...The author, through the medium of this essay tries to analyse the economic aspect of judicial activism in India with regard to transaction costs and opportunity costs. The author will first introduce judicial review and its correlation with judicial activism talking about instances when the latter is helpful and can be used, and the concept of separation of powers. Following which the author, once having clarified the concepts, will discuss the economic aspect of it. This analysis will determine whether judicial activism in the area of siphoning of government funds, provides any cost benefits, as to reduction of costs and the magnitude of its impact on the economy. To meet the ends of justice and ensure equality to all sections of the society especially the disadvantaged one, PIL was brought into effect in India with a view to fulfil these objectives which are in consonance with the objects enshrined in the Article 39A of the Constitution of India. During emergency there was lot of repression and governmental lawlessness; thousands of people were sent to jail with complete denial of their civil and political rights. Post emergency two judges Justices P.N. Bhagwati and V.R. Krishna Ayer have played a key role in promoting this avenue of approaching the apex court to the poor and the disadvantaged section of the society, seeking legal remedies in areas where public interests are at stake. The first reported case of PIL was in 1979 focussed on inhuman conditions of prisoners and...
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...University of Asia Pacific ------------------------------------------------- Department of Law and Human Rights Lesson Plan Course Code & Title: | Law 115 : Constitutional Laws of Bangladesh | Semester: | 1st Year 2nd Semester | Teacher: | Azizun Nahar | Office/Room: | Bikolpo Tower (5th floor), House No. , Road no 5/A, Dhanmondi, Dhaka. | Consultation/Contact Time: | Day 1(Sun day) 12.00 A. M to 01.55 P.M. 3.00 P.M. to 4.55 P.M.Day 2( Mon day) A.M. to 12.55 P.M. 2.00 P.M. to 4.55 P.M.Day 3( Tues day) A.M to 10.55 A.M. 3.00 P.M. to 4.55 P.M. Day 4( Wednesday) 11.00 A.M. to 11.55 A.M. 3.00 P.M. to 4.55 P.M.Day 5(Thurs day) 09.00 A.M. to 11.55 A.M. | Email: | a.moonmoon@yahoo.com | Mobile: | 01712-356955 | Course Overview: | The Course on Constitutional Laws of Bangladesh incorporates, within its sovereign domain, the fundamental aspects of constitution, constitutionalism as well as the composition and functioning of various components of Bangladesh as a state. | Course Outline: | Constitutional Laws of Bangladesh emphasizes on basics of constitutional jurisprudence, constitution, role and functioning of state machineries of Bangladesh namely Parliament, Executive & Judiciary. | Course objectives: | The course on Constitutional Laws of Bangladesh intends to help the students understand the premises and periphery of Constitutional Jurisprudence as well as the compostion, functioning of the basic organs of Bangladesh and their role in ensuring...
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...2424A STATUTORY INTERPRETATION: THE MEANING OF MEANING RMIT University, Melbourne School of Accounting and Law, Symposium on Statutory Interpretation Chapter House, St. Paul‟s Cathedral 13 August 2009. The Hon. Michael Kirby AC CMG RMIT UNIVERSITY, MELBOURNE SCHOOL OF ACCOUNTING AND LAW SYMPOSIUM ON STATUTORY INTERPRETATION CHAPTER HOUSE, ST. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL 13 AUGUST 2009 STATUTORY INTERPRETATION: THE MEANING OF MEANING The Hon. Michael Kirby AC CMG THE MAIN TASK OF MODERN LAWYERS Although we still describe ours as a common law system (to distinguish it from the countries of the civil law tradition), the label is now looking somewhat dubious. The distinctive feature of contemporary Australian law derives from the overwhelming importance of the laws made by or under parliament. I refer to statutes, regulations, by-laws, executive instruments, rules of court and all the other ways in which the written law now manifests itself. In my youth, the statutory law of the State of New South Wales was collected in twelve manageable volumes, supplemented by a threevolume index1. These books included many important statutes commencing in the colonial period, some of which, like the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), still apply today. Past Justice of the High Court of Australia (1996-2009). President of the Institute of Arbitrators & Mediators Australia 1 R.J. McKay (ed.), The Public Acts of New South Wales 1924-1957, Vols.1-15, Law Book Co. Sydney 1958. 1 The volumes...
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...Brinks and Gauri define legalization of policy not depending on courts making final all-or-nothing decisions, thereby usurping the functions of more representative institutions, instead, it recognizes the open-ended and interactive nature of judicial decision making, suggests that policy making power is not zero sum across government branches and does not smuggle in normative judgments about the proper province of courts. Argue that courts more often add a relevant actor and relevant considerations than seize decision-making power from other actors Legalization as the participation of legal actors and the use of legal concepts in policymaking processes. Public policy litigation legalization- the extent to which courts and lawyers become relevant actors and the language and categories of law and rights...
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...EQUAL RIGHTS IN LAWS RELATING TO DIVORCE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT PERSONAL LAWS IN BANGLADESH A Research Monograph Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of Master of Laws (LLM) Degree Submitted By: Examination Roll No. 08239085 Registration NO.3347 Examination: 2012 Session: 2007-2008 DEPATMENT OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF RAJSHAHI BANGLADESH DECEMBER 2012 DECLARATION The researcher, as a candidate for the degree of Master of Laws (LLM), is fully aware of the rules and regulations of the University of Rajshahi relating to the preparation, submission, retention and use of a research monograph. She acknowledges that the University requires the research monograph to be retained in the library for record purposes and that within Copyright privileges of the author it should be accessible for consultation and copying at the discretion of the library authority and in accordance with the Copyright Act 2000. I authorise the University of Rajshahi to publish an abstract of this research. The researcher also declares that this research monograph entitled ‘Equal Rights in Laws relating to Divorce: A Comparative Study of Different Personal Laws of Bangladesh’ is solely the outcome of her own efforts and research for the partial fulfillment of the degree of LLM. No part of this research monograph in any form has been submitted to any other department or institution for the award of any degree or diploma or to any journal for the purposes of publication. Researcher ...
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...First Year LLM Degree Program Syllabus Semester I Paper - I Legal Theory - I Paper - II Constitutional Law - I Paper - III Research Methodology Semester II Paper - I Legal Theory - II Paper - II Constitutional Law - II Paper - III Law and Social Change ~YllabUS for tbe LL.M. Programme Note: The topic title of the syllabus is merely indicative. In order to keep up with the recent developments in law and the development of various concepts and ideologies, the subject faculty will supply detailed syllabus during the course of the scheme. The subject faculty will also supply the seminar topics for each student for each semester separately. The student should ensure that they are allotted the seminar topics in each of the subjects at the beginning of the semester itself. LEGAL THEORY I 1. Nature of jurisprudence 2. Meaning of Law 3. Natural Law theories 4. Classical Positivism 5. Pure Theory of Law 6. Analytical School of Law 7. Sociological School of Law 8. American Realism 9. Scandinavian Realism 10. Historical and Anthropological Jurisprudence 11. Marxist Theories of Law and State 12. Feminist Jurisprudence 13. Postmodernist Jurisprudence 12 SUGGESTED READINGS 1. Lloyd's introduction to jurisprudence 2. Jurisprudence by Dias 3. Jurisprudence by Mahajan 4. Jurisprudence by Bodenheimer 5. Jurisprudence by Wayne Morrison 6. Concept of Law H.L.A. Hart 7. Social Dimension of law by Julius Stone 8. Law in the Changing Society by Friedman 9. Law...
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...The Advancement of Women Tammy Phillips HIS 204 Instructor Vera Parham January 8, 2014 The Advancement of Women Through History Women’s Rights have grown stronger through the years. Women have gone from being seen and not heard to having a voice, supporting war multiple war efforts, and becoming politicians. In the landmark case of Roe verses Wade gave women the right to own their own body with the decision of whether or not to have an abortion. Women were battling for equality as well as the right to vote. This suffrage was a long drawn out battle through the years but finally was won. Women’s roles during all three wars, the Spanish American War, World War I, and World War II, included nurses, clerical positions, and they back filled spouse’s duties at home. A “New Woman came about in the 1920s as women changed their attitude along with hair, make-up and attitude. All of the progressions were won due to persistence. Women have played a significant throughout the wars in America, not just stateside but abroad. “The Spanish-American War created a substantial need for military nurses” (Small, 1998). Dr Anita Newcomb McGee became the nurse’s bureau chief. This was the first time contract nurses were hired to in military hospital. In September 1918, 1,100 nurses were serving in the United and overseas. During World War I women were allowed to serve in non-nursing positions performing clerical duties. 34,000 women served in the military and 10,000 served as...
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...Basically T.V. is an entertainment media. Now newspapers also have started giving more importance to entertainment. Then also the news angle is ignored to a great extent. Film, sex, crime, beauty contest stories receive greater importance. The social responsibilities of the newspapers are not fulfilled. The media have the power of opinion creation in any society. But here we see the media advocating undesirable attitudes. Even the newspaper layout and display are influenced by the television. “The competition between television and newspapers is aggressive today. There is a T.V. touch in each newspaper. Fair and balanced reporting is vanished” (Dr. N. Padmanabhan 2011). Media activism is another trend which we can see in the Kerala newspaper arena. Like Judicial Activism, this can also be harmful to the progress of society. The privacy of the individual must not be ignored. Decency must be considered, and each and every media activity must be based on public interest. Both the ends and means must be pure. False news must not be reported. In short, the media must obey certain norms and principles. The sense of ethics must be upheld at any...
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...Women Gandhiji once said that “the difference in sex and physical form denotes no difference in status. Women are complement of man and not inferior.” Man and woman are both equal and both play vital roles in the creation and development of their families in particular and the society in general. Indeed the struggle for legal equality has been one of the major concerns of the women’s movement all over the world. In India since long back, women were considered as the oppressed section of the society and they were neglected for centuries. Thus, the first task in post- independent India was to provide a constitution to the people which would not make any distinction on the basis of sex. Article 14 of the Indian Constitution declares that equality before law and equal protection of law shall be available to all. Similarly, Article 15 of the Indian Constitution says that there shall be no discrimination against any citizen on the grounds of sex. Further, Article 15(1) guarantees equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment. Article 15(3) provides that the state can make special provision for women and children. In Union of India v. K.P.Prabhakaran,1997,11SCC 638, where Supreme Court held reservation of certain posts exclusively for women is valid under article 15(3), article covers every sphere of state action. Besides, Directive Principles of State Policy which concern women directly and have a special bearing on their status include Article 39(a)...
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...itTRAD 104-001 Critical Analysis of African American Leaders Alon Robinson During the four years after reconstruction, the Negro problem began to slowly worsen. With the weight of ignorance in life, business, and humanity on its shoulders, the Negro’s position in America began to depreciate (Gates & McKay 697). With the war won and a new president in office, the dreams of obtaining full citizenship ceased when the president restored laws that favored white supremacy (Machibya). The generation of the Jim Crow laws did nothing to aid in this problem, it simply administered murder, lynching, and further discrimination (Machibya). With these new laws to aid them in their troubles, blacks were left at the mercy of the former slaveholders and confederates of the south. With all the issues facing blacks of the time, the problem facing negro leadership became clear; How can the Negro American obtain the first class citizenship like that of his former masters (Machibya)? This was a widely debated issue amongst black leaders. One favored the idea that the Negro races return to Africa (Machibya). While others urged Negroes to become industrial workers, stating that political and social equality would soon follow (Machibya). Others opposed this idea, and instead encouraged blacks to fight for the right to vote, which would then lead to political and social equality (Gates & McKay 698). These two conceptions are the most debated when observing racial equality during...
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...Native American Oppression Santucee Bell Case Western Reserve University Native American Oppression Introduction & Focal Population Imagine living in a world that consistently devalues your existence and is heavily populated with individuals who are quick to use and abuse your resources, but are slow to share the wealth that is accumulated from those resources. How would you feel? Unfortunately, certain populations do not have to visualize the disparity that is pictured above. This is because inequity is one of the most demoralizing social issues that plague America today. The worst thing about inequity is the fact that it continues to disproportionately burden individuals who are categorize as being minority in today’s society. This is especially true for the American Indian/Alaska Native population. This population continues to be one of the most vulnerable minority groups. According to the U.S. Census Bureau’s Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010 (2011), “American Indian or Alaska Native refer to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central American) and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment” (Humes, Jones, & Ramirez, 2011, p. 3). 2,475,956 out of 308, 745,538 people that live in America are believed to be American Indian/Alaska Native, including those who report affiliations with tribes and South and Central American Indian groups (Humes et. al,, 2011, p. 4). This number is...
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...SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, FACULTY OF LAW SEMINAR PAPER ON COMPARATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW COURSE TITLE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PROVISIONS OF FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTIVES AND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY (CHAPTER 2) 1999 CONSTITUTION OF NIGERIA AND THE 1992 CONSTITUTION OF GHANA. PRESENTED BY: IWEBAFA GIFT ODIBO MAY 2014 I. Introduction Chapter two of the Nigerian Constitution of 1999 (as Amended) and Chapter Six of the Ghanian Constitution of 1992, both made provisions for the Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy, which are intended to guide all citizens, Parliament, the President, the Judiciary, the Council of State, the Cabinet, political parties, and other bodies and persons in applying or interpreting the Constitution or any other laws.[1] The directive principles cover political objectives, economic objectives, social objectives, educational objectives, cultural objectives, international relations, and duties of citizens. The main issue that relates to the directive principles is their constitutional status; whether they are justiciable or not justiciable and this is applicable to both Ghana and Nigeria. A policy is a guide to the achievement of an objective. By constitutional policy, we mean the principles and objectives set out in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria of 1999 (CFRN 1999) which act as a guide to achieving governmental objectives. A government without a guide is like an aircraft...
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...2013 Discuss the minamata case [1973] and accompanying environmental litigation on the role of the law of tort in japan. After minamata, what are the litigations, how these cases change the role of law of tort in japan. Any wider impact and significance ? japan’s image etc. 2012 ‘The long running Minimata litigation exposes the weaknesses of Japan’s treatment of environmental pollution.’ Discuss. How weak was the law on environmental pollution. How it has changed since then. 2010 Consider the significance of the Minimata litigation on Japan’s approach to environmental protection. How the environmental protection has changed. How the cases come to court more. The contemporary enactments. “The Minimata litigation is an example of the failure of law and lawyers in Japan”. Discuss. How did the law and lawyers fail. Discuss the role of the courts in protecting human health and the environment in the light of the Minamata (1973) litigation. What was the role of the courts in protecting human health and environment in Minamata. After that, the cases that ensued, what role do courts play. And what about now. ------------------------------------------------- Introduction Pollution cases and product liability cases, where tortfeasors are major companies and the loss is widespread. The development of technology made atomic energy and various highly hazardous materials available. There are also medical malpractice...
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...| CEO Compensation | | | | Jade Duan | 5/12/2012 | | INTRODUCTION Over the past a few decades, executive pay has risen dramatically in the United States. As of 1960, the average CEO at a large corporation made approximately $190,000 (equivalent to approximately $1.3 million today). The 1990s saw one of the greatest wealth transfers in history, as CEO pay skyrocketed. S&P companies CEO pay went from 1993 average of $3.7 to $17.4 million in 2000 [1]. In 2010 the highest paid CEO was Viacom's Philippe P. Dauman at $84.5 million in 9 months [2]. Motorola CEO, Sanjay Jha, pay package rose to $47 million in 2011, almost four times of his 2010 pay about $13 million [3]. As CEO compensation continues to soar while workers’ pay stalls, today, the average CEO makes 411 times more than the average worker (Figure 1). The explosion in executive pay has become controversial and criticized. The idea that stock options and other alleged pay-for-performance are driven by economics has also been questioned. Figure 1. Ratio of average CEO Pay to average production worker compensation in America Observers differ as to whether this rise is a natural and beneficial result of competition for scarce business talent that can add greatly to stockholder value in large companies, or a socially harmful phenomenon brought about by social and political changes that have given executives greater control over their own pay. "Today the idea that huge paychecks are part of a beneficial...
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...1. "Everybody else does it":: is an example of one of the ways unethical conduct is rationalized. A city could condemn property: with slum housing and take it for use in the revitalization project for its downtown area. A company awards a contract to a firm owned by the father of the state attorney general while the company is under investigation by the state attorney general's office. The father and the company:: have a conflict of interest. 24. Corruption in international business operations:: undermines investment. Due process rights are: found in the fifth and fourteenth amendments. Due process rights are part of the:: Fifth Amendment. Expropriation is not: the act of state doctrine. Expropriation:: is the taking of private property by a government. Federal district courts have subject matter jurisdiction:: over criminal cases involving federal statutes. Foreign businesses conducting business within the United States:: are subject to both its civil and criminal laws. Gaining access to federal databases is a violation of the:: Federal Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. GATT is an example: of a multilateral treaty. GATT stands for the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and is: an agreement among 100 countries to increase trade by reducing tariffs. 2. 25. 3. 26. 27. 28. 4. 5. 6. 7. A consent decree is comparable to: a nolo contendere plea A consent decree:: is the same as a plea of nolo contendere. A default in a lawsuit is like: a forfeit in sports...
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