...Working Women: On top, and the bottom Traditional gender roles have long dictated that men were to be counted on as the main provider (instrumental role) in their families, while women’s roles were to support their families, raise the children, and fulfill domestic duties within the home (expressive role). However, this is no longer the case; in fact the percentage of American women that hold a paid job outside the home have doubled since the 1950’s. There is approximately 72 million women who hold jobs or are looking for jobs, accounting for 58.6 percent of the American workforce, according to the U.S. Department of Labor (2010). In the evolution of gender roles, women account for more than half of the labor force, earn a majority of their families' income, and still contribute more around the home than their husbands. For families with children, a new economic reality is further influencing an already-growing trend, which is women asserting the role as primary breadwinners while husbands adopt the role of primary caregivers. "Some 140,000 married men acted as their family's primary caregivers last year [2008], up from 98,000 in 2003." (Gomstyn, 2012). As previously stated, women account for more than half of the American workforce, and “the last time that the economic climate moved such large numbers of women into primary breadwinner roles was the Great Depression” (Coontz, 2010). Nevertheless, even with such dramatic changes in the labor force, women on average make about...
Words: 1060 - Pages: 5
...In today’s world most employers are faced with one big question – How to keep their Employees motivated in order to increase their performance efficiency. In the past few decades, a growing proportion of firms have started using Results Control as a way of keeping employees motivated rewarding employees for their efforts and outcomes and including this aspect in the pay schemes. (Bryson, Freeman, Lucifora, Pellizzari and VirginiePérotin [2011]). This has been supported by research that indicates pay incentives lead to greater effort than it would have if it was not present (Bonner, Sprinkle [2002]). Results Control empowers employees to take the best possible actions and holds them accountable for these actions in order to obtain the desired results (MCS). The fact that even today many employers continue to use pay incentive systems is an indicator that the model has worked and there are many advantages to using it, however some evidence indicates that there are few factors that determine its effectiveness (Bonner, Sprinkle [2002]). This essay will focus on the relationship between pay incentives and employee effort using economic theories, advantages and instances where it has been successful and the factors that impact the effectiveness of these incentives. The essay will contend that pay incentives are powerful motivators to induce effort however it needs to be designed carefully considering various contingency factors. There is a strong relationship between pay...
Words: 1587 - Pages: 7
...Abortions Should be Outlawed Over one million Abortions are performed in the United States each year (Jones, 2008). That means a total of 3,322 lives are being taken daily by abortion alone. Lives are taken each day by war, crime, and cancer. Abortion can be prevented, and does not need to be another thing that is added to list of something that takes lives. Abortions convincing one life does not make killing another something that is okay. Abortions continued practice over time is a sign of fallenness of human kind, and is human cruelty (Kerry, 1998). Abortions should be illegal because, they violate fetal rights, have a negative effect on society, and can cause severe physiological issues to the women involved. Just as you and I did not ask to be conceived, neither did the child in question. It too should be given a chance at life and have rights. Not one life is ever more important than another. The fourteenth amendment states, “Anyone born or naturalized in the United States will have equal rights,” (Hudson, 2015, Para. 1). If the fetus is conceived (naturalized) in the United States, then they have equal rights as stated in the constitution. Abortions performed, are crimes being committed per the fourteenth amendment. Twenty-one days after conception there is a human heart beat (Jalsea, 2016). A mother does not find out she is pregnant until twenty-eight days after conception, sometimes longer. This is due to the HCG levels in the mother’s body not being strong enough...
Words: 1012 - Pages: 5
...Athens v. Sparta Geographical Showdown Although they pursued different cultural paths, Sparta and Athens were both strongly shaped by their geographical circumstances. After the fall of the Mycenaean Empire many local institutions called poleis took the lead in restoring Greece. Many of these city-states grew independently, adapting to their physical surroundings. The two most famous of these poleis were Athens and Sparta. For example, Athens adapted to its access to the Mediterranean Sea by basing its economy on maritime trade. Sparta on the other hand was founded on a fertile region in center of Peloponnesus, which made them very xenophobic and military based. The geography was a key aspect that affected the Athenian and Spartan economy, foreign relationships, and social structure. Athens and Sparta definitely based their economies on their surroundings. Athens was located relatively near the coast of the Mediterranean, next to Attica. The land they were located on was very arid and rock. Therefore, their soil was not fertile and unfit to live off of, yet did supply the polis a surplus of silver. Because of this, the Athenian economy was based on maritime trade of silver to Persia and other around the region of the Mediterranean. Their economy flourished due to this generous resource. Sparta on the other hand was situated in a fertile region near the center of Peloponnesus. As their population and economy grew, the Spartans progressively began extending...
Words: 1229 - Pages: 5
...Abstract This article provides an overview of the recent literature on franchising, with special attention to management control issues. Based on an analysis of franchising articles published in twenty-five high-impact journals over the period 1996–2008, the literature is divided into the following three broad streams: franchise initiation and subsequent propensity to franchise, franchise performance and control of franchising relationships. Several research gaps and avenues for future research are identified, especially towards a systematic study of management control issues in the context of franchising relationships. Key words: franchising, literature review, management control JEL-codes: D23 – L22 – L26 – M21 – M40 2 I. INTRODUCTION This article provides an overview of the recent management literature on franchising, with special attention to its management controli aspects. Franchising plays a prominent role in business life today. This form of entrepreneurship is increasingly being adopted in a variety of sectors, especially by retailing and service companies such as McDonald’s, Holiday Inn, Body Shop and Benetton. According to the Deontological European Code of Honour (2004), franchising is a system for the sale of commodities, services and/or the application of technology. It is based on a close and continuing cooperation between juridical independent and financially autonomous companies, namely the franchisor and his individual franchisees. Hereby, the franchisor...
Words: 6954 - Pages: 28
...Business Morals Philosophy 201 February 7, 2016 Chelby Apel Ethics have become an organizational priority. In the 21st century, ethics is neither a luxury nor an option. There is a growing impatience within society with selfish and irresponsible actions that impoverish some, while enriching the crafty. Hewlett Packard demonstrated its commitment to ethical integrity under the leadership of Carly Fiorina. The former CEO of Hewlett-Packard said of her six-year tenure, “Some of the most important choices I ever made were firing people who weren't conducting themselves with integrity” (Weil, 2007). In contrast, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company was caught covering up knowledge about the addictiveness of nicotine. Tolerating bad behavior to improve the bottom line and justifying it as “not really illegal” creates a climate that ultimately becomes corrosive. In addition to social responsibility, there are other compelling motivations for 21st century organizations to make ethical values a priority. More than simply a legal or moral responsibility, ethics need to become an organizational priority. Organizational leaders have a lot on their minds in today’s highly competitive world. They must keep abreast of rapid technological advancements, competitor’s products and services, the effects of globalization, and opportunities and threats within their own industry, to name the most obvious. Leaders must also keep a constant eye on the mission, vision, values...
Words: 1213 - Pages: 5
...Ethics have become an organizational priority. In the 21st century, ethics is neither a luxury nor an option. There is a growing impatience within society with selfish and irresponsible actions that impoverish some, while enriching the crafty. Hewlett Packard demonstrated its commitment to ethical integrity under the leadership of Carly Fiorina. The former CEO of Hewlett-Packard said of her six-year tenure, “Some of the most important choices I ever made were firing people who weren't conducting themselves with integrity” (Weil, 2007). In contrast, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company was caught covering up knowledge about the addictiveness of nicotine. Tolerating bad behavior to improve the bottom line and justifying it as “not really illegal” creates a climate that ultimately becomes corrosive. In addition to social responsibility, there are other compelling motivations for 21st century organizations to make ethical values a priority. More than simply a legal or moral responsibility, ethics need to become an organizational priority. Organizational leaders have a lot on their minds in today’s highly competitive world. They must keep abreast of rapid technological advancements, competitor’s products and services, the effects of globalization, and opportunities and threats within their own industry, to name the most obvious. Leaders must also keep a constant eye on the mission, vision, values, culture, strategy and goals of their own organizations. In the midst...
Words: 1204 - Pages: 5
...Marcus Garvey, Martin Luther king Jr., Albert Einstein and Princess Diane all these great people could have ceased to exist if their mother’s had an abortion. Imagine the civil rights movement, science or humanitarianism without them here. Pro-life is the best way to treat conception because today’s children can be tomorrow’s contributors to society. Over 46 million abortions were done from 1973 because of the Roe decision. In the decades after young women have realized abortion could have been the decision of their mothers as well this belief is as so known as the survival of abortion according to Hanz Zeiger a student at Hillsdale College and author of Reagan’s Children. The babies born between the 1981 and 1989 are “standing up for Roe’s babies” says Zeiger. With every abortion our generation is fighting back with more young women choosing pro-life instead of abortion. Abortion comes at a high price to the well being of a woman’s physical and mental health. According to groups like National Right to Life’s American Victims of Abortion “Women deserve better”. The post abortion mental torment can prove to be life changing experience causing severe insecurity and guilt. Abortion in many causes is more strenuous on the body then going though the entire pregnancy. According to the studies of Glamour magazine young women are choosing life more then abortion tactics. The survey says women from the age 18-29 are more in favor of pro life. The polls suggest that...
Words: 1044 - Pages: 5
...Tobacco Company Berhad on 3 November 1999. * Today, British American Tobacco Malaysia is the clear market leader with approximately 63% market share, and ranks amongst the top 25 companies on Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad in terms of market capitalisation. * British American Tobacco Malaysia manufactures and markets high quality tobacco products designed to meet diverse consumer preferences. Their portfolio includes well-established international names such as Dunhill, Kent and Pall Mall.Q1. Explain what is CSR * Corporate Social Responsibility is a management concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and interactions with their stakeholders. * Kilcullen corporatn and Kooistra (1999, p.158) defined CSR as ‘the degree of moral obligation that may be ascribed to corporations beyond simple obedience to the laws of the state. * However, Maignan and Ferrell (2004) trace the evolution of perspectives on CSR from its emergence in the 1950s as 1. Social Obligation 2. Stakeholder Obligation * CSR is generally understood as being the way through which a company achieves a balance of economic, environmental and social imperatives as mentioned in Triple-Bottom-Line- Approach, while at the same time addressing the expectations of shareholders and stakeholders. * In this sense it is important to draw a distinction between CSR, which can be a strategic business management concept, and charity, sponsorships or philanthropy...
Words: 1406 - Pages: 6
...Abortion Shauntel Williams MED100 Medical Law, Liability, & Ethics Robyn Johnson November 6, 2014 Shauntel Williams Robyn Johnson MED100 Medical Law, Liability, and Ethics November 6, 2014 Abortion The debate over whether or not abortion should be a legal option continues to divide Americans long after the US Supreme Court’s 7-2 decision on Roe v. Wade declared the procedure a "fundamental right" on Jan. 22, 1973. Proponents, identifying themselves as pro-choice, contend that choosing abortion is a right that should not be limited by governmental or religious authority, and which outweighs any right claimed for an embryo or fetus. They say that pregnant women will resort to unsafe illegal abortions if there is no legal option. Opponents, identifying themselves as pro-life, contend that personhood begins at conception, and therefore abortion is the immoral killing of an innocent human being. They say abortion inflicts suffering on the unborn child, and that it is unfair to allow abortion when couples who cannot biologically conceive are waiting to adopt. Variations exist in arguments on both sides of the debate. Some pro-choice proponents believe abortion should only be used as a last resort, while others advocate unrestricted access to abortion services under any circumstance. Pro-life positions range from opposing abortion under any circumstance to accepting it for situations of rape, incest, or when a woman's life is at risk. Some prominent pro-choice organizations...
Words: 1103 - Pages: 5
...REPORT Improved waste management of textiles Project 9 Environmentally improved recycling David Palm B1976 April 2011 This report approved 2011-04-20 Anna Jarnehammar Department Manager Organization Report Summary Project title IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd. Address P.O. Box 5302 SE-400 14 Göteborg Telephone Towards Sustainable Waste Management – Environmentally improved recycling Project sponsor Swedish Environmental Protection Agency +46 (0)31-725 62 00 Author David Palm Title and subtitle of the report Improved waste management of textiles Summary In Sweden, we consume 15kg of textiles per capita and year. Of this roughly 8kg are incinerated and 3kg are reused by charity organisations. The remaining 4kg either accumulates (e.g. in a closet or wardrobe) or are handled through other means of waste management (e.g. recycling centres). This way of waste management is not optimal from an environmental point of view. The textile waste flows are small by weight but large by environmental impact. The production of virgin textiles give rise to about 15 kg of carbon dioxide per kg textile and uses large amount of water; energy and chemicals and poses a risk both for the environment and human health. Policies and measures to reduce the consumption of virgin textile are needed. Hindrances for a more sustainable textile waste management are primarily economical: The environmental cost is not incorporated in the production...
Words: 7053 - Pages: 29
...Brandee Schwerin BIOL 111A Mr. McEvoy October 15, 2013 Abortion Out of all the women who get pregnant throughout the world, half of them do not want their babies, and about a quarter of them choose to have an abortion. An abortion is a procedure to end a pregnancy; it can either be with surgery or medicine, which is called an induced abortion. An abortion can also be done by accident, which is most often called a miscarriage. There are also many different methods of having an abortion. There has also been found to be an alternative therapy to abortion which is called cat’s claw. This alternative therapy does not use medicine nor surgery, it is just a plant they can be used as an herbal treatment and has recently found to work for abortions. People choose to get an induced abortion for many reasons; however, it is always a personal decision. Some women or teenagers get pregnant before they are ready to have a baby. They also may choose to get an abortion so they do not have to deal with the repercussions of having sex before marriage. Some women feel that they already have enough children, or that they cannot afford to have a new/another child. Woman who are victims of rape or incest most often choose to abort their baby. In some cases, either the baby’s or woman’s health is in danger; this can lead to a miscarriage also. Another major thing to look out while researching a topic like this one is the statistics. See the people that get abortions most often or find out what...
Words: 2310 - Pages: 10
...by World Health Organization that one fourth of all the progenies in the world terminate in induced abortion. More precisely, the number of induced abortion is nearly 50 million every year（Berer, M., 2000 ）. Induced abortion means “abortion brought on deliberately by drugs or mechanical means” (Stedman, T. L.，2008). It can be defined as an abortion that is preceded initiatively, which is opposite to spontaneous abortion. According to World HeaWHO (1993), every year the number of woman who chooses abortion is about 1.5 million in United States. Almost half of American women get unplanned pregnancy, and 54% of these end in abortion (Finer LB &ump; Zolna MR, 2011). Nearly one fifth of pregnancies end in abortion (Jones RK &ump; Kooistra, K, 2011). The laws on abortion have developed varied in countries since there are different social and moral perceptions due to the different cultures. In Great Britain, only medical professionals are able to provide abortion（rethinking of abortion p13）. While it comes to Northern Ireland and the Irish republic , the law only allow women to get information of abortion and have abortion outside of their states (rethinking of abortion p19).Abortion is always a sensitive topic when it is regarded as killing a person surrounding with social and political discussion. It seems that the debate between anti-abortion and the opponents is increasing heated (BEYOND CHOICE P19).Woman tend to choose illegal abortion when it is unavailable for legal...
Words: 2346 - Pages: 10
...Explain the statement that “by blaming the individual for a crime, the society is acquitted to of the charge of complicity in that crime”. (Reiman, 2009). Drawing on at least two perspectives from the module, demonstrate how this argument reflects the concerns of critical criminology more generally. When Reiman talks about the individual in the above statement, he is referring to the idea put forward by individual positivist criminologists in the late nineteenth century that the source of crime is located within the individual (The Open University, 2013a). This idea is based on positivists holding the belief that criminal behaviour is distinct in its characteristics to that of non-criminal behaviour, thus making it abnormal. This abnormal behaviour can be determined either by biological and psychological or social factors, and was spearheaded by the works of Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo (The Open University, 2013a). Their aim was to focus on establishing the causality of crime by asking questions, such as whether criminals are born or made and whether the factors of crime are individual or social, through the use of natural scientific methods in order to produce objective and quantifiable results to support the prediction of future crimes. As a result, positivists have only been concerned with the measurable and observable, and have consciously neglected the more abstract ideas of the causes of crime (The Open University, 2013a). In more recent times...
Words: 2257 - Pages: 10
...------------------------------------------------- Crime in context Discuss the role of the media in the construction of the general public`s perceptions of crime and the implications of this for the development of safety policies. The primary source of information on crime and safety policies is the mass media. Mass media has a primary aim to inform and entertain and therefore the coverage of crime may be inaccurate, biased and may promote inappropriate policies of crime control. However, the influence that the media imposes upon the public about crime will ultimately be dependent upon how the content of the media is interpreted by specific audiences. In relation to crime statistics and the public’s perceptions, the Government's British Crime Survey (BCS) of 2008/9, results showed that UK public felt crime had increased locally from 36 per cent in 2007/08 to 38 per cent in 2008/09 and an increase in the proportion of people who think crime has increased nationally from 65 per cent in 2007/08 to 75 per cent in 2008/09 when in fact the figures had decreased. On the other hand, some categories of crime did show an increase, such as theft from the person which increased by 7 per cent. Two main categories of mass media are print media and electronic media. Both categories differ in the way that print media is mainly factual and electronic media tends to provide visual imaging to relay information. At present visual media coverage is the most predominant in conveying the meanings...
Words: 2719 - Pages: 11
