...Changes that Shaped American Politics in the 70’s and 80’s Loraine J Jackson Everest University Abstract For many individuals in the United States, the late 1970s were a troubled and disturbing time. The Watergate scandal, the Vietnam War, ambiguity in the Middle East and the economic crisis in the Nation had weakened the confidence of Americans in their government and in their fellow residents as well. Many Americans supported a new conservatism in social, economic and political life during the 1980s, distinguished by policies of President Ronald Reagan. Politically, the United States experienced numerous changes during the 1970’s. There were liberal Democratic administrations for most of the 1960’s followed by a conservative Republican, Richard Nixon, was elected. President Nixon was forced to resign due to the Watergate scandal during his second term. Vice President Gerald Ford became president after Nixon's resignation but was defeated by Democrat Jimmy Carter. President Carter lost his bid for re-election to conservative Republican Ronald Reagan. During his first term, the recession came to an end, inflation was controlled and he also found ways to reduced taxes. Changes in Politics in the 70’s and 80’s Changes that Shaped Contemporary American Politics Many changes altered American politics. One such achievement was the Economic Recovery and Tax Act of 1981 otherwise known as (ERTA). This act helped to reduce personal income tax rates by 25 percent over a three year...
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...Trade Union Decline: Australia Sarah Jury An essay discussing the factors contributing to the steady decline in trade unionism in Australia since the 1980’s and the relevance of unions to workers today. M G T S 2 6 0 7 : E m p l o y m e n t R e l a t i o n s W o r d C o u n t : 1 9 8 2 Sarah Jury Trade Union Decline in Australia 42395582 There has been a dramatic decline in trade union membership rates across Australia since the 1980s. In 1986, 46% (or 2.6 million) of employees were trade union members; this figure has steadily declined to 19% (or 1.7million) of employees in 2007 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009). By May 2010 trade union membership had fallen to a record low of 18% (or 1.84 million) of employees and remained steady for the past 3 years (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013). This essay aims to highlight the factors that have played a significant role in the steady decline of unionization in Australia. It focuses on the changing composition of the labour force, the change in governmental policies, the newly empowered role...
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...orLabor Unions: Aging Dinosaur or Sleeping Giant? The Labor Movement and Unionism Background and Brief History Higher wages! Shorter workdays! Better working conditions! These famous words echoed throughout the United States beginning in 1790 with the skilled craftsmen (Dessler, 1997, p. 544). For the last two-hundred years, workers of all trades have been fighting for their rights and seeking methods of improving their living standards, working conditions, and job security (Boone, 1996,p.287). As time went by, these individuals came to the conclusion that if they work together collectively, they would grow stronger to get responses to their demands. This inspired into what we know today as labor unions. A labor union is an organized group of workers whose purpose is to increase wages and influence other job conditions for its members (Parkin, 1998,p.344). These labor unions can be divided into two types: craft unions and industrial unions (World, 1998). A craft union is a union whose membership is restricted to workers who possess an identifiable skill (Robinson, 1985,p. 69). These members tend to be better educated and trained, and more unified because of common interests (World, 1998). An example of a craft union is the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union (World, 1998). On the other hand, an industrialized union is a group of workers who have a variety of skills and job types but work for the same industry (Parkin, 1998, p. 344). Unions of this type include...
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...child labor. Child labor can be regulated through domestic and international legislation and laws. Child labor regulations and laws through the globe, are not properly enforced or often incorporate exceptions that permits child labor to exist in particular zones and subdivision , such as agriculture or domestic work. Despite strong child labor laws that exist in particular countries, labor departments and labor investigation divisions are often under-financed and short-staffed. in some cases courts are unsuccessful in enforcing preexisted labor laws. In the United States, many businesses and corporations are unable to implement...
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...between owners/stakeholders/management and employees/labor. Before stating a healthy discussion on collective bargaining, its functions, process and agreement, first we have an on his historical background. The first time in history Miss Beatrice Webb, used the term “collective bargaining” in 1891. She was the one of the founder of industrial relations field (Wilkinson 2014). CB was a sort of group or no of group’s collective negotiations and agreements that was existed since we found industrial revolution in G. Britrain, during the formations of trade unions. Later many governments provided it legal protection through passing executive orders. For example, in 1935 the National labor relations Act was made it illegal for all the employers of USA that they can’t deny union rights or an employee. Although until 1950s, it was more controversial that unionizing government employees in a public owned sector trade union. At last in 1962 USA president gave rights to unionize in public sector organizations by passing an executive order. Collective bargaining is the procedure that makes or changes the aggregate understanding. It is basically the procedure of progressing proposition, talking about them, accepting counter-recommendations and determining contrasts. The essential objective of collective bargaining is the accomplishment of an aggregate haggling assertion between the union and business Kochan, T. A., & Katz, H. C. (1980). A normal bartering assention will contain the general...
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...of the following and discuss their importance and impact on the U.S. labor movement: I learned a few things about the labor movement in history classes when I originally moved to the United States as a child. I have to admit it has never been this in-depth. The two Acts that stood out to me as vital to a successful labor movement are Norris-LaGuardia Act and the Landrum-Griffin Act. The first one I want to discuss is the Norris-LaGuardia Act, before the new deal began Senator George William Norris from Nebraska and Congressman Fiorello H. Laguardia from New York City introduced the Act. According to our text “The Norris-LaGuardia Act was the first law to protect the rights of unions and workers to engage in union activity.” (Fossum, 2012, p. 66) This marks the beginning of change, as with all things when it first starts it s rough. It put at end to the federal courts getting involved in labor disputes and issuing injunctions and outlawed yellow-dog contracts. Back then yellow-dog contracts was an “agreement between an employer and an employee in which the employee agrees, as a condition of employment, not to join a union during the course of his employment. These were widely used in the 1920’s.” (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013, Para 1) This is the most important one because it paved the way for the future labor acts. According to one cite “It was the most favorable legislation to date for a U.S. labor movement that had always had to fight for its very existence.” (SHRM)...
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...Legal Status of Unions Legal Status of Unions The history of the American labor movement coincides with the development of labor unions in the United States, from the initial local craft unions like the Federal Society of Journeyman Cordwainers (shoemakers), to the formation of national unions such as the National Labor Union (NLU) and the Knights of Labor, creation of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), and the Congress of International Organizations (CIO), the merger of the AFL-CIO, and its breakup through the defection of the national unions that formed the Change to Win (CTW) coalition (Fossum, 2012, pp. 27-34, 53-54). Paralleling the union development was a series of national labor legislation: Railway Labor Act (1926), Norris-LaGuardia Act (1932) legitimizing collective bargaining, National Industrial Recovery Act (1933), ruled unconstitutional in 1935, National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act, 1935) establishing the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), Taft-Hartley Act (1947), and Landrum-Griffin Act (1959) (Fossum, 2012, pp. 63-75). This paper will examine this evolution of the legal status of American unions and what union activities were restricted by laws and courts; the major contributing causes to the failure of uplift unionism; advantages and disadvantages of a business union vs. labor political party approach; leading personalities contributing to the definition of labor relations in the United States; and the most effective union leaders during the...
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...Toyota. There were many factors involved which resulted in GM losing its position. This paper will explore several of the factors such as union relationships that resulted in payroll differentials between GM and foreign transplants, legacy costs, and the job banks program. Secondly, poor strategic management decisions including product development and the quality gap issues between GM and its Japanese competitors. Finally, the effects of foreign competition including imports from Japan, foreign transplants here in the U.S. and currency manipulation by the Japanese Government will be explored. “What’s good for GM is good the country.” This statement is attributed to former General Motors CEO, Charles Wilson during his 1953 Senate confirmation hearing to become President Eisenhower’s Defense Secretary. The quote has been taken out of context over the years. In response to a question posed by a senator who asked Mr. Wilson if he could make decisions that would be harmful to GM, Wilson stated he would be able to, but continued by adding that he could not imagine such a situation, “because for years I thought what was good for the county was good for General Motors and vice versa.” (“The Rise and Fall of General Motors”, 2009, What’s good for GM section, par. 1) Because GM was such a large portion of the U.S. economy during the 1950’s, if difficult times fell on the country it would mean the same for GM. The vice versa would mean that if GM was struggling it probably...
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...Labor Unions in Sports Willie C Williams Webster University Labor Unions in Sports Labor unions can trace its roots to the mid-19th century during the industrial revolution. Around the end of the Civil War national unions began to form beginning with the American Federation of Labor in 1886. These unions were created to protect and collectively bargain with employers on things such as wages, benefits, and working conditions for its members. Prior to labor unions, employee rights were nonexistent. Unions progressively began to get stronger and stronger through passed legislation and also through the increased amount of participation. In 1954 union membership hit an all-time high 35% of overall employees in America. Since the passing of bills such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 1991 union participation as steadily declined. These Acts gave greater protection to employees and therefore nullifying the need for unions. The one place were unions are thriving is in the world of professional sports. Currently National Football League (NFL, and Major League Baseball (MLB) have player unions and each one has worked to help create better opportunities for players in their prospective leagues. MLB Major league baseball players were the first players to organize as a union. In 1965 several baseball players hired Marvin Miller, a respected economist from United Steelworkers Association to mold the players into a union. Mr. Miller helped the players negotiate their first...
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...“The freedom of workers to join together in unions and negotiate with employers, or collective bargaining, is widely recognized as a fundamental human right across the globe. In the United States, this right is protected by the U.S. Constitution and U.S. law and is supported by a majority of Americans” (Bivens, J., et al., 2017). This strategy is used by every union in the United States to, in hope, improve their working conditions and possibly boost common interests of the group. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics wage and salary workers belonging to unions currently sit at 14.8 million as of 2017. That being only 10.7 percent of wage and salary workers. This is drastically low compared to in 1983, this being the first year that...
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...Labor Unions in the United States Posted Mon, 2010-02-01 17:21 by Anonymous Gerald Friedman, University of Massachusetts at Amherst Unions and Collective Action In capitalist labor markets, which developed in the nineteenth-century in the United States and Western Europe, workers exchange their time and effort for wages. But even while laboring under the supervision of others, wage earners have never been slaves, because they have recourse from abuse. They can quit to seek better employment. Or they are free to join with others to take collective action, forming political movements or labor unions. By the end of the nineteenth century, labor unions and labor-oriented political parties had become major forces influencing wages and working conditions. This article explores the nature and development of labor unions in the United States. It reviews the growth and recent decline of the American labor movement and makes comparisons with the experience of foreign labor unions to clarify particular aspects of the history of labor unions in the United States. Unions and the Free-Rider Problem Quitting, exit, is straightforward, a simple act for individuals unhappy with their employment. By contrast, collective action, such as forming a labor union, is always difficult because it requires that individuals commit themselves to produce "public goods" enjoyed by all, including those who "free ride" rather than contribute to the group effort. If the union succeeds, free riders...
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...addition to Spanish. The predominant religion was Catholicism. The Basque Autonomous Community ranks first in Spain in terms of per capita income, with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita being 40% higher than that of the European Union and 33.8% higher than Spain's average in 2010. Rich iron ore deposits, forests, and ample availability of hydraulic energy from water spurred the region’s industrial development. Basque iron foundries and shipyards dated from the Middle Ages. The industries, together with trade, transport, and later firearms were the bedrock of the economy. In the 15th century, the Basque Country became the leading iron producing region of Spain and one of the most important in Europe. The shipbuilding industry was the largest in Spain and expanded considerably as commerce flourished. A strong legal framework and a broad array of schools and research centers emerged. Industrial activities were traditionally centered on steel and shipbuilding, mainly due to the rich iron ore resources found during the 19th century around Bilbao. The Estuary of Bilbao was the center of the Basque Country's industrial revolution during the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. These activities decayed during the economic crisis of the 1970s and 1980s, giving ground for the development of the services sector and new technologies. The post-war period has been a fruitful period as long as economic progress is concerned. Aggregate...
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...Name___________ Period__________ Unit 3 – Business and Labor Chapters 8 & 9 C H A P T E R 8 Business Organizations S E C T I O N 1 Sole Proprietorships The Role of Sole Proprietorships _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. A ______________________ is an establishment formed to carry on commercial enterprise. Sole proprietorships are the most common form of business organization. Most sole proprietorships are small. All together, sole proprietorships generate only about __________________ of all United States sales. Characteristics of Proprietorships _______________________________________________. Many proprietors run their businesses part-time. (see chart) Advantages of Sole Proprietorships 1.Ease of Start Up:________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________. 2.Relatively Few Restrictions:_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________. 3.Sole Receiver of Profit:___________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________. 4.Full Control:____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________. 5.Easy to...
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...ABSTRACT Human Resources Development (HRD) has been an important issue in the socio-economic arena in Bangladesh. Human resource development is directly related to the organizational goal. An effective human resource development practice is required for the accomplishment of organizational goal. Purpose: This paper sets out to explore the Human Resources Management practices in Dhaka City Corporation. It briefly discusses the literature about all the activities that come under the banner of HRM in Dhaka City Corporation. Method: Questionnaire method has been used to complete the research for this project report. An interview with the higher official of Dhaka City Corporation has been conducted to fill up the prepared questionnaire. Findings: This report discusses about current and previous all kind of Human Resource activities of Dhaka City Corporation. By focusing on the HR activities this paper describes the real phenomena and functions of HRM practices of public sectors in Bangladesh. Originality: This report is based on both primary and secondary data. Initially, the work is started with data those were available at organization’s profile book and related publications. Moreover, it becomes helpful to gather some more information from the website of the company. Maximum information regarding HRM practices are collected from interviewing with the higher official of Dhaka City Corporation. Future Direction: This report will help to identify the strength and weakness...
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...During the 1980’s, Eastern Europe experienced a wave of Democracy, dubbed as the “Third Democratic Wave” (Huntington,1). The fast speed and large expansive spread of a Democratic regime influenced one-party governments to transition to a multi-party participant regime. An example of a transition from a single party regime to a democracy was in Poland beginning in 1988, with the start of the demise of the Soviet Union. The Third Wave of Democracy, compromised of similar motives of transition among the countries that were affected. For example, the weakening authoritarian regimes as democratic ideas were strengthening and spreading, an economic growth that were global during the ‘60s, a cultural shift which derived from the transformation in the Catholic...
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