...For many years, leadership has been acknowledged as a key factor to success and leaders have been relied upon to lead man kind to a brighter future and a better life Northouse, P. G. (2012) . Lately it started to attract people’s attention for it’s critical role in success whether it be in business ,politics or life as a whole . People want to know what made leaders and how to develop the ability to lead ,they want to learn about what it takes to be a leader. Marturano, A., & Gosling, J. (Eds.). (2007). The perception of “Leadership” evolved with man as the years progressed and as the needs , the culture and the social environment changed ,the term was defined differently by many researchers , each conceptualizing...
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...employees are more likely to comply with leader requests and directions instead of just ignoring or subverting him or her. Path-Goal theory Path Goal Theory was developed to explain how the behavior of a leader can influence the satisfaction and performance of employees (Yukl, 2010). Leaders who use the path-goal theory approach use a motivation theory called expectancy theory. This theory is used to explain how a leader can influence the employees’ satisfaction and effort (Yukl, 2010). Path-Goal Leadership Path-goal leadership has four different leader behaviors supportive leadership, directive leadership, participative leadership and achievement-oriented leadership (Yukl, 2010). Supportive leadership is giving consideration to the needs of employees by displaying concern for their well-being, along with creating a friendly environment to work in. Directive leadership is letting employees know what is expected to do, giving guidance, asking employees to follow the rules and procedures and scheduling the work (Yukl, 2010). Participative leadership is talking with employees to receive their opinions and suggestions and achievement-oriented leadership involves setting goals, seeking performance improvements, rewarding excellence in performance, and showing confidence the employees can obtain high standards, which is more of my style. Directive leadership affects employees in many ways, such as effort can...
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...Leadership Theories – EMBA7005 – Peggy MacIsaac Leadership Theories Peggy MacIsaac University of Fredericton September 2013 1 Leadership Theories – EMBA7005 – Peggy MacIsaac Introduction Contingency Approaches to leadership theories have led to the development of two very important and effective leadership theories. The Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory and the Path-Goal Leadership theory have been instrumental in guiding leaders as they learn to embrace how situational factors affect their selection of leadership style. The following will explore these two theories, look at their similarities and differences and the effectiveness of utilizing these approaches. Leadership Theories - Situational Leadership Theory: Situational Leadership Theory (short form for the Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory) was created by management experts Dr. Paul Hersey, and Ken Blanchard. It became popular in the 1970’s/early 1980’s. This theory draws views mainly from contingency focused thinking. As the title implies, this theory focuses on the idea that leadership style is dependent on each unique situation and that there is no one perfect or optimum leadership style. The most important component of the situation is the characteristics of the follower and this is what determines the most effective leadership style. Situational Leadership Theory suggests that the style of leadership used in a situation revolves around the leader’s ability to accurately diagnose...
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...Leadership Theory Mid Term Paper For this paper I decide to look at four of the leadership theories. The ones I chose are Trait, Contingency, Situational, and Behavioral. I will talk about the definitions of those four theories. Also I will discuss the overviews of the four theories including positives and negativities of each. Leadership Theories There is a wide and ever growing variety of theories to explain the concept and practice of leadership; to me leadership is a dynamic and complex process. Per our text book leadership is an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes and outcomes that reflect their shared purposes. (Daft, 2011) The theories that I will talk about simplify leadership into different theories. The first I will talk about is the Trait Theory. Trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership. (Cherry, 2012) Also Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders. (Cherry, 2012) Per our text book traits are the distinguishing personal characteristics of a leader, such as intelligence, honesty, self confidence, and appearance. (Daft, 2011) Contingency Theories of leadership focus on particular variables related to the environment that might determine which particular style of leadership is best suited for the situation. (Cherry, 2012) Success with this theory depends upon a number of variables and qualities...
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...Situational Approach. For over a century researchers have been trying to define what makes an effective or good leader, there are several theories with the most common question appearing to be are good or effective leaders born or bred. Our book, Leadership Theory and Practice, treats leadership as a complex process having multiple dimensions. (Northouse, 2013). The Trait Approach was identified as one of the earliest attempts to study leadership in the early 20th century. The characteristics traits of great political, military, and social leaders were studied and examined to identify qualities that clearly separated the leaders from the followers. The concept that leaders were born with these trait and only the “great” people possessed them. (Bass, 1990; Jago, 1982). Stogdill (1948, 1974) in his first study identified that the average individual who was in a leadership role posses the following eight (8) traits which separated them from the average group member: Intelligence Alertness Insight Responsibility Initiative Persistence Self confidence Sociability The person who posses these traits is not automatically a leader, and a person who is a leader in one situation may not be the leader in a different situation. Stogdill’s second study in 1974, identified the following ten (10) traits that are positively associated with leadership: Drive for responsibility and task completion; Vigor and persistence in pursuit of goals; Risk taking and originality in problem solving; ...
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...Running Head: Leadership Theories 1 Leadership Theories Leadership Models and Theories 2 Leadership Theories According to Daft (2008, p.20), leadership typically reflects the larger society, and theories have evolved as norms, attitudes, and understandings in the larger world of change. Throughout the centuries leaders have adapted in response to these changes. Northouse (2007, p3) defines leadership as a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. A person’s ability to influence others to accomplish an objective and direction are key processes in leadership. There are many great leaders and leadership styles that can be easily discussed. Twenty-first century leadership has developed useful and simplistic ways to determine and exercise their leadership styles on their way to developing and understanding their leadership styles based on the situation and the organization. Leadership is a very dynamic and diverse process, This literature selection by selection, as introduced by the editor, presents enlightening thoughts on a different aspect of leadership. Over the years, many researchers have developed various leadership theories, notably great scholars such as, Plato, Aristotle, Lao-tzu and others. ...
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...Leadership Theories: A Discussion Amanda M. Crorken University of Phoenix Leadership Theories: A Discussion Researchers have researched and created various approaches to leadership. The definitions of leadership create a universal truth that leaders must lead individuals toward a common goal. The paper below describes the trait, social exchange, substitute, and transformational approaches to leadership as well as a discussion of the similarities and differences of the theories. Leadership Theories Trait Approach to Leadership The trait theory of leadership originated with Thomas Carlyle's Great Man theory centralizing around the idea that individuals have innate traits that distinguish him or her as a leader. Since the Great Man theory, the trait theory of leadership has evolved into its current state described below. The proponents of the trait theory are individuals maintaining that a leadership role is innate. A comparison between trait theory and a college course can assist in understanding the basics of the theory. Courses generally have prerequisites in which students must obtain prior to enrolling; thus the traits instilled into a leader are the prerequisites of becoming a successful...
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...MIRASOL M. BUENAFE BSBA – FM – 4A OCTOBER 2, 2015 QUIZ Ten Leadership Theories 1. The Great Man Theory – Great Leaders are Born, not Made. 2. The Trait Theory of Leadership – Ideal Characteristics for Leaders. 3. The Skills Theory of Leadership – Ideal Technical, Personal and Conceptual Skills for Managers and Leaders. 4. The Style Theories of Leadership – e.g Leadership Continuum, Managerial Grid. 5. The Situational Leadership Theory – There is no-one-size-fits-all-model, the leader must adapt. 6. The Contingency Theory - There is no-one-size-fits-all-model, choose an appropriate leader. 7. Transactional Leadership Theory – People follow leaders based on ‘transactions’ – a mix of rewards, incentives and punishments. A quid pro quo approach. 8. Leader – Member Exchange Theory – Similar to transactional theory, but stresses presence of an ingroup and outgroup. 9. Transformational Leadership Theory – Leaders are gaining the commitment of their employees by inspiring, encouraging, and caring for their followers. 10. Servant Leadership Theory – The leader starts by identifying the needs of the followers and views his own role as merely serving the followers. The Great Man Theory – Great Leaders are Born, not Made. This approach emphasized that a person is born with or without the necessary traits of leaderships. Early explanations of leadership studied the “traits” of great leaders. Belief that people were born...
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...Leadership Theories One of the leadership theories that influences the way organizations lead their employees is the Participative Leader Theory. Participative leadership is a managerial style that invites input from employees on all company decisions (Root, 2014). The way it works is the team is presented with important information about the main issues of the company. This type of leadership allows the team to input ideas for the direction the company could take to fix the issue. Using the Participative leadership can be a gradual form of decision-making, but at the long run this leadership style can have benefits that may make it the appropriate managerial method for the business. The participative leadership style functions at a greater level where team developing is key and the results are appreciated more than how fast it was created. A great example of a participative leader is Donald Trump of Trump Organization. Mr. Trump is a leader that likes to get ideas from his team and will implement them if he feels they are worthy. He is known for always surrounding himself with teams rather than individuals when it comes to decision-making, this has proven to work effectively for his business. Another great theory is the Situational leadership is the complete opposite from the Participative leadership. Situational leadership refers to when the leader or manager of an organization must adjust his style to fit the development level of the followers he...
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... Emerging views over the past decade has made tremendous progress in uncovering some of the enduring mysteries associated with leadership (Avolio, Walumbwa & Weber, 2009). Understanding these different frameworks and their impact on leadership styles are examined in this paper as it relates to international business. Adaptive Structuration Theory E-leadership is a relatively new leadership paradigm bases on the Adaptive Structuration Theory defined as a social influence process mediated by Advanced Information Technology (AIT) to produce a change in attitudes, feelings, thinking, behavior, and/or performance with individuals, groups, and/or organizations (Avolio, Kahai & Dodge, 2000). As leader and follower dynamics continue to be changed by processes effected by the rapid growth in technology, increasing global reach and the emergence of new marketplaces, E-leaders should think carefully about three key categories of behaviors that are most likely to enhance a virtual team’s ability to function effectively: virtual collaborative skills, virtual socialization skills, and virtual communication (Avolio & Kahai, 2003). Significant adaptation on the part of the leadership can result in tight relationships among the globally dispersed stakeholders and efficient management of innovative challenges presented by the global economy. Behavioral Theory Founded on the framework developed by Kurt Lewin, leader's decision-making tends to reflect the personality centered on the...
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...Leadership Theories Complete the University of Phoenix Material: Leadership Theories with the following information: • Identify five leadership theories. • Describe the strengths of each leadership theory. • Describe the weaknesses of each leadership theory. • Provide an example of an appropriate application of each theory in the workplace. • Provide an example of an inappropriate application of each theory in the workplace. Leadership Theory Strengths Weaknesses Appropriate Workplace Example Inappropriate Workplace Example Situational It’s ideal for low ability and building confidence in low-maturity subordinates. Adapts to needs of subordinates. There was little evidence that using the contingent pattern of task and relations behavior prescribed by the theory will make leaders more effective(Yukl, 2010). A leader changes their style to match that of their subordinate. For instance a teacher would adjust their lesson to be more visual if they have a visual learner. There may be an assumption that an unskilled employee is unmotivated. This can lead to improper coaching to motivate the employee rather than training to help the employee develop the necessary skills. Charismatic Inspires others motivating them to buy into change or activities. Creates loyalty. Followers may buy into leader’s vision to the point they are resistant to outside change and factors. Charismatic leader can rally their employees to stay through tough transitions. May use their...
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...Leadership Theory The Chicago School of Psychology May 31, 2015 Ethical and Relational Leadership Principles Honoring the APA and TCS Codes of Conduct Licensed professionals in the legal, accounting, engineering, medical and other healing professions are held to a higher legal and ethical standard of professional behavior than people who work in other commercial, not-for-profit or government enterprises. As noted by the American Psychologists Association (APA) , “If this Ethics Code establishes a higher standard of conduct than is required by law, psychologists must meet the higher ethical standard.” (p. 2). The rationale for this higher standard is that legislation gives these professions and the people who are members of them unique and special rights to serve the public within their specific discipline. With these rights come added responsibilities to protect the public trust. As noted by the APA (2010), “Psychologists are committed to increasing scientific and professional knowledge of behavior and people’s understanding of themselves and others and to the use of such knowledge to improve the condition of individuals, organizations, and society…They strive to help the public in developing informed judgments and choices concerning human behavior.” (p. 2). In Canada, most professional bodies are governed by provincial legislation that gives authority to accredit professional training programs, confer professional licenses, monitor professional practice of individual...
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...Change Management and Leadership Theories 1. Introduction We live in a world of change impacted by the financial crisis and technological advances causing businesses that fail to evolve to fail. Change can be described as the ‘substitution or succession of one thing in place of another’ to the ‘alteration in the state or quality of anything’ (Hayes 2010). Hurn (2012) argues that “new market opportunities will arise and these will involve the need to adapt and adjust to change in strategic thinking in order to compete and survive”. Continuous change when it happens, needs constant updating of working approaches and social advances. Orlikowsky suggests that continuous change involves individuals and groups, who will be dealing with breakdowns, exceptions, opportunities that the change will bring with it (Hayes 2010). This analysis will show the most important theories of Change Management: Kotter’s 8 steps, Lewin and Prosci. Additionally we will look at Leadership theories such as Trait, Transformational and Great Man Theory, followed by a critical discussion on the role of Leadership in Change Management and finally an analysis in the case study of Biogen Idec Inc. 2. Literature Review 2.1. Change Management Theories 2.1.1. Kotter’s 8 Steps In 1995 Jhon Kotter introduced an 8-step change model for helping managers deal with transformational change, Webster (2012). The model outlines an organized and effective approach of managing a major change. Kotter (2007)...
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...p Chapter 21 Leadership Theories and Styles Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Distinguish leaders from administrators and managers 2. Describe the evolution of leadership theories 3. Enumerate different theories of leadership, and their main features. 4. Discuss the contingency theories, especially situational theory of leadership 5. Explain the concept of the development levels of a group and how to raise them 6. List steps in the process of delegation Leadership has long interested psychologists, sociologists, political scientists, and certainly management scientists. There is still a growing interest in leadership, which has been defined in different ways. Leadership can, however, be simply defined as the act of making an impact on others in a desired direction. In this sense, leadership is a broader term than management. Managers can run organizations effectively, but only leaders can build them. Differentiating characteristics for officers, managers, and leaders are shown in see Exhibit 21.1. The three modes shown in Exhibit 21.1 are illustrated by the following caselet from a premier state government training institute: Three directors at different times functioned differently. One director continued the work the institute was doing, responding to the training requirements of different departments, maintaining all the records well, and undertaking the various activities...
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...direction and inspiration towards a goal. Leadership theory is critical for our understanding of the role individuals can play in shaping an organization. (Clegg et al, 2008) Leadership is considered both a character trait as well as a relational concept whereby one person influences others. (Katz and Kahn, 1978) Over the years many different leadership theories have emerged with some gaining a much wider acceptance than others. Here a discussion on two well known theories is being undertaken to understand what they are and how best they describe the concept of leadership. Path Goal Theory Some contemporary theories on leadership have purported that the leadership is all about being able to adapt and show flexibility to ever changing situations and circumstances. This group believes that effective leadership does not stem from some behavioural traits only but to a large extent depends on the situation in which a potential leader might find them. This situation or context as it is called comes from the nature of work that the leader has to carry out, the internal culture and environment of an organization and the external socio economic environment that the organization finds itself in (Fiedler, 1994). Path Goal Theory of leadership belongs to this school of thought. It was first put forward by Robert House (House, 1996) and since then has become one of the most studied and researched theory on leadership. According to this theory effective leaders motivate their teams by...
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