...migration has facilitated human interaction which has led to the spread and advancement of humanity as a whole. Migration facilitates the movement of labour, the transfer of ideas, diffusion of new technology and interaction of various cultures. It is therefore important to understand the trends in migration and the factors causing migration. Migration trends also need to be understood in terms of the characteristics of immigrating groups. In so doing the cause behind the migration of these groups becomes evident. This research tackles the factors causing immigration whilst paying special attention to the role played by government policy and state action. This is mainly because emigration and immigration have, over the years, become state affairs transcending the personal requirements of individuals. Countries have adopted strict laws, policies and protocols that guide the emigration and immigration processes. The paper established a deep correlation between these laws, policies and protocols and the migration patterns. This was after analysis of available migration statistics as well as government policy and state action. The latter was found to have a rooted influence on the former either directly or indirectly. In the direct influence, government policy presents a push or pull factor that necessitated migration. In the indirect influence, government policies affect other push or pull factors that in turn accept migration. Thesis Statement The current government policies, laws...
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...Independent Studies – Article Analysis Corporate Lobbying and Immigration Policies in Canada – Ludovic Rheault – University of Montreal The article examines the issue of whether special interest groups affect the behaviour of politicians and the debate is especially relevant to understand immigration policies. It is stated that the usual suspects behind expansive immigration policies are private firms, who would benefit from depressive impact of foreign labour on wages. The article’s objective is precisely to examine the impact of corporate lobbying on the levels of immigration in Canada. The article’s first argument is that national industries are unequally affected by changes in the skill composition of labour. Rheault states that “rather an advocating an unconditional expansion of immigration levels, the business community is more likely to agree on the desirability of policy tools allowing the selection of migrants with specific skills and backgrounds.” (Rheault, 2013). Rheault focuses on economic permanent immigration (immigrants selected using a point system accounting for educational attainment) and temporary workers (who are selected based on their occupation). Rheault’s argument emphasizes that even if special interests can exert a significant influence on policy makers motivated by re-election, the equilibrium response of governments depends on the complementarity between those two types of immigration. (Rheault, 2013). The idea that businesses play a key role...
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...Comparative Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management A Comparative Analysis of Employment Law and Labour Market Trends in Sweden and Canada 1.0 Introduction Employment law and labour market data form the basis for policy, procedure, and organizational structure. Federal and provincial legislatures create such policies and their influence trickle down to have a dramatic impact on human resource management. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the most relevant Canadian and Swedish employment standards legislation and labour market data and in so doing, compare and contrast legislation in order to objectively examine the two countries. Canada and Sweden can be compared and contrasted in significant ways. Specifically, a review of labour law and labour market trends, including labour force demographics, minimum wage standards, parental leave, vacation time and hours of work is worthy of consideration as to determine the implication on human resource management. 2.0 Sweden and Canada Labour Program Expenditure Defined It is important to first establish background information of each country. Sweden’s labour standards and policies fall under the responsibility of the Ministry of Employment. The responsibilities are considered to be part of the welfare system which includes unemployment benefits, activation benefits, employment services, employment programs, and job development opportunities (Smucker, Axel Van, Michael & Anthony, 1998). Sweden, historically...
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...studies the choices that individuals, businesses, governments, and societies make as they cope with scarcity and incentives that influence and reconcile those choices. There are 2 branches of economics Microeconomics- the study of choices made by the individuals and businesses and the influence of government in those choices Macroeconomics- the study of the effects on the national and global economy of the choices that individuals, businesses and governments make There are 2 questions that essentially summarize the scope of economics 1. How do choices end up determining what, how, and for whom goods and services are produced? 2. How can choices made in the pursuit of self-interest also promote the social interest Question 1 Goods- the physical items which are produced for people Services- the actions performed which are rendered for the people Goods and services are the objects that people value and produce to satisfy needs. What?- What should we produce? What people produce changes over time. People used to be involved in farming and mining but now are not so much involved in that and more people are involved in services jobs. How? Goods and services are produced using the 4 “factors of production” Land- natural resources Labour- the time and effort that people put into producing goods and services. The quality of labour depends on the human capital, the knowledge...
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...External Environmental Influences on HRM. 3) Outline a brief history of HRM. Discuss the three stages through which HRM has evolved. 4) LIST (!) the main prohibited grounds of discrimination common to all Canadian jurisdictions. Assignment 1 - Answers 1. The book Human Resources Management in Canada briefly defines Human Resources Management (HRM) as “the management of people in organizations”. The Educational Portal, however, offers a more detailed definition of the same subject: “Human Resources Management (HRM) is the process an organization undergoes to manage people in order to achieve goals”. In order to accomplish the aforementioned goals, “HRM involves formulating and implementing HRM systems (such as recruitment, performance appraisal, and compensation) that are aligned with the organization’s strategy to ensure that the workforce has the competencies and behaviours require to achieve the organization’s strategic objectives” (Dessler). In other words, “Human Resources Management includes conducting job analyses, planning personnel needs, recruiting the right people for the job, orienting and training, managing wages and salaries, providing benefits and incentives, evaluating performance, resolving disputes, and communicating with all employees at all levels” (http://www.businessdictionary.com). 2. The external Environmental Influences discussed by the book are: * Economic Conditions: The economic conditions have a direct influence in the employment/unemployment...
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...1.1 The Concept of Business and Profit (slide 2) Introduction: Alberta tar sands: Oil. lack of water, lack of energy. Major companies: Suncor Energy Inc., Canadian Natural Ressources Ltd., Petro-Canada and Syncrude Canada Ltd. Producing thousands of jobs and millions of barrels. Voisey’s bay: Nickel mining project. Labrador, Newfoundland. building a new smelter, innu population asks 3% royalty. Provided job for around 1000 people, will drop to 400 after. Profit or problem? * Business: organization of people that produces or sells goods or services for profit. * Profit: what remains after a business’s expenses have been subtracted from its revenues; it rewards the owners of taking the risks involved in investing their time and money. * A loss: a negative profit. * Examples of profitable companies: 2005: RBC ($3.3 bil.), Manulife Finacial ($3.2 bil.) and Imperial Oil Ltd. ($2.6 bil.) * Non-profit organizations can be seen here too as they give something to the owner. In this case, motivation is not profit, but personal satisfaction throughout volunteerism, others through representing their constituents in public office. * Business owners essentially want to be rewarded by profit to open their business. Try to find something that people will pay them to do. * Consumer demand: what they want or need; no matter how efficient, a business will not survive if no one asks for what it can give. * Good business: will identify unmet consumer needs...
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...NP ltd | Policy Brief | Canadian Immigration Reform: Macroeconomic Impacts | | | 7/28/2014 | | Table of Contents 1.0 Executive summary 2.0 Distribution List 3.0 Introduction 4.1 History 4.2 Policy 4.3 Federal Skilled Worker Program 4.4 Temporary Foreign Worker Program 4.0 Policy Outcomes 5.5 Labour Supply 5.6 Keynesian Theory – Aggregate Supply and Demand 5.7 Demands for Goods and Service 5.8 ADI/IA – Aggregate Demand and Inflation 5.9 Aggregate Supply 5.10 Multiplier effect 5.11 Money market 5.12 Short Term/Long Term Immigration Impacts on GDP 5.0 Policy Recommendations 1.0 Executive Summary The World Bank (2014) identifies Canada as having the 11th largest economy in the world with a gross domestic product (GDP) of $1.82 trillion in 2013 with a population of 35 million (Canada 2013). Immigration has been a crucial element of the development and generation of revenue for the country. Skilled workers play a vital role in the growth of the Canadian economy and range from general skilled workers, professionals as well as business immigrants and foreign investors. There is evidence demonstrating that immigrants do experience some challenges assimilating and this does cause some fiscal burden as more social support is required. Delays integrating into the social system impact numerous social resources...
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...Labour Relations Challenges of Today Currently in Canada, there are approximately 4.7 million unionized workers. Although this accounts for 31.5% of workers, this membership count has been diminishing across our Country. Employer and government pressures to accept wage freezes and reduced benefits are taking its toll on all unions in general. Some universal challenges that unions face today are listed below. 1. Competition: Global markets have put considerable pressure on unions. Many products are being manufactured in other countries for a fraction of the cost; specifically when being compared to unionized factories in a developed country with much higher labour costs. Due to minimal union presence in under developed countries and extremely low fabrication costs, foreign competition has become quite the challenge. 2. Technology: Technology has changed the content of several existing jobs. “Touch Labour” is quickly diminishing due to today’s state of the art machinery, robotics and automation. As a result, workers are forced to expand their skill levels and adapt to new roles. For example, in the mining industry, which is known to have large union membership presence, positions have changed drastically. In the 1960s it took approximately 10 men an entire week to move one ton of ore to surface. It is estimated that today, 1 man & 1 scoop could complete this task in 2 hours. This “ONE” task has eliminated how many jobs? Has caused strong unions to lose how many members...
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...demonstrate the key elements of business as well as the excitement and complexity of business activity. Each case tells a part of the story of our contemporary business world. Part One, Introducing the Contemporary Business World, provides a general overview of business today, including its economic roots, the environment in which it operates, the importance of entrepreneurship, the various forms of ownership of business firms, the globalization of business, and the ethical problems and opportunities facing business firms. ■ We begin in Chapter 1, Understanding the Canadian Business System, by examining the role of business in the economy of Canada and other market economies. We also present a brief history of business in Canada. Then, in Chapter 2, Understanding the Environments of Business, we examine the external environments that influence business activity. These include the economic, technological, socio-cultural, legalpolitical, and general business environments. Next, in Chapter 3, Conducting Business Ethically and Responsibly, we look at individual ethics and corporate social responsibility, and how these affect the firm’s customers, employees, and investors. In Chapter 4, Understanding Entrepreneurship, Small Business, and New Venture Creation, we examine the important concepts of...
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...© 2010 Pearson Education Canada Will the Canadian economy weaken through the next year and shrink, or will it remain strong and expand? To assess the state of the economy and to make big decisions about business expansion, firms use forecasts of GDP. What exactly is GDP? How do we use GDP to tell us whether our economy is in a recession or how rapidly our economy is expanding? How do we take the effects of inflation out of GDP to reveal the growth rate of our economic well-being? And how to we compare economic well-being across countries? © 2010 Pearson Education Canada Gross Domestic Product GDP Defined GDP or gross domestic product is the market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given time period. This definition has four parts: Market value Final goods and services Produced within a country In a given time period © 2010 Pearson Education Canada Gross Domestic Product Market Value GDP is a market value—goods and services are valued at their market prices. To add apples and oranges, computers and popcorn, we add the market values so we have a total value of output in dollars. © 2010 Pearson Education Canada Gross Domestic Product Final Goods and Services GDP is the value of the final goods and services produced. A final good (or service) is an item bought by its final user during a specified time period. A final good contrasts with an intermediate good, which is an item that is produced by one firm...
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...HR Management Chapter 1: Changing Nature of HR Management HR Management: policies, practices and systems that influence an employee’s behavior, attitude, and performance in the attainment of organizational goals HR Activities Strategic HR Management: linking HR function with strategic objectives of the organization in order to improve performance. • Measure HR effectiveness • HR metrics • HR technology (HRMSs) • HR planning Equal Employment Opportunity Compliance with laws Diversity of multicultural and global workforce Employment equity legislation Staffing Job analysis Job description/job specification Selection process Talent Management and Development Orientation Training Career Planning Performance Management Total Rewards Compensation (pay, incentives, benefits) Variable pay programs Health Safety, Security EAPs (Employee Assistance Programs) Health promotion Workplace Security Employee and Labour Relations Employee rights Policies and Procedures Union/Management relations Every manager in an organization does HR functions. Small company: less than 100 employees - shortages of qualified workers, increasing costs, increased wage pressures, increasing competition Medium sized companies: 100 to 500 employees HR Managers work with Operating Managers Management of Human Capital Physical Financial Intangibile Human Human capital/Intellectual capital: collective value of the capabilities...
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...THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON ADULT EDUCATION IN ONTARIO By MICHELLE P. SCOTT Integrated Studies Project submitted to Dr. Angela Specht in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts – Integrated Studies Athabasca, Alberta April, 2008 Abstract This project consists of two parts. The first section is a literature review of the following topics: Adult education, Ontario’s approach to Adult education, four different pedagogical approaches to Adult education (andragogy, self-directed learning, informal and incidental learning, and emotions and imagination), education and globalization. These areas were reviewed to identify key elements around Adult education, as well as for how contemporary globalization shapes Adult education. The second section is a research essay building off of the literature review. Andragogy, self-directed learning, informal and incidental learning and emotions and imagination were examined to determine if these adult education philosophies were being practiced in Ontario. Globalization’s impact is a force with widespread reach and implications. Education will be vital for survival in a global community. The effect of globalization on adult education in Ontario was investigated. The principles of andragogy, self-directed learning and informal and incidental learning are evident in Canadian and Ontario teaching practices; however, emotions and imagination are absent in this discourse. Michelle Scott MAIS 701 Adult...
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...FINANCIAL MARKET OUTLOOK (June 2012) No replay of 2011 in the cards for Canadian and US economies Part 1. Summary of the Article First article that I chose is the outlook for advanced economic and financial market particularly US, European union, Canadian and Chinese market that are strongly influence to the world market. Source of the Information and analysis are IMF World Economic outlook and RBC Economic research for year 2012 and forecast for year 2013. This paper includes several economic issues such us economic recession and growth, risk, Labour market and Inflation additionally monetary policies for central banks. Researcher and forecasters compared those issues for different countries and they aim to differentiate and discuss for each of the countries and market situation. Overall, the world economy faces significant challenges in the recent years and is expected to grow by 3.5% this year. Authors stated some significant issues and problems and explained them in detail. For example, paper includes several subtitles about European risk and recession situation, Finding the right policy for Europe, China is in slow growth stage, Canada and US economic situation and factors that impacted in positive and negative ways on the economy, Labour market volatility, Housing market, Households income and debt status, Consumer spending shift, Businesses that are supporting market, Canada’s dollar appreciation, Fed and other central bank policy, US labour market trend and...
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...barriers to the free flow of goods, services and production between each other (Hill, 2005). On the 1 January, 1994, such a trade agreement came into affect between America, Mexico and Canada. This was known as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This removed all barriers to the trade of goods and services within the member countries, the protection of intellectual property rights, application of national environmental standards and the establishment of two commissions with power to impose fines and remove trade privileges when such standards are ignored involving the environment, health and safety, wages and child labour (Hill, 2005). There is a belief that agreements designed to promote free trade within regions will benefit trade for all the countries involved, and also the rest of the world (Abbott and Moran, 2002). While regional economic integration, or foreign direct investment, is seen as a good thing, some observers worry that it could lead to a world in which regional trade blocs compete against each other. We are seeing the formation of many trading blocs continuing today as the need for it has become essential for countries and their firms to compete in the global market place (Seid, 2002). Although this is the case, each bloc will also protect its market from outside competition with high tariffs, with each member determining its own trade policies to non-members (Gereffi et. al, 2002). With all this in mind the following will address the...
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...Andrew Jackson, Senior Economist, Canadian Labour Congress, and Michael Polanyi Assistant Professor, Saskatchewan Population Health Research and Evaluation Unit, and Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina. The presentations were prepared for The Social Determinants of Health Across the Life-Span Conference, held in Toronto in November 2002. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Health Canada. Current Situation Over the 1980s and 1990s, there has been an ongoing restructuring of the labour market and of employment relationships. The intent of these changes has been to promote productivity and competitiveness, as opposed to promoting a worker-centred agenda of “good jobs” (Lowe, 2000). In Canada, only two-thirds of the employed workforce are in “standard” salaried jobs with no defined end date (mostly provided by large firms and the public sector). In this shrinking core job market, workers who have survived layoffs, privatization and contracting-out are generally working longer and harder. Employers have tried to increase profitability and competitiveness and to contain budgets by boosting productivity. This has been accomplished largely by increasing workloads. For example, in the health sector, fewer nurses, social workers and other health professionals must now deal with more clients and perform more duties. Investments in new labour-saving equipment, new information-based...
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