...joints) or erosive (David & Lloyd, 1998). Osteoarthritis may also be divided into primary idiopathic or secondary. In primary OA there are no preceding injuries or trauma which could have caused it. The main cause is repetitive stress on the joint and cumulative changes to the joint surfaces. It is typically found in women over the age of forty five which repeatedly stress the same joints such as the knees and hips. Secondary OA, on the other hand, is caused by a previous condition, injury or disease. Injury to the joint, gout, rheumatoid arthritis and even obesity may eventually lead to the development of secondary OA (Koopman, 2000) Osteoarthritis Affecting the Knee Joint The knee is the most susceptible joint for development of osteoarthritis. As previously mentioned in the section discussing knee anatomy, the knee is formed by three combined compartments: the lateral tibiofemoral compartment, the medial tibiofemoral compartment and the patellofemoral compartment. As osteoarthritis very rarely affects the joint uniformly, degeneration may be occurring in any one of the different...
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...A knee-jerk reflex is a test used to examine a reaction that is caused automatically without thinking or managing it. So let’s say a patient is sitting down with their legs hanging off the chair. We can take a tendon hammer and apply pressure to the patellar tendon by striking it. The strike will stimulate sensory neurons which will send a signal to the central nervous system, which is the brain and spinal cord. At the central nervous system the sensory neuron makes a synaptic connection to a motor neuron. The motor neuron will send the signal to stimulate the quadriceps to contract which causes the leg to be extended. The connection of the sensory neuron and motor neuron form a simple reflex arc. A simple reflex arc does not contain any interneurons....
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...There are four ligaments within the knee joint that are influenced by knee ligament damage: the anterior, posterior, medial and lateral cruciate ligament (ACL), (PCL), (MCL) and (LCL). Complications: *Osteoarthritis, in which joint cartilage deteriorates and its smooth surface become tough. *Arthritis may happen even if you have surgery to remodel the ligament. *numbness in the front of the knee that typically requires no additional treatment. *Infection, rarely occurs about 1% of the time. *Stiffness or loss of motion happens less than fife percent of the time with modern rehabilitation techniques and rarely needs further surgical treatment. Prognosis: In case of torn ligament does not heal sufficiently, may suffer from instability in the joint, and will have higher chance to re-injury. The MCL usually responds very good to non-surgical treatment,even though surgery may be needed in rare cases. Counting on the severity of the injury, a duration of rest, bracing and physical...
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...Knee Replacement Therapy: Precautions, complexities involved and more How to determine if you need knee surgery Noticing the symptoms before something hazardous happens is most important and timely advice from the doctor directly depends upon your recovery. Only after a close examination can a doctor determine if the pain and the stiffness in your joints require a knee replacement or not. This particular surgery is only reserved for the people who are suffering from arthritis and are above 50 years of age. How knee replacement surgery is done It is an intricate process which requires the patient to be put to sleep through anesthesia. The affected knee is operated by cutting it about an inch and completely removing the damaged part from bones. The involved...
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...Knee Sprain, Pediatric A knee sprain is a stretch or tear in a knee ligament. Knee ligaments are bands of tissue that connect bones in the knee together. CAUSES This condition is often results from: A fall. A sports-related injury to the knee. SYMPTOMS Symptoms of this condition include: Trouble bending the leg. Swelling in the knee. Bruising around the knee. Tenderness or pain in the knee. DIAGNOSIS This condition may be diagnosed based on: A physical exam. What happened just before your child started to haves symptoms. Tests, such as: An X-ray. This may be done to make sure no bones are broken. An MRI. This may be done if your child's health care provider suspects that the ligament...
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...The knee is the largest joint in the human body, it is also one of the most stressed and complex. This makes it easy for injuries to happen. An estimated 6,664,324 knee injuries were presented to ER’s from 1999 through 2008, equaling 2.29 knee injuries per 1,000 individuals. The biggest age group with knee injuries during that time was 15-25 year olds. Knee injuries are so common because of how complex the knee is. The knee is formed by three bones, the patella the tibia and the femur. In the knee there are two cartilage disks called menisci. These menisci give padding to the knee and allow it to glide smoothly. The knee is stabilized by tendons muscles and four important ligaments. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (PCL), and the lateral collateral ligament (MCL)....
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...Zimmer: The Gender-Specific Knee 1. What are the threats to this business? Competition stealing share, inventing a new, revolutionary product. Threat is also that consumers are living longer, healthier lives and may try alternative therapies like eastern medicine (acupuncture & yoga). Also, insurance issues may cause threat by not allowing coverage in future. Threat is also a completely new treatment in the future, like a drug that may generate cartilage. Doctors do not want to switch products so hard sell. Knee may not work well so doctors never come back to Zimmer. 2. Should Zimmer invest in the gender-specific knee? No. Customers did not define this need and will not realize the need for it b/c there is no marketing direct to consumers. Women were only 60% (+10%) more than men, so not worth the investment and inventory storage costs. Would also be expensive to market and push with sales teams (who like status quo). Surgeons are obviously very comfortable with tradition and longevity of product relationships, so it will be difficult to get them to switch, esp. for reasons like ‘shape’. If Zimmer is serious about this, they will need to invest a great deal of money on direct to consumer marketing to make women “feel” like they need a female knee and build brand recognition so that patients can request a Zimmer female knee. Focusing on the older demographic, memory recollection may be tough. 3. What is the likely impact on prices? These specialized...
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...You will never find superman or batman heading out on a mission without their costume or James Bond without his gun. So, why would you think of playing a contact sport without right protection? High speed and frequent collision during roller derby makes it very important that you have right set of roller gears. Let us have a look at some must-have roller gears: Knee Pads Properties to look for in a knee cap: ‚¬ Replaceable knee caps. If your knee pad is cracked during an impact, all you need to replace is the knee cap instead of purchasing a new set. Nowadays, most of the top brands manufacture knee pads with replaceable caps and their spare parts are easily available online. ‚¬ Butterfly closure. The open design of a butterfly closure knee...
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...A knee injury can be really bad and cause physical and mental stress on someone. A significant aspect of the injury can contribute the loss to someone’s sports career. One major thing athletes suffer from is emotional stress which results in anxiety or depression in the process of healing. Most athletes will suffer from a change of moods for a small period of time. This will cause the athlete to be angry, depressed and have low levels of energy. All these is what I suffered from when I went down with a knee injury which caused me to have ACL surgery. It all started my junior year of high school I decided to play football again after taking a year long break my previous year. I worked hard throughout the summer to stay in shape, also eat right...
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...Managing Mobility After a Total Knee Replacement November 15, 2011 INTRODUCTION In Kindred Rehabilitation, the patient had a total knee replacement due to osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis causes degenerative changes, within the joints causing bone stiffening and reactive inflammation. My patient was admitted on 10/21/11 with osteoarthritis and a left total knee replacement. Her PT and INR were a concern because she had developed mild thrombocytopenia which resulted in the elevation and potential bleeding. The physician had to take her off of Lovenox and switch her to an oral anti-coagulant Xarelto at 10mg once daily. During her care I was educated by the interdisciplinary teams managing mobility, safety, and the more modern approaches with a total knee replacement. The purpose of this clinical summary paper is to discuss managing mobility after a total knee replacement. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE In seeking out information on this topic, I used the Amarillo College Library Network and CINAHL database on campus and opened as many articles that I believed would aid in my research. The words I used for searching were: TKR, total knee care, and managing total knee replacement. The contributing factors gave me the articles that related to my patient that I had cared for in clinicals. These searches took me to the information that I was in need of for my paper. Turner’s (2011) primary focus was about care prior to surgery, during, post-operatively...
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...physical activities again? If you suffer from any of these problems Smith & Nephew’s Legion Verilast Knee System might be able to give you back your life. The Legion Verilast Knee System is Smith & Nephew’s flagship reconstructive knee system. The Legion Verilast Knee System is lab tested to last 30 years. This knee system has brought relieve to many suffering from serve arthritis. Arthritis occurs when the cartilage in the joints and causes bone on bone in the knee joint. This can cause serve pain and aching in the joints. The Legion Verilast Knee System can end the pain and offer you a fresh start on life. Still not convinced Legion Verilast Knee System can bring you back an active lifestyle. Then go to our website www.smithnephew.com/us/patients and read testimony from tennis legend Billie Jean King who has had a double knee replacement. If we can get this aging athlete back running on the tennis court, we are sure we can revitalize you life too. We are convinced that our product will be a valuable investment to regaining your lifestyle again. Now are you ready to make the next step in changing your lifestyle. Just do not sit there in pain, call your physician and find out if you would be a candidate for a Legion Verilast Knee System to relieve your pain. Take action now, get back to living the active lifestyle you use to live. Get a Legion Verilast Knee System and start running the marathon of...
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...MR imaging of the knee in marathon runners before and after competition A study was done to evaluate the findings in MRI-studies of the knee in recreational long-distance runners after competition and to assess the reversibility of the findings. The study consisted of eight long-distance runners and they underwent MRI studies before they ran and after. They participated in the Vienna City Marathon and MRI was taken place after 6-8 weeks. They were evaluated before in order to determine if there was a pre-existing condition. However, if a participant had any pre-existing condition they were still accepted to be a part of the research study. The participants were male and the age ranged from 27- 46 years old. They also had a long history of running at least 5 to 20 years. Before the competition started there were three runners that presented normal lateral menisci. There was eight grade I lesions; four grade II and three grade III lesions. “One participant who underwent resection of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus 15 years previously and presented with a graded IIIB lesion of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus in the other knee. After running there was no signal alteration that graded differently from the initial findings”. The MRI scans of those participants that were healthy before the race with no previous muscle injuries, after the marathon the MRI scans proved that no negative long-term-effects were experienced. In contrast, those that previously...
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...In the Book Wounded Knee 1973: Still Bleeding, Stew Magnuson writes about the 44th annual Dakota conference that happens in 2012. Stew Magnuson informs the reader of the situation that happened in the Dakota conference and the situation that happened at Wounded Knee. Wounded Knee 1973: Still Bleeding by Stew Magnuson talks about the situation that happened at the 44th annual Dakota conference in 2012. Problems occurred when members of AIM and former members of the FBI attended a conference about the situation that occurred in Wounded Knee in 1973. The American Indian Movement or AIM was an organization created to help Indians gain their civil rights and to be treated fairly. The FBI and American Indian Movement choose to attend a conference which would talk about the situation that occurred at the occupation of Wounded Knee in 1973. At the conference, a young man who had just graduated from College gave a speech about race and perception about what happened at the Wounded Knee occupation in 1973 and gave his thought about it. The FBI and AIM, both who played the two major roles in this...
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...Knee Injury - Meniscal Cartilage Tear The menisci are cartilage tissues which act like shock absorbers in the knee joint. A meniscus can be torn, commonly after a forceful twisting injury to the knee. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and locking of the knee. Some heal by themselves, but an operation to fix, trim or remove the torn meniscus may be advised. Meniscal cartilage injury The knee is commonly injured in sports, especially rugby, football and skiing. You may tear a meniscus by a forceful knee movement whilst you are weight bearing on the same leg. The classical injury is for a footballer to rotate (twist) the knee whilst the foot is still on the ground - for example, whilst dribbling round a defender. Another example is a tennis player who twists to hit a ball hard, but with the foot remaining in the same position. The meniscus may tear fully or partially. How serious the injury is depends on how much is torn and the exact site of the tear. Meniscal tears may also occur without a sudden severe injury. In some cases a tear develops due to repeated small injuries to the cartilage or to degeneration (wear and tear) of the meniscal cartilage in older people. In severe injuries, other parts of the knee may also be damaged in addition to a meniscal tear. For example, you may also sprain or tear a ligament. Meniscal cartilage does not heal very well once it is torn. This is mainly because it does not have a good blood supply. The outer edge of each meniscus has some blood...
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...possible presenting symptoms after a hard knock on the leg in the area behind the knee. The knee is the joint situated in the leg between the thigh bone (the femur) and the shin bone (the tibia). It is designed in such away to allow great flexibility of movement, yet it is still strong and stable enough to hold the body upright. (DR Maxine Long1999) According to (Tortora, Derrickson 2011). The knee joint is the joint most vulnerable to damage because it is a mobile weight bearing joint and its stability depends almost entirely on its associated ligaments and muscles. A hard knock in the leg to the area behind the knee would be painful. This area is called the popliteal fossa. The tibial nerve travels through the popliteal fossa under the soleus muscle and also between the deep superficial calf muscles which travels through the area of the popliteal fossa. (DR Alice Roberts 2010) The personal nerve travels past the knee and wraps around the neck of the fibula. It splits in to the deep and superficial peroneal nerves. The deep peroneal nerves supplies the extensor muscle of the shin, it then opens out to provide sensation to the skin at the back of the foot. The superficial peroneal nerve stays on the side of the leg and supplies the peroneal muscle. (Tortora, Derrickson 2011) Twists and sprains are common knee injuries caused by excessive force stretching the knee joint and ligaments. The knee swells swelling may occur immediately or hours after an injury. The initial swelling...
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