...no keener revelation of a society’s soul than the way in which it treats its children.” - Nelson Mandela. The twin concepts of "juvenile delinquency" and "juvenile justice" have gone through a constant process of evolution and refinement. Ever since the 1920s, when as a sequel to the Indian Jail Committee (1919-20) recommendations, comprehensive Children Acts were first enacted in the Provinces of Madras (1920), Bengal (1922) and Bombay (1924) till the passing of the Juvenile Justice Act, 1986,1 the advances have been dynamic. These changes were partly due to litigation by public interest groups contesting the status of juveniles in Indian jails, Supreme Court rulings, and the adoption of UN General Assembly of the Beijing Rules in 1985. Even after a decade of passing the JJA, most of the states had failed to establish separate juvenile courts, welfare boards or special homes for delinquents. These measures haven’t successfully crossed the realms of justice into welfare. The reformation and rehabilitation measures by the government and contribution made by social organisations are being discussed in the following pages. 1.2. Scope This project is aimed to find out the lacunae in the Juvenile justice system of our country and the inadequacies in the reformation and rehabilitation of delinquent. To find out the practical realities of the juvenile justice system in India, we circulated a questionnaire among managerial students. This exercise enabled us to...
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...Juvenile Offenders Juvenile crimes make up an overwhelming amount of arrests in the United States. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention reported that in 2010, courts with juvenile jurisdiction disposed more than 1.3 million juvenile offender cases. Also in 2010, there were 225 arrests for Violent Crime Index offenses for every 100,000 youth between 10 and 17 years of age (OJJDP, 2012). Violent crime committed by juvenile offenders peaks during the after school hours. Nearly one-third (29%) of all violent crime committed by juvenile offenders occurs between 3 p.m. and 7 p.m (OJJDP, 2010). According to the 2011 Juvenile Offenders and Victims: National Report Series, in 2009, 22% of arrests involving youth who were eligible...
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...Causes of Juvenile Delinquency Juvenile Justice Causes of Juvenile Delinquency The causes of juvenile delinquency are many. Some experts would say that juvenile delinquency has its roots in a biological cause. Other experts will assert that the cause is of an environmental nature. In this research paper, the author will examine both theories and present both supporting and contradicting evidence for both theories. However, before he can begin, the author must give a brief history of the juvenile justice system in the United States and how that system has handled juvenile delinquency thus far. In the days of old, juvenile justice was an unheard of concept. Most nations did not make a distinction between a juvenile and an adult (Bartollas & Miller, 2011). The court systems of early nations simply held the belief that an offender needed to be punished for a crime the same way no matter what the age of the offender. This led to children being punished in the same manner as adults. Early court systems did not recognize that juvenile offenders had different needs and motives than adults (Bartollas & Miller, 2011). It is fair to say that this fact is erroneous in every aspect. This tradition continued into the mid-1800s. In England, for example, “some 160-200 capital offenses were listed in the statutes for which children could be executed.” (Bartollas & Miller, 2011, p. 5). This is an amazing statistic. Knowing that young children could be executed sheds...
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...JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM IN THE NEW ERA S.No | Description | Page No. | 1. | Introduction | 3 | 2. | Historical background | 4 | 3. | Evolution of juvenile justice system I. Several unique feature characterized in early juvenile court II. English idea of providing separate system for juvenile offender III. The Reformatory schools | 5 | 4. | International concern I. Relevant Article from UN convention II. Movement of Juvenile justice in India | 7 | 5. | Indian legal Provision I. Constitution provision II. Penal provision III. Juvenile justices provision a. Reformatory school Act-1876 b. Children Act-1960 c. Juvenile justice Act-1986 IV. Juvenile justice(Protection and Care) Act-2000 | 10 | 6. | An Analysis I. Who is a juvenile in conflict with law II. Age of criminal responsibility and determination of juvenility III. Present conflict about the age | 14 | 7. | Indian Reformatory approach I. The Child Welfare Committee(CWC) II. The juvenile justices board III. Police IV. Probation Officer V. State government | 16 | 8. | At present- Extent of delinquency in India-NCRB Report | 18 | 9. | Root causation of increasing number of juvenile | 23 | 10. | Role of the society | 26 | 11. | Judicial efforts | 27 | 12. | Recommendation | 28 | 13. | Conclusion | 30 | Introduction 42% of our population is children; the problem of juvenile delinquency is not new but this seek our attention recently very much because...
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...This paper describes the process, which lead to the school-to-prison pipeline concept. The changes that came about in the educational policies and disciplinary practices have enhanced the success of the school-to-prison pipeline concept in the Public Schools across the United States. During the 80’s, the war on drugs and cruel sentencing laws lead to an increase ratio of incarceration per capita in the United States. After the 80’s era, the 90’s brought about a zero-tolerance policy. Law enforcement was used as a solution versus the traditional measures to handle disciplinary problems by the school administration. As a result of this approach, many schools were treated as sheltered facilities which overtime lead to increased disciplinary conduct. The increase sentencing of minor offense by juveniles supported what is now referred to as the industrial prison of complex. Private prisons today, have become big business supported by the judiciary system in its sentencing and are evident by the increase sentencing of young offenders. This paper describes the connection between prison construction and the criminalization of students. In conclusion, this report will look at some policies and initiatives that have formed the school-to-prison pipeline initiative. In researching this topic, I will show the measure from the fact sheet of how North Carolina fair from School-to-Prison Pipeline. I totally find the school-to-prison pipeline to be an injustice to our youth and our society. ...
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...ABSTRACT Juveniles are future of our country.They are new entrepreneurs.They are like clay which we have to mould if a potter doesn’t make make pot properly when mud is wet he can’t rectify it later when mud is dry and pot is made.Similarly we can make a juvenile good or bad from his childhood but later when he becomes fully hardened criminal its not easy to reform him.We blame parents for a bad juvenile but they alone are not responsible for a bad juvenile delinquent.A juvenile becomes delinquent due to environment all factors are responsible family,society,peers factors,etc.Juvenile becomes delinquent when he does not get the appropriate love and affection he wishes to have.Slowly the juvenile follows the path of delinquency and then becomes delinquent.We all see the cases of juvenile delinquency but no one cares to look into the factors responsible for juvenile delinquency.It is said that prevention is better than cure.After juvenile becomes delinquent we try to reform him but if we from beginning take steps so that a juvenile doesn’t become delinquent then we won’t have to look into cases of increased crimes by juvenile delinquents.I have tried to throw light on those factors which play an important role in making a child delinquent and what are the methods by which we can stop a child from becoming delinquent and also the laws which have been made for juveniles.It is important to train a child properly to make a juvenile a responsible citizen of our country.I have also thrown...
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...OBSERVATION REPORT (Observe – to pay attention to, to perceive or notice, to watch, to recognize or note occurrences, to draw inferences, to remark or comment) The Observation Report is to be the result of an in-person observation made for the purpose of partially fulfilling the requirements of this course, and must include a complete and comprehensive report on any 2.5 hours of observation from the list of choices below, exclusive of breaks and recesses. The observation report shall include the type of observation, the name of the presiding officer, the physical location of the observation, the parties involved, the issues, any decisions made and your personal comments regarding how you “see” the proceedings. Please place emphasis on your personal comments, clearly including what you “bring to the table” (your personal background and why you selected your observation). NOTE: Dr. Flower is the only person who will read your reports. You should, prior to the observation, make notes on your preconceived notions, ideas, and perceptions on what you expect to observe. Your pre-work should then be contrasted or compared with your actual observations. Your “gut” reactions to issues, personalities, competencies and results will most likely be very accurate and should serve as the backbone of your report. DO NOT wait until the last minute to attend the observation since it is common for students to discover the scheduled or planned observation does not take place when the...
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...Chapter One – Introduction 1.1: Introduction 1.2: Origin of the study 1.3: Objectives of the study 1.4: Data collection process 1.5: Limitations 1.1: Introduction Juvenile Delinquency is a terrible problem in the unequal management system of society of the modern world. Juvenile Delinquency is increasing for the fast and speedy development of Industrialization and Urbanization. Industrialization and Urbanization make changes the Family structure which increases the propensity of Juvenile Delinquency. A large scale of people has been shifted to City town from rural area and keeps staying in the abdomen. This also increases Juvenile Delinquency. Now Juvenile Delinquency has emerged as a matter of concern in Bangladesh in recent times with the number of children and young people involved in "criminal activities" rising at an alarming rate. In most of the cases this is not a deliberate choice for the children. Numerous social factors coupled with poor parenting, family troubles and above all extreme poverty are pushing these children to this anti-social position. A child is born innocent and if nourished with tender care and attention, he or she will be blossom with faculties physical, mental, moral and spiritual into a person of stature and excellence. On the other hand, noxious surroundings, neglect of basic needs, bad company and other abuses and temptations would spoil the child and likely to turn him a delinquent. Therefore, expressing his concern for Child...
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...Research Process and Terminology Paper CJA/334 (UOPX) Page 1 Research Methods and Terminology Research methods play an important role in the criminal justice system today. Effective research methods have the ability to open and close cases. Those interested in the criminal justice field have a wide range of research methods at their disposal. The terminology involved is also a very important aspect when used in the study of criminology and criminal justice. This paper will explore some of the various research methods that are applied to the criminal justice system and explain how the knowledge of the terminology involved can be a valuable tool within these methods of research. Empirical Research in Criminal Justice Although research in criminal justice varies considerably, there are five general steps that are followed in order to conduct research. The first step is called problem formulation. This is the selection and specification of the area that will be investigated. The next step is research design which is the type of experimental or non-experimental approach, with the use of control groups and studying group(s) at one time or over a period of time. The third step is data collection methods which give a choice of various methods to be used such as observation, questionnaires, or interviews. The fourth step is analysis and presentation of findings which is to summarize report and when necessary statistically analyze and present findings. The fifth step...
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...Should the minimum age of criminal responsibility be raised? ‘Boys will be boys’, but at what age does this no longer apply? At what age is a boy expected to take on the responsibilities of a man? The Children and Young Persons Act 1963 (s.16) provides that ‘It shall be conclusively presumed that no child under the age of ten years can be guilty of an offence’. This means that once a child in the UK reaches the age of ten they are as exposed and liable to the full weight of the law the same as any adult. The UK currently has the lowest minimum age of criminal responsibility (except Scotland at 8 but cannot be prosecuted until 12) within the European Union. This places the UK significantly below the average of 14 years old. There seems to be little justification for this deviance from the norm in regards to the minimum age of responsibility in the UK and there have been considerable publications pushing for the UK to raise the minimum age of criminal responsibility in the last decade, providing substantial evidence in favour of doing so. The evidence supporting the need to raise this minimum age can be found not only in psychology and scientific research regarding the brain development of youth and autonomy of children at this age, but also the severe social implications of criminalizing our youth. In order to argue that the minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR) should be raised it will be necessary to identify and evaluate this evidence, as well as identifying...
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...Running head: Juvenile Reentry Juvenile Reentry Making an Effective Transition Jodi Calvert Capella University PSF 5372 – History of the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Abstract This paper explores the transformation of the Juvenile Justice System over the past century and how it impacts today’s youth. Juvenile delinquency has become a well-known phenomenon as youth have taken experimentation and violence to a new level. More adolescents are being diagnosed with medical disorders while many find themselves not having the means to access the proper treatment. Family and moral standards are not as they were a century ago and the economic strain of today can make it difficult for children to develop the necessary skills to transition through their developmental stages. Chaos, confusion and loss of identity play a significant role in many of the adolescents that find themselves in contact with the Juvenile Justice System. New interventions for these adolescents are greatly needed to improve not only their own well being, but to create a prosperous community. Juvenile Reentry Juveniles are released from institutions across the country everyday, but many do not have the knowledge required to make permanent changes for themselves, their families, and their communities. The first Juvenile Court in the United States was established in Cook County, Illinois in 1899 and within 25 years all but two states had established separate juvenile justice systems...
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...Insecurity: A strategy to save our youth from organized crime Introduction Organized crime is criminal organizations are terms which categorise transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals, who intend to engage in illegal activity, most commonly for monetary profit Literature Review In his study, Irving Spergel (1990) found out that gangs exist in large, middle sized cities and they are now spreading to suburban and smaller countries around the world. Gangs have turned out to be important social institutions for low income male youths and youth adults from newcomer and residual populations. This can be attributed to the fact that gangs serve social, cultural and economic functions that are no longer adequately performed by the families of these young people, the schools they go to and finally the labor market. Youth gangs are now present in both socialist and free market societies, developing and developed countries, these clearly shows that society as a whole failing terribly in regard to proper upbringing and guidance of the youth. A study by Jeff Ferrell showed that cultural space has a significant impact on youth crime. Cultural space denotes those arenas in which young people construct meaning, perception and identity from e.g. media factories, political machines and legal bureaucracies. The media displays popular culture as a youthful lifestyle that involves drugs, a lot of money, violence and delinquent behavior....
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...but as long as the school officials conduct themselves in a manner viewed reasonable, they don’t have to prove probably causes before searching a student. Searches can be justified if an official prove reasonable suspicion with evidence that the student was in violation of the law or school rules. Reasonableness is a function of whether a search was initially justified, and whether the search was related to the circumstances that called for the search in the first place. A search is not considered reasonable if it is overly intrusive with respect to a student’s age, sex and rules the student has been suspected of violating. The Fourth Amendment of the Constitution states, “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants, shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” Nowhere in this law does it create special divisions or classifications between adults and minors in society, so one should naturally assume that persons under 18 should be afforded the same protections as anyone over 18. The moment when minors are most at the mercy of government officials is while in school, and this is...
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...n The Flinders University of South Australia St liool of Social Sciences A Report on a Study of Vandalism in Two Selected Regions in Adelaide by Allan Patience Senior Lecturer in Sociology A REPORT ON A STUDY OF JUVENILE VANDALISM IN TWO SELECTED REGIONS IN ADELAIDE Allan Patience Senior Lecturer in Sociology School of Social Sciences The Flinders University of South Australia Bedford Park, S.A. 5042 Australia CONTENTS Acknowledgements I II III IV V VI INTRODUCTION AIMS OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY Acknowledgements This research has been funded by generous grants from the Criminology Research Council and The Flinders University of South Australia. The difficult task of interviewing (the central part of the research) was performed with exemplary sensitivity and skill by Pamela McNeil and Robyn Schutte. This report should be read in conjunction with the report by Robyn Schutte (Schutte, 1982) which is a comprehensive and intelligent reflection on part of the research. Sue Manser has coped with the onerous task of typing up an unreadable manuscript with her usual forebearance and good humour. INTRODUCTION Juvenile delinquency is - in very broad terms - the non-conformity of legally "irresponsible" adolescents to prevailing norms, customs and views on law and order in society. In the West the period of adolescence has come to be viewed as one of stress and crisis as children adjust themselves, and are required...
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...CUSTODIAL AND NON-CUSTODIAL MEASURES The Prison System Criminal justice assessment toolkit 1 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna CUSTODIAL AND NON-CUSTODIAL MEASURES The Prison System Criminal Justice Assessment Toolkit UNITED NATIONS New York, 2006 The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations, the Secretariat and Institutions of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the Belgian 2006 OSCE Chairmanship concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has not been formally edited. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE ISSUE ..................................................................................... 1 2. OVERVIEW: GENERAL AND STATISTICAL DATA ......................................................... 5 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 7.1 7.2 OVERVIEW OF COUNTRY AND PRISON SYSTEM.............................................. 5 PRISON POPULATION ........................................................................................... 6 PROFILE OF PRISON POPULATION..................................................................... 6 QUALITY OF DATA ......................................
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