...Unit 4003 INTRODUCING ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE, VALUES AND BEHAVIOUR 1.1. Determine a framework for analysing organisational culture. The contemporary definition of organizational culture includes what is valued, the dominant leadership style, the language and symbols, the procedures and routines, and the definitions of success that characterizes an organization. Organisational Culture represents the values, underlying assumptions, expectations, collective memories, and definitions present in an organization (Schein, 1992; Cameron & Quinn, 1999). Cameron and Quinn (1999) have developed an organizational culture framework built upon a theoretical model called the "Competing Values Framework." This framework refers to whether an organization has a predominant internal or external focus and whether it strives for flexibility and individuality or stability and control. The framework is also based on six organizational culture dimensions and four dominant culture types (i.e., clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy). In addition the framework authors generated an "Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI)" which is used to identify the organizational culture profile based on the core values, assumptions, interpretations, and approaches that characterize organizations (Cameron & Quinn, 1999). The central issue associated with organizational culture is its linkage with organizational performance. Connections between OC and performance have been established....
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...Organisational Citizenship Behaviours: A Review of Theoretical and Empirical Literature on Predicting Factors and Suggestions for Future Research. In today’s competitive business environment organisations constantly strives for achieving excellence by enhancing employee’s efficiency and effectiveness. One way, organisations can achieve this objective is through Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) (Bolino & Turnley, 2003; Organ, 2006). Organ and colleagues first conceptualized OCB in 1988. Organ (1988, p.4) defined OCB as “individual behaviour that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognised by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization.” Researches have identified numerous dimensions of OCB (Podsakoff & MacKenzie, 1997). Organ (1988) suggested a five-factor model composed of five dimensions; altruism, courtesy, conscientiousness, civic virtue and sportsmanship, which most conceptualisations of OCB are based on. Altruism refers to behaviours that involve helping another person, such as helping a colleague with a heavy workload. Courtesy involves being polite and courteous to prevent work related problems, for example, informing a coworker or a change that may affect them introduced by you. Conscientiousness refers to doing more than just the minimum to prevent and minimize error, in terms of attendance and punctuality. Civic virtue refers to employees genuine concern and interest in the...
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...| Organizations and Behavior | A Theoretical Perspective | Muhammad Ariful Islam 01-Aug-12 | Contents Introduction 3 1. Understanding of Different Approaches to Management and Leadership 3 1.1 Comparison of Effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations 3 1.1.1 Autocratic Leadership Style 3 1.1.2 Democratic or Participative Leadership Style 4 1.1.3 Free Rein Leadership Style 4 Table: 1 5 1. 2 The Best Suited Leadership Style in this Scenario 5 1. 3. How Organisational Theory Supports the Practice of Management 5 1.3.1 Classical Theory 5 1.3.2 Neoclassical Theory 6 1.3.3 Contemporary Theory 6 1.4. An Evaluation of Different Approaches to Management Used by Different Organizations 6 1.5. Organisations that Adopt Different Approaches of Management 8 2. Understanding of the Ways of Using Motivational Theories in Organisations 8 2.1 The Impact of Different Leadership Style on Motivation in the Periods of Organizational Change 8 2.2 An Effective Leadership Style Can Help to Achieve Organisational Objectives 8 2.3 Comparison of the Application of Different Motivational Theories within the Workplace 9 2.4 ‘Motivation can Increase Employee’s Performance’- A Justification with Argument 9 2.5 The Usefulness of a Motivation Theory for Managers 9 3. Understanding of the Mechanisms for Developing Effective Teamwork in Organisations 10 3.1 The Nature of Groups and Group Behaviour Within Organisations 10 ...
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...Geert Hofstede’s concept of national culture (Hofstede, 1980; 2001) made a great breakthrough in understanding the relationship between organizational behavior and cultural factors. Hofstede examined differences between national (societal) cultures through four dimensions: Power distance, Individualism, Masculinity vs. Femininity and Uncertainty Avoidance. Power Distance is a crucial dimension of national culture that influences leadership and subcultures in organizations and will therefore be discussed in more detail here. Power Distance Index (PDI) scores inform us about dependence relationships in a country. In small power distance countries there is limited dependence of subordinates on bosses, and a preference for consultation, that is interdependence between boss and subordinate. The emotional distance between them is relatively small: subordinates will quite readily approach and contradict their bosses. In large power distance countries there is considerable dependence of subordinates on bosses. Subordinates respond by either preferring such dependence (in the form of an autocratic or paternalistic boss), or rejecting it entirely, which in psychology is known as counter dependence: that is dependence, but with a negative sign. Large power distance countries thus show a pattern of polarization between dependence and counter dependence. In these cases, the emotional distance between subordinates and their bosses is large; subordinates are unlikely to approach and contradict...
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...ORGINISATIONAL BEVAVIOUR LEADERSHIP 1550811/1 | Organisational Behaviour | November 5, 2015 Contents Introduction 2 DISCUSSION 5 CONCLUSION 6 REFERENCES 7 Introduction 1.0 Eisenhower once said: “Leadership is the art of getting someone else to do something you want done because he wants to do it. “Leadership is the capacity to translate vision into reality.” Warren Bennis. 1.1 Organisational Behavior is the study and understanding of individual and group behaviour and patterns of structure in order to help improve organizational performance and effectiveness. Organisations pay attention to organisational behaviour in an attempt to create a more efficient business organization. Organisational behavior, once it is positive and in the interest of the company will lead to an organisational transformation that should result in organisational development. Organizational development when done for the future success of the company will again begat organizational transformation to improve organisational efficiency. 1.2 Leadership in this regard plays a pivotal role and is the rudder that steers the company in the direction it takes. Leadership in its own right is having a vision and inspiring a team to work together towards the same goal. This involves having to understand the temperaments and talents of each individual and get each person to effectively contribute individually at their best to accomplish the goal of the group. There are different types of leadership styles which are;...
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...evaluate the prevalence and the degree of the relationship between transformational leadership and its effect on the employee’s positive self-esteem and organisational commitment. The presentation of the most important observations and insights in this report are based on the information gathered from a questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered and completed by the chosen work group of employees constituting a sample of ninety three individuals. As prior research and analysis in this field was limited to a generic employee group it was decided to further contribute to this field by investigating the differences in responses between male and female respondents. A literature review was conducted to assess and present the relationship between transformational leadership and the effect on employee’s self-esteem and organisational commitment. The impact of transformational leadership on the sample group has been assessed through statistical analyses of the extracted data (from the survey). The interaction between the following constructs were investigated: * Transformational leadership on positive self-esteem Results determined a poor correlation * Transformational leadership on organisational commitment Results found a marginal impact * Positive self-esteem on organisational commitment Results found a medium correlation * Transformational leadership on organisational commitment, with the mediating effect of positive self-esteem Results determined the...
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...uncomfortable even for a short duration (during the change process). But, for organisations to survive and succeed in the current environment change is no longer optional. Organisations have to learn to love change to stay ahead of competition. * An overview of change management Definition - Change management is about moving from one state to another, specifically, from the problem state to the solved state (Jung, 2001). But, the organisational terminology for change management can be varied and ‘change’ may be used under different terms. Eg. When a company talks about re-engineering, restructuring, promoting cultural transformation, or keeping pace with the industry, then it is talking about change. Lewin (1951) conceptualized that change can occur at three levels * Change in the individuals who work in the organisation – that is their skills, values, attributes, and eventually behavior. Leaders have to make sure that such individual behavioral change is always regarded as instrumental to organisational change. * Change in the organisational structures and systems – reward systems, reporting relationships, work design and so on. * A direct change in the organisation climate or interpersonal style – dealing with people relationships, conflict management and the process of decision making. (Leonard et al., 2003, cited in Mabey & Mayon-White (ed)) Change can be further classified as planned and emergent. When change is deliberate and is a product of conscious...
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...Leadership in an organisation 1.1 Research Background The highly competitive market economies have continuously forced majority of organisations around the globe to find various strategies on improving themselves in terms of operations and performance. This is not only vital for meeting their organisational objectives, but also for sustenance (Zheir et al, 2012). Previous researches and studies claim that leadership is the key factor for an organisation or business to survive, operate and perform in today’s competitive market (Ximane,2015);(Bass,1990);( Jung, 2002). Furthermore proper leadership is the strategic element in increasing and achieving organisational goals (Bass &Avolio, 1995) ;( Yousef, 1998). On the other hand, some researches and studies contend that organisational leadership is an embellished concept in that it is not necessary in attaining organisational performance since there are other internal and external factors that come into play ( Ismail et al,1998; (Bass& Avolio,2002;(Munjis,2011). A number of researches and studies have been carried out to demonstrate that leadership and organisational performance, commitment and innovation go hand in hand (Judge, Bono, Ilies and Gerhardt, 2002; Judge and Piccolo, 2004; Keller, 2006; McGrath and MacMillan, 2000; Meyer and Hepard, 2000; Purcell, Kinnie, Hutchinson and Dickson, 2004; Yukl, 2002). Conversely, some studies for instance, House and Aditya (1997) suggest that is not a key factor in achieving organisational...
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...Link between Strategic management and leadership A leadership is the bridge between strategic management and their target. It’s because of a leadership that organisation gets their desired tasks and targets. Management is responsible for people and resources in a unit according to the rules or values that have already been set while the leadership set a direction to the people in the group. The aspect of leadership assumes importance in this age of cut throat competition as effective leadership paves the way by which an organisation achieves its various objectives. In this regard roles of the leader are important as they seek to exhort the employees to increase their participation in the management and effective evaluation of strategies in regards to the organisational goals (Barney and Barney, 2009). We can understand the link between strategic management and leadership by this example that good leadership and effective management are always the of success in any organisation so both of these are the skills which going side by side without management a good leadership can only satisfy for the time being not in a long term same as an effective management is nothing without the good leadership. When great leadership is jointed with effective management, you are able to set a direction and be able to allocate the resources the way you want. Not only that, you will achieve your goal the way you have thought and the way you want to achieve. When seen in the context of Qualbank...
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...Discuss the role of leaders and leadership in serving as effective change agents. Abstract Change has an important place in the study of organizational life. Whether a corporate giant or a small start-up, every organization today faces the challenge to change and adapt, either as a response to the external environment or simply a deliberate internal procedure to re-look at business operations to maintain its viability. Generally, people are usually inclined to defend the status-quo and resist change for a multitude of reasons ranging from a straightforward intellectual disagreement to deep-seated psychological factors. The degree of skepticism and resistance to change from employees make implementation difficult and their counter-productive behaviors tend to jeopardise the success of the change process and thus the intended objectives. Successfully reducing resistance and motivating employees through the transition is vital in organizational change efforts. Salient factors from literature reviews in enabling organizational change are presented and the need of leadership and role of leaders as effective change agents is discussed in this essay. Successful organisational change is about the interplay of all organizational elements such as human resources, systems and technologies. Good leaders and leadership skills have been identified as pivotal to garnering support of people in championing change initiatives that steer organisations...
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...Division of Business | Course: HND Level 5 Business (management) | Year: 2015/16 | Student Name: | UNIT 03: Organisations and Behavior | Lecturers Name: Dr O. Shittu | Date Issued: 25th of April 2016 | Completion Date: 20th of July 2016 | Fail Pass Merit Distinction P11.1 | P21.2 | P31.3 | P41.4 | P52.1 | P62.2 | P72.3 | P82.4 | P93.1 | P103.2 | P113.3 | P123.4 | P134.1 | P144.2 | P154.3 | P164.4 | M1 | M2 | M3 | D1 | D2 | D3 | | Learning Outcomes: 1 Understand the relationship between organisational structure and culture 2 Understand different approaches to management and leadership 3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organisations 4 Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations. Comments:Assessor’s Signature:______________ Referred Date:______________ | Late: Yes No | Internal Verification: Yes No | I declare that the work I am submitting for assessment contains no sections in copied in whole or part from any other source, unless it is explicitly identified by means of quotation mark or by means of wholly indented paragraphs. I declare that I have also acknowledged such quotations by providing detailed references in an approved format. I understand that unidentified and un-referenced copying both constitutes plagiarism which is an offence. I give my consent for my work...
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...LITERATURE REVIEW Transformational Leadership : Transformational leadership refers to pioneer transformation methodology including people, bunch and organization. It includes making substantive change in the state of mind of representatives, good rise and organization course. Buhner and Lewis (1987) highlighted that transformational leadership "is made conceivable when a pioneer's end values (interior models) are embraced by supporters consequently delivering changes in the state of mind, convictions and objectives of devotees" (p.653). Likewise, Bryman (1992) has expressed that "changing leadership involves both pioneers and adherents raising one another's inspiration and feeling of reason. This higher intention is one in which the points and desires of pioneers and supporters coagulate into one. Both pioneers and adherents are changed in quest for objectives which express yearnings in which they can recognize themselves" (p.95). It is doubtlessly transformational leadership is of extraordinary enthusiasm of study because of its fame and appeal of this leadership style discovered to be reliably related with predominant execution (Barling, Weber & Kelloway, 1996; Bass, Avolio, Jung & Berson, 2003; Dvir, Eden, Avolio & Shamir, 2002; Yammarino & Bass, 1990), expanded spirit related results, for example, self adequacy (Kirkpartick & Locke, 1996), emotional responsibility (Barling et al, 1996), characteristic inspiration (Charbonneau, Barling & Kelloway...
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...Organisational Change – A literature Review Introduction Organisations are changing faster and the change is inevitable in the modern world. Business leaders have identified that the business growth would be the top priority in the post financial crisis and one of the critical factors for this growth is the capacity for a change of their people. However, it also says that a major drawback for Organisational change would be the inability or limited capability of the leaders to manage the Organisational change (IBM Business Consultancy Services 2004 cited in Karp 2004). Mullins, 2002 also suggests that managing the Organisational change is of paramount important to organisations today. This literature review (during the period 2000 and 2012) examines the organisational change and the purpose is to recognize the OC with the key challengers faced by change leaders whilst identifying the drivers for change. The following issues i.e. that the skills that: 1) a change leader would require to take part in change management programs and to develop new ways of approaching organisational change, 2) directly transfer across various contexts 3) are required for OC, but not evident in the literature are being discussed in detailed in this document. Finally the document shows how the each skill will be used to counter the challenges faced by the leaders and how they would be helpful to drive a change. Skills required to take part in change management programs Emotional...
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...Motivation - a reason or reasons for acting or behaving in a particular way. (Oxford Dictionaries, 2013) The role of money as a motivator at work has been widely argued over a number of years. Some people say that money is the prime factor that gets employees motivated at work; some people say there are other more important factors that influence employees. It is necessary to look at various theories in order to answer the question about the role of money as a motivator in the workplace. “Where there is little pleasure in the work itself…many people may appear to be motivated primarily, if not exclusively, by money” (Mullins, 2007). Victor Vroom’s expectancy theory of motivation (1964) develops an idea that the amount of effort and level of performance directly depends on the value of the reward at the end and the overall probability of achieving it and thus, motivates employees (Mullins, 2007). The motivational force is presented as follows: ------------------------------------------------- MOTIVATIONAL FORCE = (EXPECTANCY ×INSTRUMENTALITY) × VALENCE ------------------------------------------------- Source: Hitt, Miller, Colella (2006) A combination of factors such as the sense of manageable, attractive outcomes/rewards (valence) and the overall probability of getting the reward (expectancy), leads to motivation with the help of hard work and effort. Hitt, Miller and Colella (2006) claim that the given theory has got some implications for managers who try to increase...
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...TITLE “Great leaders are not heads down. Great leaders see around corners, shaping their future, not just reacting to it”Roselinde Torres, 2014, TED Talk,"What Makes A Great Leader" In an unpredictable present and facing an uncertain future, what might be a good portfolio of qualities for a business leader hoping to grow a sustainable yet profitable business? Using relevant literature, discuss. Introduction It is important to note that business leaders hoping to grow a sustainable , yet profitable business need a specialised portfolio of skills and qualities . Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility are important issues for organisations in the 21st century. Organisational leaders must have forward thinking plans and visions for sustaining the planet within which they operate as well as social responsibility towards its people through an emotionally laden process. Emotional Intelligence (EI) has shown an impressive track record in efficiency and superior performance of leaders in organisations that have adapted environmental, social and economic sustainability strategies. Goleman (1998) identified a EI competence framework that outlines a portfolio of skills that forward thinking leaders have. The key finding is that transformation takes place more constructively when emotional intelligence is used . Further , Emotional Intelligence have been identified as a key skill in building teams and channeling team efforts towards sustainability ...
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