...the three basic functions of the nervous system Sensory: detects events and changes in existing conditions, either outside our bodies or inside our bodies Integration, interpretation, information storage, decision making: integrate, interpret and store sensory info to decide whether action should be taken, and to determine what that action should be Motor: sends commands to muscle and glands, instructing them to take appropriate actions: this is called motor activity Draw a diagram that shows the basic divisions of the nervous system In addition to astrocytes, name three other types of neuroglia cells and describe the functions that have been suggested for them Oligodendrocyte: give support to neurons by arranging themselves in rows along nerve fibers. They also produce a phospholipid myelin sheath around axons of neurons in the central nervous system Microglia: small cells with few processes. Seem to be the brain’s macrophages - they phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris, and can migrate into an area of damaged nerves tissue. They play a housekeeping role, and eat up neurons that may have been damaged or killed by disease, trauma, etc. Ependyma: Cuboidal or columnar in shape and may have cilia. Form a continuous epithelial limning for the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord Describe all the possible functions of astrocytes important in the uptake of glucose from the capillaries supplying nervous tissue Uptake...
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...Running Head: Severe Body Burns How Severe Burns Affect the Muscular, Integumentary, and Nervous Systems December 15, 2009 Severe Body Burns The purpose of this paper is to review the possible damage and some of the treatments available for muscular, integumentary, and nervous system after patients have received severe burns to their body. Over 2 million people are badly burned every year, with fire accounting for one fourth of the burns (Cakir & Yegen, 2004). While the muscular, integumentary, and nervous systems are three separate systems they rely on one another and other system of the body to maintain homeostasis in the body. The nervous system uses nerve impulses to communicate and control body functions. The nervous system sends a nervous impulse which the muscular system responds to by contracting a muscle to produce movement or generate heat to maintain the core body temperature (Thibodeau & Patton, 2008). The integumentary system protects all of the underlying systems, but also allows the body to respond to stimuli such as nerve impulses sent from the nervous system. While other systems of the body are also affected by a severe burn, this paper will focus primarily on the muscular, integumentary, and nervous systems. The muscular systems primary functions are to produce movement, maintain posture, and generate heat the body needs to maintain its core temperature (Thibdeau & Patton, 2008). When a serious burn...
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...to another system and its function. This idea can be further explained by studying the conditional effect of some of the cardio-pulmonary system with the nervous system, the kidney and the adrenal glands and vice versa. One of the best examples of this idea is the heart rate. It is an obvious fact that the heart rate of the person can be influence by certain emotional factor determined by the nervous system. Feeling of fear is known to drastically increase the heart rate of an individual thus emphasizing the direct correlation between the two. Also, the adrenal glands and their secreted hormones can also influence the heart rate of an individual such as the effects of adrenaline to the heart rate and others. In like manner, the peripheral resistance, venous return, stroke volume, blood viscosity, cardiac output and end systolic and diastolic volumes are also affected by the conditions of the nervous system and the adrenal glands. During moments where there are intense emotions and need for survival arises, the nervous system drastically increase most of the cardio-pulmonary condition such as the ones mentioned to increase oxygen intake and body reaction to cope up with the situation. In like manner, the hormones of the adrenal glands also drastically hasten up the functions of the said system to intensely increase the energy availability and body abilities. For needs to regulate the blood pressure, the kidney significantly influence the said cardio-pulmonary system to maintain...
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...Charles Darwin claims that the strongest instinct of man is sympathy, and that people who are sympathetic tend to have more offspring. Sympathy increases the rate of survival of offspring because it causes people to care for their offspring; sympathy allows humans to care for each other, and also allows people to work together in order to survive, thus proving that sympathy brings society together. Moreover, sympathy is an instinct that is caused by certain stimuli, which includes: empathy and compassion. Naturally, humans are morally good because they are born with the ability to feel both empathy and compassion. In other words, people are born to show sympathy, it is not something achieved. Humans are born with a brain…the brain allows...
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...the systems in the human body are vital to our survival and well-being. If you take away the functions of just one of these systems our whole body will cease to work properly. The main systems of the human body are the nervous, endocrine respiratory, circulatory, immune, digestive, excretory, skeletal, muscular, and the reproductive systems. They all work together in harmony and unison to keep us alive. The nervous and endocrine systems are what control most of the body. The nervous system includes the brain, spinal, cord and nerves. The endocrine system consists of various hormonal glands such as the pituitary. These two systems interact closely since they both have a part in controlling the body. They work together to aid the body in performing its numerous functions and giving it commands. The respiratory and endocrine system works with all the system by controlling their actions and how they perform their tasks. It moves the muscles of the muscular system and controls all motor movements. The endocrine builds up the bones of the skeletal system and produces the hormones that make the reproductive system mature. The nervous system helps the circulatory system by controlling the amount of glucose in blood and blood pressure. It also regulates breathing for the respiratory system. The digestive system is also aided by the sensory nerves in the mouth which help it decide if food should be released back upward. The nervous and endocrine systems are...
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...Foundations of Psychology Jacob Wilkins PSY 300 July 29th 2013 Genevieve Molina Abstract A large part of psychology is devoted to discovering and treating mental health issues, but that's just the beginning when it comes to applications for psychology. As well as mental health, psychology can be used for a variety of issues that affect our health and daily life. Throughout the history of psychology it has branched into different thought. These schools of thought are used to explain different views on human thought and behavior. The different schools of thought in the field of psychology are; psychodynamic, behaviorism, cognitive, and the evolutionary perspective. While these schools of thought are sometimes seen to compete against each other, collectively each perspective has helped our understanding of psychology as a whole. The psychodynamic perspective is the approach that is considered the most popular with the discipline of psychology. Sigmund Freud, a Viennese physician. First developed this theory in the late 19th century. This approach was based on the fact that people's problems can not only be caused by physical pain or conscious thoughts, but by powerful unconscious motives. This way of thinking became popular due to its ability to explain human behavior. The psychodynamic perspective is based on three ideas. "First, people’s actions are determined by the way thoughts, feelings, and wishes are connected in their minds. Second, many of these mental events...
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...Foundations of Psychology When people hear the word psychology they may not always perceive it as a science. The science of psychology is based on the mental processes and behavior of human beings, and in some cases, animals. The foundations of psychology rely heavily upon four individual schools of thought. This includes the following perspectives: psychodynamic, behaviorist, cognitive, and evolutionary (Kowalski & Westen, 2009). Although the biopsychological approach is not considered as one of the four major schools of thought within psychology, it plays an important role in the foundations of psychology. These perspectives focus on a unique viewpoint or approach toward the field of psychology and each brings new ideas and theories to the table. The Psychodynamic Perspective It can be said that Sigmund Freud was the father of the psychodynamic perspective of psychology. Freud developed this perspective based upon the idea that the unconscious self is responsible for certain “underlying wishes, fears, and patterns of thought from an individual’s conscious, verbalized thought, and behavior” (Kowalski & Westen, 2009, p. 13). Essentially, the psychodynamic perspective suggests that people’s actions and thoughts are influenced by unconscious factors that they may not be aware of. The goal of psychodynamic psychologists was to discover how these unconscious factors influence the behavior and mental processes of human beings. Due to the nature of this perspective psychologists...
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...Homeostasis • Principle of feedback loops For the human body to function, cells within the body have to work and function correctly. Tissues, cells and organs all have different jobs with very different functions. The cells must have an internal environment which has to be stable to suit them for them. This enables survival for example things necessary are oxygen, nutrients or the removal of waste products. This ensures the human body is healthy and is able to function. This process where the body can control this internal environment no matter what is going out in the external environment this is known as homeostasis. Homeostasis involves the stability of equilibrium within a cell or within the human body. Homeostasis is maintaining a constant environment within the body for example homeostasis is very important making sure our bodies have the correct levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, and maintain a correct body temperature. Homeostasis is vital to ensure all living things survival, keeping a stable and balanced internal environment which can constantly change within and out of the cell; this is known as homeostatic regulation. Homeostasis can be recognised as a dynamic equilibrium or steady state due to within a cell every mechanism that is kept alive is a...
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...Foundations of Psychology Quandra Johnson Psychology/300 General Psychology March 07, 2014 Bradley Johnson, Ph.D. Foundations of Psychology Psychology is the study of the nature of homo sapiens, better known as scientific study and investigation of mental stabilities and activities. Through knowledgeable psychology was established from a powerful history of human beings that endeavored to acquire practical insight into one’s consciousness or demeanor. This type of study teaches what influences the behavior and mindset of men. Psychology has obtained roots in philosophy. There are numerous major schools of thought along with fundamental theories and assumptions which will be examined within this paper. Behavioral neuroscience or behavioral psychology involves evolution, heredity, adaptation, and ability to learn. The first psychology research laboratory ever launched was by Wilhelm Wundt that led to acknowledgement of psychology as a science in 1879(Peterson, &Nelson, 2011). In the early 1900’s it was thought that an individual’s environment affected learned reactions and behaviors. Maslow believed that people acquire and improve responses from incentives in their surroundings (Maslow, 1982). The Four Main Psychological Perspectives Are: The Psychodynamic Perspective This method was formed by a man named Sigmund Freud who thought ones actions dictated their mental thoughts or they were connected in some way (Robin Kowalski, 2011). Also he believed our mental...
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...Bodily Systems and the Spatial-Functional Structure of the Human Body Barry Smith, PhD1,2, Igor Papakin1, Katherine Munn1 1Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany 2Department of Philosophy, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Abstract. The human body as conceived by medical science is a system made of systems. The body is divided into bodily systems proper, such as the endocrine and circulatory systems. These are subdivded into many subsystems at a variety of levels whereby all systems and subsystems engage in massive causal interaction with other systems and subsystems. In this essay we offer an explicit definition of bodily system, and explicit means for understanding these causal interactions. Whereas informality is acceptable in documentation created for human beings, it falls short of what is needed for computer representations. In our analysis we will define bodily system, and will take some first steps toward understanding the causal relationships bodily systems have with their subsystems. 1. Introduction Ontology plays an increasingly significant role in work on terminology and knowledge management systems in the domain of biomedical informatics, and we hold that it will play an essential role in biomedical research of the future. The term ‘ontology’ must, however, be understood in the right way [1]. The dominant paradigm might be referred to as ‘applications...
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...hierarchy of needs. The last theory is from a humanistic point of view and how it has a different opinion in comparison to biological factors. While some theorist has logical features for their theories, each person is unique in their own way with their personality. The physiological needs are linked to the basic survival needs. These needs consist of breathing oxygen, maintaining a steady warm body temperature, and the intake of water and food containing nutrients. Humans will utilize the basic survival needs to pursue their physical needs such as exercise, sleep, and disposing of bodily waste. Some physiological needs are normally recognized in examples such as breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Once these urges are fulfilled and no longer holding any influences towards human behaviors or thoughts, the next step of safety needs can be reached. This theory is based around the need for protection or safekeeping. This need is developed in situations that can involve medical emergencies, fires, steady employment, and other characteristics that affect a person’s security. The following step involves belongingness and love needs. This step is not as important to survival as the previous steps, but shares a social aspect. People use this stage to form relationships with others such as friendship, and romantic connections that assist with the need for acceptance and companionship. Esteem needs can only be...
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...Task 211.4.4-01-05, 07-09, 11 Nervous System Organization of Nerve Tissue Lab Exercise 1: The Multipolar Neuron A. What is the function of a neuron? Neurons carry and transmit electrical impulses generated by both internal and external stimuli. B. What is the difference between a neuron and a nerve? Neurons are the cells that exchange messages from the internal and external environments. Nerves consist of many neurons that transmit different signals to the brain. They form structural and functional units of the nervous system made up of neurons. C. What gives a multipolar neuron its name? It is named multipolar because of the multiple branches, processes, and extensions that stem off the cell bodies. D. What are the functions of the dendrites and axons? Dendrites receive incoming signals for the nerve cell. Axons carry outgoing signals of the cells to other cells in the body. Exercise 2: Structures of selected neurons A. Which slide contained bipolar neurons? The pyramidal cell slide. B. Which slide contained unipolar neurons? The dorsal root ganglion slide. C. What was unique about the dorsal root ganglion compared to the other two slides? The dorsal root ganglion was more round in shape compared to the perkinje and pyramidal cell slides. The nissle substance, nucleus, and satellite cells...
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...the structure and function of the 11 systems within the human body. It will detail the interrelationship between the nervous system and the musculoskeletal system and between the circulatory system and the lymphatic system. It will then explain the roles of the circulatory and lymphatic systems in the immune response and the role of hormones in metabolism. Human Body Systems The human body is made up of 11 separate but interconnected systems (Sherwood, 2007). These are the skeletal, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous, integumentary, immune, endocrine and reproductive systems. The success and survival of the human body is dependent on the ability of separate body systems to work together. The skeletal system provides structure for the human body, stores minerals, produces blood cells and provides protection for delicate organs (Kelly, 2004). 206 bones are connected with ligaments, muscles and tendons, with cartilage, a softer cushion like material, providing protection in jointed areas. Body movements are controlled by the muscular system, with these muscles being connected to bones via tendons (Adams, 2004). Stimulation of these muscles by the nervous system causes contraction and the resulting movement of bones to which they are attached. A number of involuntary muscles ensure the respiratory and circulatory systems continue with contraction of the heart and lungs (Adams, 2004). The heart is central to the circulatory system and acts as to pump...
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...In this assignment I am going to be outlining all the gross structures of the main body systems and I would also be saying what the system is made out of with a diagram. Main body system • Skeletal System • Muscular System • Nervous system • Respiratory system • Digestive System • Male Reproductive System • Female Reproductive system • Cardiovascular system • Urinary system • Endocrine system 1. Skeletal system The skeletal system is muscle that is connected to the skeletal to make a part of the mechanical system which moves the limbs and other parts of the body. The skeletal also relates the cartilages and joints of the human body which then creates the human skeleton. It is one of the main and important systems in the body. The joints are very important because they allow different types of movements at different locations to happen. However there are three components; • Bones • Cartilages • Joints Bones: Bones is a tough and frim form of connective tissue. It is the responsibility is to almost all strength of skeletal. Bone is the mineralization factor. Bones are highly mineralized with calcium salts Cartilages: The cartilage is a form of the connective tissue however it is not as tough and frim as the bone and the main difference in the cartilage and bone is the mineralization factor. This is because the bones are highly mineralized with calcium salts whereas cartilages are not. Joints: the joints are important components of the human body...
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...The Foundations of Psychology Psychology is the scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior. Mental processes include how a person thinks, feels, remembers as well as a person’s behavior. When a doctor needs to understand a person they need to know the person’s biology, psychological experience, and cultural context. People’s experiences during their life from birth to adulthood are what shape how they feel and think. Early psychologists established several approaches and schools of thoughts of psychology. These schools of thought are known as the psychodynamic, behaviorist, cognitive and evolutionary perspectives. They came up with these by research and study which will be discussed throughout this paper. In many respects, these perceptions have progressed independently, and at the center of each are singularities the others tend to ignore (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). Despite their differences, each school of thought sought evolution for psychology as well as advancement of human understanding while remaining focused on the unique characteristics of contemporary psychology. Psychodynamic Perspective. The psychodynamic perspective belief is that most of the mental processes and emotions happen at the unconscious or subconscious levels, meaning below conscious awareness. Sigmund Freud was one of the most influential thinkers in the early twentieth century whose work in the psychodynamic...
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