...The physical separation and alienation of so-called "separate but equal" facilities enforced upon people of color, can be defined as racial discrimination. In an attempt to create equality between the two races, many from the black community stood up for their rights as U.S. Citizens. Perhaps the most famous protester was a man who had a dream, Martin Luther King Jr., or a tired and fed-up lady, unwilling to give her seat up on the bus to a white, Rosa Parks, however, there were hundreds more willing to give up their lives for this cause. After moving to Cambridge, Maryland, Gloria Richardson grew up in a privileged home. Her grandfather, Herbert M. St. Clair, the wealthiest citizen in Cambridge, regardless of his color, had sought for...
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...that first day. http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1957689_2030694,00.html Gathering Steam The next day, the four young men returned to the store, along with approximately two dozen more students from the college. They sat from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. and were once again refused service. As they sat, they kept themselves busy with books and study materials. Several white patrons heckled them. But their actions drew local media attention and thus attracted even more students to their cause. By the time this photo was taken on Feb. 6, the lunch-counter protest had lured several hundred people to the store. http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1957689_2030666,00.html The Sit-ins and the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. In his writings, Martin Luther King Jr. hailed the sit-ins as an "electrifying movement" that "shattered the placid surface of campuses and communities across the South." In the fall of 1960, some of the student leaders, including Julian Bond (fourth from right), one of the founders of the SNCC, persuaded King to join them at a sit-in organized at Rich's, an Atlanta department store. The action resulted in the arrests of King and approximately 300 students. The Sit-ins and the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. In his writings, Martin Luther King Jr. hailed the sit-ins as an "electrifying movement" that "shattered the placid surface of campuses and communities across the...
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...March 2013 Freedom Riders Backlash The Freedom Riders strive through a journey of hardships to have their point accepted by others, which was bus desegregation. Through the journey the Freedom Rides took some obstacles that affected them physically and mentally. They fought threw times like the downfalls that their movement brought and the mobs that greeted them in every state. The mobs were verbally and physically violent towards the Freedom Riders more than a few times while their movement went on. The Freedom Riders went through a devastating downfall through their movement. In May of 1961, the Greyhound carried the Freedom Riders into South Carolina where, like Carson’s article “SNCC” describes, “…John Lewis was the first to be hit as he approached the white waiting room” (SNCC 1). This was a downfall because they were trapped and injured, not being able to move on in their movement. The “MLKJ Research and Education Institute” stated that, “[…] from the attack of Lewis and another rider, the arrest of one participant attracted media coverage.” (MLKJ 1). Their arrival in South Carolina brought an impact on their movement; it began to be shown from each state. As the Freedom Riders rode into Alabama, a furious mob crowded the Greyhound bus and sent it into flames without care for the people inside. The mob surrounded the bus and locked them inside. In Carmichael Stokleys “Freedom Riders”, she states that the Freedom Riders continued to fight for their rights as the...
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...Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. King was the middle child of 2 other kids. His mothers and fathers names were Michael King Sr., and Alberta Williams King. Kings’ family was from a sharecropper family and they lived poor. Kings’ grandfather was a rural minister and moved to Atlanta in 1893. He took care of the church called Ebenezer Baptist Church where king became a Pastor there until his father died in 1931. Although King and his family grew up in a poor community they still were in a secure and loving environment. King began his education at the Yonge Street Elementary School in Atlanta, Georgia. He was enrolled in David T. Howard Elementary School and he also attended the Atlanta University Laboratory School and Booker T. Washington High School. Because of King’s high examinations, his junior year of high school he advanced to Morehouse College only being 15 years old because he skipped ninth and twelfth grade. He graduated Morehouse College with a B.A. degree in sociology and enrolled in Crozer in Chester, Pennsylvania. While still at Crozer he also studied at the University of Pennsylvania, where he was elected president of senior class and won the Pearl Plakfer Award of the most outstanding student. In September of 1951, Martin Luther King began doctoral studies in Systematic Theology at Boston University. Martin Luther King Jr. was an exceptional leader because through his intelligence and determination...
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...The March on Washington Introduction It is August 1963, and tensions have been mounting in the year leading up to this day. I don’t think anyone realized the impact this march would have on the civil rights movement or if Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. knew his impromptu speech alone would have a significant impact on the American people and on the soon to fallow political choices. Had this march not have gone the way it did things may have taken longer to move forward and the Civil Act Movement in my opinion may have been stunted and delayed. Body Between 1940’s and 1963 there had been two marches organized on Washington the first was led by A. Philip Randolph whom was the consummate black political organizer of his age. He labored unrelentingly to get individuals and groups to put aside their divisive, parochial, and often petty concerns and close ranks in the formation of a mass movement for the common good. The foremost architect of the modern Civil Rights movement, he urged boycotts in the South against Jim Crow trains, buses, schools, and businesses. “Nonviolent Good Will Direct Action” is what he labeled his movement to gain social equality decades before Martin Luther King, Jr., and others emerged on the 1960’s political scene. If not the man himself, then his influence and ideas were at home at the forefront of virtually every civil rights campaign from the 1930’s through the 1960’s, including desegregation of public accommodations and schools, ending of restrictive...
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...Black Americans experienced a radical change in their goals, strategies, and support of the civil rights movement during the 1960s due to the eruption of new leaders, sympathetic presidents, radical groups, and a rejuvenation of history and heritage. From the “separate but equal” laws of Plessy v. Ferguson and the Jim Crow Laws of the late 1800’s, the new goals of Martin Luther King Jr. would strive to change African American civil rights through non violence and revealing oppression, while other groups would emphasize the embracement of black culture, both still against the oppression in the United States. Strategies were born from MLK’s ideals, about demonstrating to the American people the horror of oppression, while the Black Power movement...
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...it basically explains what the book is about. In summary of this quote, this book is about the civil rights movement. Not only that, but the book is also about how gender played a role in gaining racial equality during the twentieth century. The author mentions and discusses different groups of people, leaders, and events that took place during the Civil Rights Movement in chronological order. He also used themes for each chapter. The author wrote the book in the following order: analyzed the role of black men in World War II, discussed the segregationists, and he explored the new models of manhood during the civil rights movement. These models included the activist Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr., and groups that included the Nation of Islam, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the Black Panther Party. I believe that the author explored these topics because he wanted his readers to understand how activists used race and their manhood to express their visions of what the American society should be...
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...Racial Conflicts I chose this topic because of my personal interest. I think racism is a very big problem. It's horrible how some people see others and judge others just because they appear differently. In my opinion people are people, we're all just the same but with different appearances, traditions and our own interests etc.. I also recently saw a film on this topic that I will tell a little more about later. There's two different kinds of definitions on racism. First: the belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others. For instance, back when slavery was practised in the United States, black people were not only considered inferior to white people. They were looked down on as they were property and not human beings. Secondly: Discrimination or prejudice based on race. In 1994, a book called The Bell Curve posited that genetics were to blame for why African Americans traditionally scored lower on intelligence tests than white people, meaning that their colour was to blame for lower intelligence among many other things people accused were to blame on their colour or where they came from.Sadly, racism in the form of discrimination persists in society also. Like for instance, black people have traditionally suffered from higher rates of unemployment than white people. The Help is about African American maid's working in white peoples households in Jackson Mississippi during the...
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...of time in America’s history, they were dealing with a ton of different issues, but the main one for that time was the civil rights movement. There were many many people who were for segregation of whites and African Americans, but nobody hated African Americans like the Klu Klux Klan. Then there were organizations that were against segregation like the Black Panthers who tried to use the approach of violence to get their point across. During this time there were many protests, which usually were nonviolent, but some lasted 382 days. One famous peaceful protest in Birmingham, Alabama when thousands of people were jailed along with Martin Luther King Jr., is where MLK Jr. wrote his piece Letter from Birmingham City Jail that he wrote to call for the end of segregation. It was a tough time in history for the African Americans of...
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...When we look back on the history of America many events occurred that are either frowned upon, or seen as the glory days. The events that are the glory days are the highest points in American life such as Independence from England helped make America what it is today. Those events that we look back on, that are not the best periods of time, such as slavery and African Americans fighting for Rights in the 1960's, also helped to make the United States what it is today. When in the 1960's, leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, stood forward to talk about the rights that were taken away from African Americans, they were looked down on. Today however, they are heroes to us. The steps and actions made by them to free the African American people from segregation, and for them to have a chance at having equal rights and liberties as stated by the constitution. After the end of slavery and the writing of the Emancipation Proclamation the first steps were made towards civil rights. The 1940's to the 1960's were a section in time where racial injustice was done to the African American people. As we came to the 1960's a change came to the United States in the goals, strategies, and the support towards the movement for African Americans civil rights. The start of the 1960's brought on changes in the goals that were set by African Americans towards their civil rights. It started with the search for Desegregation of public facilities. The desegregation of schools, buses, and...
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...Martin Luther King once said that “non-violence is a just and powerful weapon; a sword that heals; it cuts without wounding and ennobles the man who wields it.” Nov violence is more effective than violent confrontations in the fight for justice, fairness and equality. The use of violence to fight for justice in most cases escalate to the point where the fighters remaining agenda is vengeance, victory and self-defense. When violence is the tool for getting justice, any moral arguments of the people fighting for justice are rendered irrelevant. Having used violent means, the opponent is justified to retaliate violently. The irony in all these is that each side of the divide is usually able to argue as to who started the violence (Miller 2005). The use of violence usually leads to the loss of innocent lives, the destruction of property, and in most instances, do not achieve the objective that it set out to achieve. Non-violence methods, such as those castigated by Martin Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi try to avoid this trap by evading any violent confrontations. Far from being termed as cowardice, non-violence requires tremendous self-control, courage and a ready heart to endure pain, suffering and death. Non-violent strategies dwell on the strength that they reduce the moral legitimacy of those who persist in their use of violence against non-violence. This loss of legitimacy is a double sword in that it leads to efforts in coalition building that eventually leads to the condemnation...
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...their race or color. Even with this 15th amendment, the whites in the South had their own methods to keep African Americans from voting. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr, was one of the many civil rights activists, whose idea was to get racial equality by grabbing the public's attention of racism, joined in the fight for civil right movement for black Americans. Dr. King led peaceful protests and boycotts without violence to get the right to vote for all kind. There were many strategies to...
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...African-Americans who formed the Dallas County Voters League (DCVL). In 1963, the DCVL and organizers from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) began voter-registration work. When white resistance to Black voter registration proved intractable, the DCVL requested the assistance of Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, who brought many prominent civil rights and civic leaders to support voting rights. Planning the First March With civil rights activity blocked by Judge Hare's injunction, the DCVL requested the assistance of King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Three of SCLC's main organizers— Director of Direct Action and Nonviolent Education James Bevel, Diane Nash, and James Orange— had been working on Bevel's Alabama Voting Rights Project since late 1963, a project which King and the executive board of SCLC had not joined. When SCLC officially accepted Amelia Boynton's invitation to bring their organization to Selma, Bevel, Nash, Orange and others in SCLC began working in Selma in December 1964. They also worked in the surrounding counties along with the SNCC staff that had been active there since early 1963. The Selma Voting Rights Movement officially started on January 2, 1965, when King addressed a mass meeting in Brown Chapel in defiance of the anti-meeting injunction. Over the following weeks, SCLC and SNCC activists expanded voter registration drives and protests in Selma and the adjacent Black Belt counties...
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...Additionally, the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), which upheld the doctrine of "separate but equal," provided legal justification for segregationist policies. These institutionalized forms of racism created a pervasive environment of inequality and injustice that the Civil Rights Movement sought to dismantle. The intersectionality of race, class, and gender became evident in the ways in which African American women were marginalized within the Civil Rights Movement. While the movement was largely led by prominent male figures such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, it is crucial to recognize the significant contributions of African American women who played a pivotal role in advancing the cause of civil rights. Figures such as Rosa Parks, Fannie Lou Hamer, and Ella Baker were instrumental in organizing protests, advocating for change, and challenging the intersecting forms of oppression faced by African American women. The issue of class stratification further complicated the dynamics of the Civil Rights Movement. Economic inequality and poverty disproportionately affect African American communities, perpetuating...
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...The Truman Doctrine * Britain could no longer afford its traditional international rule. Greece and Turkey were both facing communist pressures, so G.B. asked the U.S. to fill in. * As the leader of the “free world,” the U.S. must now shoulder the responsibility of supporting “freedom-loving peoples” wherever communism threatened them. * “The Truman Doctrine is the U.S. policy of CONTAINMENT.” * Because of the Truman Doctrine we might find ourselves in an array of fights. The Marshall Plan * Marshall pledged the U.S. to contribute billions of dollars to finance the economic recovery of Europe. * A policy not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, and chaos – a New Deal for Europe. * The Soviet Union refused to participate – solidifying division. * Indirect way of spreading capitalism. NATO * In that same year, the U.S. Canada, and ten western European nations est. the North Atlantic Treaty Organization pledging mutual defense against Soviet attack. * Western Alliance of Nations * Future Defense Alliance * The Soviets responded with the Warsaw Pact – a formal eastern European alliance. Chairman Mao * Communist led by Mao Zedong emerged victorious in the Chinese civil war. * Blocked from the U.N. The Korean War * Occupied by Japan during WWII, Korea had been divided in 1945. * In June 1950, the North Korean army invaded South Korea, hoping to reunify the country under communism...
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