...Krakatoa is a volcano island located in the Sunda Strait, and is apart of the Indonesian Island Arc. It is also on the Ring of Fire and sits between two islands, Java and Sumatra. Krakatoa’s 1883 eruption is known as one of the most deadly eruptions in history. This powerful and explosive eruption follows many of the same general events of a volcanic eruption. The start of this eruption happened deep inside the earth’s core. As I explained the inner core and outer core are extremely hot and cause convection currents in the mantle. These convection currents cause the tectonic plates to move. Plate movements can lead on to subduction. Krakatoa was created by the Oceanic Indo-Australian plate subducting under the Eurasian plate. When the Indo-Australian plate subducted under the Eurasian plate, the friction of the two plates against each other led to heat, which led to the molten rock and crust to melt....
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...crust that causes shaking of the ground above). However, there are many more hazards that can be associated with these two, namely tsunamis and from volcanoes, pyroclastic flows, lahars and volcanic gases. What causes these hazards should be explained in my explanation of plate tectonics. Throughout my assignment, I will be using many examples of tectonic hazards from around the globe, but will be focusing on certain case studies to try and explain exactly what causes tectonic hazards. I will be using the San Andreas Fault in the western part of North America as an example of transform plate margins*, the Himalayas as an example of fold mountains created by collision zones of convergent plate margin* between two continental plates, Krakatoa as an example of hazards that can be caused at convergent plate margins where oceanic and continental plates meet and the Mid Atlantic Ridge (including Iceland) as an...
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...Photo of Anak Krakatau, the "Son of Krakatoa," during a minor eruption in Indonesia. flydime on Flickr.com Updated December 04, 2014. In the past two decades, Indonesia has begun to emerge as an economic power in Southeast Asia, as well as a newly democratic nation. Its long history as the source of spices coveted around the Indian Ocean world shaped Indonesia into the multi-ethnic and religiously diverse nation that we see today. Although this diversity causes friction at times, Indonesia has the potential to become a major world History Philippines Indonesia Trade Christianity Facts Jakarta Indonesia Capital and Major Cities: Capital: Jakarta, pop. 8,800,000 Major Cities: Surabaya, pop. 3,000,000 Medan, pop. 2,500,000 Bandung, pop. 2,500,000 Serang, pop. 1,786,000 Yogyakarta, pop. 512,000 Government: The Republic of Indonesia is centralized (non-federal) and features a strong President who is both Head of State and Head of Government. The first direct presidential election took place only in 2004; the president can serve up to two 5-year terms. The tricameral legislature consists of the People's Consultative Assembly, which inaugurates and impeaches the president and amends the constitution but does not consider legislation; the 560-member House of Representatives, which creates legislation; and the 132-member House of Regional Representatives who provide input on legislation that affects their regions. The judiciary includes not only...
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...Archeologists are seeing if there is a connection with the disappearance of Atlantis and the sudden end of the Minoan civilization. In 1500 B.C. there was a massive explosion on the island of Santorini, just north of Crete, and that explosion was four times more powerful than the explosion of Krakatoa(The UnMuseum). This leads some scholars to form a theory that Atlantis was on the island of Santorini. But this draws a big question, was Atlantis part of the Minoan empire, which wasn’t mentioned in Plato’s, Timaeus and...
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...Tsunamis The repercussions of tsunamis are extraordinary. The 2010 Indian Ocean Tsunami ranks number six on the list of deadliest natural disasters of all time. That alone proves the grim manner of these series of large waves caused by the sudden movement of the ocean. Tsunamis are fierce, dangerous natural disasters. They not only can kill plenty but also can cost considerable amounts. This essay will focus on the major, most famous tsunamis in the world’s history. Tsunamis occur mostly in the Pacific Ocean mostly around the Ring of Fire (“Tsunamis”). This is because this dangerous area is known for its production of such disasters as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, or even both trigger the Tsunami. There have been spectacular tsunamis in the past. 1707 Hoei Tsunami was for centuries the largest earthquake in Japan (“1707 Hōei earthquake”). The earthquake that caused it had magnitude of 8.6. The earthquake’s fault rupture extended to more than 700 km (“Abstract”). Back in 1771, an earthquake of a 7.4 magnitude occurred just south of the Okinawa, Japan Island. Killing nearly eight and a half thousand people, a tsunami of mass destruction took place. The population decrease to about one third and more than 2,000 houses were demolished (“1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami”). Comparatively, on November 1, 1775 an earthquake in the Kingdom of Portugal occurred. The earthquake caused fires and a tsunami. This tsunami almost completely destroyed Lisbon, in the Kingdom of Portugal. The...
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...INNER PLANETS DATA | MERCURY | VENUS | EARTH | MARS | 1. DIAMETER | 3,032m (4,879km) | 7,521m (12,104km) | 7,926m (12,756km) | 7,926m (12,756km) | 2. AVERAGE DISTANCE FROM THE SUN | 57.9 million kms/36 million miles | 108.2 million kms/67.2 million miles | 150 million km (93 million miles) | 228 million km (142 million miles) | 3. ROTATION PERIOD | 59 Earth Days | 0.615 Earth Years (243 days) | 23.93 Hours | 24.63 Hours | 4. ORBITAL PERIOD | 88 Earth days | 225 Earth days | 365 days | 687 Earth days | 5. SURFACE TEMPERATURE | -183 °C to 427 °C (-297 °F to 800 °F) | 880 degrees Fahrenheit, 471 degrees Celsius (730 K) | -127°F to 136°F (-88°C to 58°C; 185 K to 311 K) | -130 °C (-202 °F) | 6. NUMBER OF MOONS/THEIR NAMES | ZERO | ZERO | One moon (Earth’s moon) | Two moons(Diemos and Phobos) | 7. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERE/GASES | Atmosphere, or exosphere, is composed mostly of oxygen (O2), sodium (Na), hydrogen (H2), helium (He), and potassium (K). | Atmosphere is made up mostly of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2), with clouds of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) droplets. | 78 % nitrogen, 21% oxygen, | Atmosphere made up mostly of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2) and argon (Ar) | 8. NATURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE | Very thin; Since the atmosphere is so slight, the sky would appear pitch black (except for the sun, stars, and other planets, when visible), even during the day. Also has no greenhouse effect. | Thick and toxic atmosphere, hot...
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...magma begins to rise towards the surface. ” It rises towards the earth’s surface because of the water in its gaseous state. This make the magma light and it rises faster. When it reached the surface, it erupted out of the top of the mountain and became a volcano know as Mt St. Helens. This relates to plate tectonics because to start the formation it need a subduction and convergent boundary which are part of plate tectonics. “At about 8:30am on Sunday, 18 May 1980, a 5.1 magnitude earthquake caused the entire north face of the Mount St. Helens volcano to slip away in the largest observed landslide in recorded history. ” After this the pressurized magma in the magma chamber finally became unstable. The volcano went BOOM! Compared to Krakatoa it wasn’t very loud, but the eruption was horrible. The flank of the volcano collapsed and turned into a tephra, also known are magma/mudslide and destroyed everything in its path. The volcanic eruption destroyed 57 bridges, 57 people and about 200 miles of road. “The eruption sent an ash cloud more than 12 miles into the atmosphere in just 10 minutes. Fine ash reached the Northeast two days later and circled the earth within 15 days, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. ” To most people this was a major shock because this volcano had been dormant for around 100 years. Before the eruption seismologists tried to predict when the eruption would happen, but they didn’t have the technology we have today. “Volcanoes are difficult to...
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...Types of volcanoes Most people have never seen a real volcano but have learned about them through movies or books. So when most people think of a volcano, they usually conjure up the Hollywood version: a huge, menacing conical mountain that explodes and spews out masses of lava which falls on rampaging dinosaurs, screaming cave people, or fleeing mobs of betogaed Romans--depending on their favorite volcano disaster movie. While those types of volcanoes do indeed exist, they represent only one "species" in a veritable zoo of volcano shapes and sizes. Some types of volcanoes are easily recognizable and some are not. The "Hollywood" types are easily recognized. Many are located in populated areas and have well-known names: Vesuvius, Krakatoa, Fujiyama, and Mount St. Helens. These volcanoes are typically tens of miles across and ten thousand or more feet in height. As illustrated in the figure above, they have moderately steep sides and sometimes have small craters in their summits. Volcanologists call these "strato-" or composite volcanoes because they consist of layers of solid lava flows mixed with layers of sand- or gravel-like volcanic rock called cinders or volcanic ash. Image of a cinder cone volcano.Another easily recognized type of volcano (seen at right) is the "cinder cone." As you might expect from the name, these volcanoes consist almost entirely of loose, grainy cinders and almost no lava. They are small volcanoes, usually only about a mile across and up to about...
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...as it produces acid rain that fall on peoples and lands. It is very corrosive to the skin and clothing (Talwar & Satish Juneja, 2009). According to Parfitt and Wilson (2008), lava flows did not cause death to people directly. This is due to the slow movement of the lava flows. This make the people to escape after the eruption unless the people are sleeping in their house. However the authors explain that, the lava flow can bring massive damage to the properties. Sometimes, the lava is thick enough to bury and crush the building in the process. On the other hand, the extreme heat can ignite any flammable material and this cause the building to burn. One of the famous example is the burial of Pompeii and Herculaneum (1650) and eruption in Krakatoa (1883). Talwar & Satish Juneja, (2009) also agree that lava flow are slow so the death cause by it is uncommon. They also mention that lava flows can bury the homes and agricultural...
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...1. Dry Ice Bubble This fun, simple demonstration of how to create a giant soap bubble with dry ice will have your students' eyes popping. 2. Glow Sticks-Liquid Light Kids love glow sticks. Ask them how they work and the likely answer will be "batteries." The answer is simple science. This cool experiment on the luminescent science behind glow sticks is one of many fantastic and informative videos on YouTube hosted by Steve Spangler. 3. Inertia Experiment This basic experiment using a pen cap, a bottle, and a crochet hoop demonstrates one of Sir Isaac Newton's most fundamental principles-"an object at rest stays at rest." 4. How to Make a Rain Cloud in a Bottle Teach kids the curious process of condensation with a bicycle pump, a soda bottle, and a few other simple items. This is a great way to teach the science behind everyday weather. 5. Afraid of Pop Rocks? Discovery Channel's venerable Mythbusters team uses science to debunk the popular urban legend that the combination of Pop Rocks and soda could cause your stomach to explode. Use this video to talk with your class about how to pose scientific questions. 6. How Do You Keep an Egg from Breaking? How Stuff Works creator Marshall Brain offers a kid-friendly look at the science behind a shattering egg. How can you drop an egg from a height of two feet and not have it break? Watch this video with your students and invite them to figure it out! 7. What Is Surface Tension? Surface tension is what allows a paper...
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...Chapter 2 An Overview of Formal Methods Tools and Techniques The goal of this chapter is to give an overview of the different approaches and tools pertaining to formal methods. We do not attempt to be exhaustive, but focus instead on the main approaches. After reading the chapter the reader will be familiar with the terminology of the area, as well as with the most important concepts and techniques. Moreover the chapter will allow the reader to contextualise and put into perspective the topics that are covered in detail in the book. Why do we need an overview of formal methods? Why not just study one rigorous method for software development? This is a very pertinent and legitimate question. The behavioural essence of software is not captured by a unique unified mathematical theory. Such a general foundation is unlikely to exist. Think for instance about the diversity of programming language paradigms and theories, and the resulting jungle of existing computer programming languages. Is there a definite paradigm (or, even, language) that makes obsolete all the other ones? Clearly not. Different languages will be chosen by different people to solve the same problem, and someone may well use different languages to solve different problems. Similarly, depending on the goals of the software designers and of the verification process, one may prefer a theory over another one, and even use more than one theory (and related formal methods techniques and tools), in the context of the development...
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...If deserts _have_ a fault (which their present biographer is far from admitting), that fault may doubtless be found in the fact that their scenery as a rule tends to be just a trifle monotonous. Though fine in themselves, they lack variety. To be sure, very few of the deserts of real life possess that absolute flatness, sandiness and sameness, which characterises the familiar desert of the poet and of the annual exhibitions--a desert all level yellow expanse, most bilious in its colouring, and relieved by but four allowable academy properties, a palm-tree, a camel, a sphinx, and a pyramid. For foreground, throw in a sheikh in appropriate drapery; for background, a sky-line and a bleaching skeleton; stir and mix, and your picture is finished. Most practical deserts one comes across in travelling, however, are a great deal less simple and theatrical than that; rock preponderates over sand in their composition, and inequalities of surface are often the rule rather than the exception. There is reason to believe, indeed, that the artistic conception of the common or Burlington House desert has been unduly influenced for evil by the accessibility and the poetic adjuncts of the Egyptian sand-waste, which, being situated in a great alluvial river valley is really flat, and, being the most familiar, has therefore distorted to its own shape the mental picture of all its kind elsewhere. But most deserts of actual nature are not all flat, nor all sandy; they present a considerable diversity...
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...Mark Scheme (Results) June 2011 GCE Geography 6GE01 Global Challenges Edexcel is one of the leading examining and awarding bodies in the UK and throughout the world. We provide a wide range of qualifications including academic, vocational, occupational and specific programmes for employers. Through a network of UK and overseas offices, Edexcel’s centres receive the support they need to help them deliver their education and training programmes to learners. For further information, please call our GCE line on 0844 576 0025, our GCSE team on 0844 576 0027, or visit our website at www.edexcel.com. If you have any subject specific questions about the content of this Mark Scheme that require the help of a subject specialist, you may find our Ask The Expert email service helpful. Ask The Expert can be accessed online at the following link: http://www.edexcel.com/Aboutus/contact-us/ Alternatively, you can contact our Geography Advisor directly by sending an email to Jonathan Wolton on: GeographySubjectAdvisor@edexcelexperts.co.uk. You can also telephone 0844 372 2185 to speak to a member of our subject advisor team. June 2011 Publications Code US027990 All the material in this publication is copyright © Edexcel Ltd 2011 General Guidance on Marking All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners should look for qualities to reward rather than faults to penalise. This does NOT mean giving credit for incorrect or inadequate answers, but it does mean allowing candidates...
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...a uNIVERSITY iNITIATIVE TO Integrate Safety and Sustainability in Course Development David NEWLANDS Senior Assistant Professor International School of Management ~ IESEG, Lille, France d.newlands@ieseg.fr David S. HARRISON Dean - School of Business Administration Chair in Global Business University of South Carolina Aiken Aiken, South Carolina – USA 29801 davidh@usca.edu Michael JARA Assistant Chancellor for Facilities University of South Carolina Aiken Aiken, South Carolina – USA 29801 mikej@usca.edu David S. HARRISON Dean - School of Business Administration Chair in Global Business University of South Carolina Aiken Aiken, South Carolina – USA 29801 davidh@usca.edu Patsy Lewellyn Visiting Professor, School of Business Administration University of South Carolina Aiken PatsyL@usca.edu David NEWLANDS Senior Assistant Professor International School of Management ~ IESEG, Lille, France d.newlands@ieseg.fr Abstract As the new millennium evolves, many further and higher education establishments are bracing themselves against externally imposed challenges. Emerging fiscal constraints are reducing public funding for public institutions in various countries including the United States, United Kingdom and France. USCA for example saw state appropriations reduce from $11.1M in 2008 to $6.1M in 2011. Rising costs of energy in part due to under-capacity to store during off-peak seasons and infrastructure overhaul project investments...
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...Earth Science: Volcanoes Report by: Kenneth Ragragio What is Volcanoes? * Volcanoes are vents that allow lava, rock fragments and gases to escape from layers beneath the earth's surface. Learn how volcanoes form both on land and underwater and why they erupt. * Volcanoes are spectacular events and because of this, they have found their way into the plot of many Hollywood movies. While the movies have given most of us the vivid image of red-hot lava spewing out of the top of a towering volcano, they do not share the entire story of volcanoes Magma and Lava * So what exactly is a volcano? Well, it can be defined as a vent in the earth's crust through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor and gases are ejected. In other words, a volcano is the earth's way of letting off a little steam. * The super-heated particles that eject out of a volcano come from deep below the earth's surface where temperatures can become so hot that rock actually melts. Magma is the term used to describe this hot molten rock from deep within the earth. * A volcano begins to form when magma, which is less dense than the rock it originated from, rises toward the earth's surface. This liquid rock collects in chambers called 'magma chambers,' where pressure builds due to expanding steam and gases associated with the magma. As pressure reaches a peak within these chambers, magma finds its way through a vent or fissure in the earth's surface, resulting in a volcanic eruption and the expulsion...
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