doing an action. In contrast, Mill’s theory (Act Utilitarianism) focused on the quality of the action that produces happiness. He distinguished the pleasures into lower and higher pleasures. The former constituted of tactile sensuous pleasure like sleeping or eating, while the latter comprised of more intellectual behavior like listening to elegant music or reading a poem...
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...Compare and contrast potential conflicts of interest that may exist between the internal and external stakeholders: RESPONSE: According to Corporate Governance P.30 of chapter one, internal stakeholders are shareholders may risk losing profit if information being withheld by Dr. Do Right is investigated, found to be true and the hospital suffers loss of reputations, law suits. Although the legal liability of shareholders is limited by law to the amount of investment they make in the company, their expectations that all reporting operations of the company is in accordance with guidelines set by corporate roles, rights and responsibilities. Further, the hospital is expected to operate in accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This Act protects the financial management of a company. Another example cited in textbook page. 73 "Experiences of Qui Tam Whistleblowers against the Pharmaceutical Industry" Write summarized their investigation of the motivation and experiences of health care industry whistleblowers focusing on the False Claims Acts. Dr. Do Right's legal responsibility would fall under this category since he knowing is allowing patients to be killed with the false pretense that the deaths are due to causes not associated with the hospital. The External Stakeholders conflicts of interest would exist only if the stakeholders were aware of the ethical, civil, and fraud taking place in a company to which they are doing business with. Further, the external stakeholders...
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...Similarities and Differences in Virtue Theory, Utilitarianism, and Deontological Ethics This document will discuss the similarities and differences between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. A persons ethical and social responsibility is very important to their personal and business success. Unfortunately, it is difficult to identify and classify what is ethical and moral. I will also provide a personal example of one of the ethical behavior. The first question you must ask yourself is what are the meaning of Virtue Theory, utilitarianism, and Deontological. According to the Webster Dictionary; Virtue- normally good behavior or character, a good moral quality, or the good result that comes from somerthing. Now what does that mean in laymens term, After reviewing the technical and professional expernatiation When talking about ethics it is hard to distinguish between ethics and morality. It is also hard to distinguish exactly what realm of ethics contributes to my everyday decisions. Ethics can be defined as “well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues [and] ethics refers to the study and development of one's ethical standards” (Andre, Shanks, & Velasquez, 2010, para. 8-9). According to Psychology Today (2013) morality is, “ethics, evil, greed, sin, and conscience” (para. 1). “Morals can vary from person to person...
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...THREE ETHICAL APPROACHES BASED ON VIRTUE, DUTY AND CONSEQUENCE Three ethical approaches have evolved as the focus of those who study moral philosophy: virtue ethics, duty ethics and consequential ethics. Virtue ethics, associating ethics with personal habits, is associated with Aristotle. Duty ethics is associated with religious beliefs, although Kant tried to create a system of duties independent of belief in God. Consequential ethics is associated with the quest for rationalism during the Enlightenment, and especially with the Utilitarians. Virtue Ethics Plato and especially later Aristotle described moral behavior as “what the moral or virtuous person does.” The virtuous person develops a sense of right and wrong. This idea endures. We look to people we think of as ethical to give us advice on an ethical issue because such people have a sense of right and wrong. Aristotle tried to take the idea further, with less success. He thought that virtuous behavior meant people realizing their potential. He suggested that virtue was tied to moderation, a middle way between excess and deficiency. This idea is in practice not proven so helpful because where the midpoint is depends on where we put the extremes.[2] For example if an extreme drinker is someone who drinks six liters a day of vodka, then is three liters a day a moderate drinker? Markets operate without depending on the virtue of the business people who trade in them. But in practice ethical behavior is admired...
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...AS Philosophy & Ethics Course Handbook 2013 to 2014 [pic] OCR AS Level Religious Studies (H172) http://www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/type/gce/hss/rs/index.aspx OCR AS Level Religious Studies (H172) You are studying Philosophy of Religion and Religious Ethics and will be awarded an OCR AS Level in Religious Studies. The modules and their weightings are: |AS: |Unit Code |Unit Title |% of AS |(% of A Level) | | |G571 |AS Philosophy of Religion |50% |(25%) | | |G572 |AS Religious Ethics |50% |(25%) | If you decide to study for the full A Level you will have to study the following modules at A2: |A2: |Unit Code |Unit Title |(% of A Level) | | |G581 |A2 Philosophy of Religion |(25%) | | |G582 |A2 Religious Ethics |(25%) | Grading | ...
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...Running head: ACCOUNTING ETHICS: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DEONTOLOGY AND UTILITARIANISM Accounting Ethics: Differences between Deontology and Utilitarianism Yaa Mendez Liberty University Outline: Introduction with thesis Deontology: definition, concepts Utilitarianism: definition, concepts Similarities between deontology and utilitarianism Difference between deontology and utilitarianism Conclusion In 2013, the movie, The Wolf of Wall Street portrayed the dishonest dealings of people involved in securities exchange and trades of foreign and public companies. The actor, Leonardo DiCaprio, had an sensational thirst for wealth and learned of greed from his superior. This movie portrays the idea that greed, an unethical behavior, is an acceptable behavior that business individuals must cultivate to increase their wealth. So what is ethics? According to Spiceland, Sepe, and Tomassini (2007), ethics is “a code or moral system that provides a criteria for evaluating what is right and wrong” (Spiceland, Sepe, and Tomassni, 2007). Deontological theories base morality on certain duties or obligations and claim that certain actions are right or wrong regardless of the consequences that may follow from the actions. Deontology is a moral theory that depends on scriptures that are governed by rules, moral laws, and intuition. The word deontology is derived from the Greek term “deon” and “logos” which means the “study of duty” (Moreland, 2009). Moreland (2009)...
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...ABSTRACT The most important general and theoretical horizons regarding bioethics refer to the foundation of ethical theories. We can talk about two main general categories in which we can place the ethical theories: teleological and deontological. From the first category we enumerate the Aristotelian perspective or the one developed by J. St. Mill, while the Kantian perspective is exemplary for deontological ethics. According to the teleological perspective, a form of human behavior is described as moral or non-moral according to the goals explicitly set. The mere achievement of these goals is a necessary and sufficient condition to qualify as moral people’s actions or deeds without taking into account the “intermediate stages” of the actions performed to achieve those goals. Deontology, as a general horizon of articulating the ethical theories, believes on the contrary that in every moment of our existence, every action or deed that we accomplish can be described as moral or non-moral according to the ethical principles underlying our behavior. The very important consequences arising from the two general theoretical horizons concern two different perspectives on “human nature”, or what we call the essence of the human being. Starting from this horizon we will have the consequentialist and deontological dimensions related to euthanasia. The bioethical dimension in which we will discuss the issue of euthanasia involves both dimensions or horizons. The arguments against...
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...Organizations walk a fine line between ensuring people productivity and interfering in the private affairs of their employees. A 1998 survey by the Society for Human Resource Management predicted that 55 percent of office romances would likely result in marriage, but that 28 percent of these office relationships may result in complaints of favoritism from coworkers, 24 percent in sexual harassment claims, and another 24 percent in the decreased productivity of the employees involved (Wilson). After careful contemplation of the deontological and utilitarian theories, I have determined that the rules and regulations restricting dating on the job are necessary in countervailing the employer’s legitimate business interests in avoiding unnecessary litigation and legal liability in maintaining a fair and professional work environment. EMPLOYER’S BUSINESS CONCERNS When defending its decision to regulate its employees' sexual relationships, management often points to its perception that such relationships will lead to conflicts of interest, favoritism, and inefficiency resulting from spending time and energy on non-work social activities, and reduced morale or jealousy of co-workers. However, by far, the greatest concern employer’s voice is that one of the parties, or another employee, will charge the company or one of its employees with sexual harassment. In a 2001 Society for Human Resources Management (SHRM) survey, ninety-five percent of human resource professionals cited a "potential...
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...BUSINESS ETHICS BY SHAW TEST BANK A+ Graded Tutorial Available At: http://hwsoloutions.com/?product=business-ethics-by-shaw-test-bank Visit Our website: http://hwsoloutions.com/ Product Description PRODUCT DESCRIPTION Business Ethics by Shaw Test Bank, Business Ethics by Shaw – Test Bank A+ Graded Chapter 1—The Nature of Morality MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following characteristics distinguishes moral standards from other sorts of standards? a. moral standards are purely optional b. moral standards take priority over other standards, including self-interest c. moral standards cannot be justified by reasons d. moral standards must be set or validated by some authoritative body 2. Choose the statement that gives the most accurate description of etiquette: a. the rules of etiquette are a fundamental branch of morality b. conformity with the rules of etiquette is sufficient for moral conduct c. etiquette refers to a special code of social behavior or courtesy d. the rules of etiquette are backed by statutory law 3. Our relationship with the law is best described by which of the following? a. To a significant extent, law codifies a society’s customs, norms, and moral values. b. The law is a completely adequate guide to the moral standards that we should follow. c. The law makes all immoral conduct illegal. d. Violating the law is always immoral. 4. Which of the following is not one of the four basic kinds of law? a. statutes b. constitutional...
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...WS 2013-14 MSc gEF Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik MSc kEF Management-Ethik MSc aZF Ethik (HMwL) Modul im SPF Management Management Ethik Prof. Dr. Michael Schramm schramm@uni-hohenheim.de Schramm Management-Ethik (WS 2013-14) zwei zentrale Begriffe vorab 1. Kontingenz in Managemententscheidungen bedeutet so viel wie „Ungewissheit“, hier: Ungewissheit der betriebswirtschaftlichen Folgen von managementethischen Vorleistungen Beispiel 01: Die Versenkung der Brent Beispiel 02: Korruption bei Siemens 2. Polydimensionalität von Managemententscheidungen Während der „Markt“ nur eine Dimension wahrnimmt (nämlich ökonomische Preissignale), sind Management-Transaktionen in Unternehmen immer polydimensional: ökonomisch + juristisch + ethisch 2 Schramm Management-Ethik (WS 2013-14) Agenda Intro 1. (Legal) Compliance & (Organizational) Integrity. Zwei managementethische Konzepte 2. Was ist eigentlich (Management-)Ethik? 3. Corporate Social Responsibility 4. Management-Ethik – Macro or Micro Approach? 5. Transaction Ethics. Polydimensionales Kontingenz-Management Outro: Markets & Morals 3 Schramm Management-Ethik (WS 2013-14) (Detail)Agenda Kapitel 5 5. Transaction Ethics. Polydimensionales Kontingenz-Management 5.1 „Transaction Ethics“. Das Grundkonzept 5.2 Die Fairness des Produktpreises 5.3 Management von Korruptions-Rhizomen 5.4 The Extended „Going Concern“: Stakeholder-Kooperationen & Nachhaltigkeitsmarketing 5.5 Verantwortungsmanagement „auf deutsch“...
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...The Oxford English Dictionary defines freedom as "The state of being able to act without hindrance or restraint, liberty of action". More often than not, people do not take the time to realize all of the freedoms in existence around the world today. Take a moment and realize the importance of freedom based upon the many struggles today and in the past for this ideal. Many major campaigns, wars, and conflicts have been driven by the conquest for freedom. The definition of freedom can be explained best using the literary concepts of description, exemplification, and negation. Freedom is a very complicated word to define in any one way. It presents many challenges in our direction. It can be interpreted various ways because there are so many freedoms that are available to discuss and consult. If people were not allowed basic freedoms, such as freedom of speech, the world would be a drastically different place to live in. Freedom has never come easily and most likely never will for anyone or any place. People with great freedom in their lives are always proud and delighted at the achievement. Malinowski wrote, "Freedom is a symbol which stands for a sublime and powerful ideal. The same symbol, however, may become a dangerous weapon in the hands of the enemies of freedom". Indeed, freedom is quite powerful and when the wrong person possesses the power, it can become very limiting upon society's basic freedoms. Bronislaw Malinowski wrote, "Freedom can be defined as...
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