...How can your mental models about your world both assist and limit your perceptions when you meet a person for the first time? Mental models are psychological representations of real, hypothetical, or imaginary situations (Princeton, 2013). The first known recorded postulation of the mental models theory came from the American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce, who stated that reasoning is a process by which humans "examine the state of things asserted in the premises, forms a diagram of that state of things, perceives in the parts of the diagram relations not explicitly mentioned in the premises, satisfies itself by mental experiments upon the diagram that these relations would always subsist, or at least would do so in a certain proportion of cases, and concludes their necessary, or probable, truth.” Similarly the Scottish psychologist Kenneth Craik suggested that the human mind constructed small scale models of the world for which it used to anticipate events, to reason and to underlie explanation. Modern Cognitive scientists have since debated that the human mind constructs mental models due to perception, imagination and knowledge. Mental models are created through various avenues such as personal experience, social values, religious beliefs, cultural attitudes and norms. Therefore mental models are how we determine and make sense of reality; these can be range from simple generalisations to immensely complex ideas and theories. These models thus underpin all...
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...Economics * The study of how individuals and societies allocate their limited resources to try to satisfy their unlimited wants. * Sometimes people have unrealistic wants that a company cannot meet. * Scarcity= focus of economics (limited resources, unlimited wants) * Abstraction * Ignore many details to focus on the most important elements of a problem * The proper degree of abstraction depends on the objective of the analysis * Theory * Deliberate simplification of relationships whose purpose is to explain how those relationships work * Concern for policy that makes economic theory so necessary and important * If you have no idea how something works, how can you fix it? “Getting frustrated and hitting against the table is not the most logical approach.” –Dr. You need to know how things work, or else you can’t fix them. * If you don’t know how the economy works (theory), you cannot fix your company’s demise. * Correlation and Causality * Two variables are correlated if they tend to move together. * Correlation does not imply causation * Economic Model * A simplified, small-scale version of some aspect of the economy * Often expressed in equations, by graphs, or in words * Economics (repetition means something is important) * The study of how individuals and societies allocate their limited resources to try to satisfy their unlimited...
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...Running Head: INVESTIGATING YOUR OWN MENTAL MODELS “Investigating Your Own Mental Models” Running Head: INVESTIGATING YOUR OWN MENTAL MODELS 1. 1. Describe the mental model thoroughly, including its origins, how long it has been established, conversations you have heard about it, etc. According to Hrepic (2011), “wider studies of mental model definitions show that no consensus exists about the definition of the term mental model and “some definitions of the concept are even contradictory.” “Canas and Antol”, believe the main reason for disagreements in the definition of the mental model is that the term has been used by researchers who work in different fields and who focused on its different aspects. However, “Van der Veer” believes that although there is no agreement about the exact definition of the concept, in general, “mental model” refers to the internal representations that people form of the environment through their interaction with it”(p. 1). In other words, mental models are believed to be assumptions, beliefs, generalizations even stereotypes of a person’s belief system that is often generated by their experiences. According to Senge (2006)...
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...learn more about Cloud Computing http://www.techno-pulse.com/ Content • What is Cloud Computing? • • • • • • • • Dynamism Abstraction Resource Sharing What are Cloud Stacks? What is IaaS? What is PaaS? What is SaaS? Cloud Resources http://www.techno-pulse.com/ What is Cloud Computing? In late 90s or even now, ask any web developer, solution architect or anyone involved in web application development in any capacity: Which symbol do you use to represent Internet on numerous white-board meetings? Obviously the most widely used metaphor for Internet was/is cloud. Cloud computing has derived its name from the same line of thinking. Cloud Computing is a style of computing which must cater to the following computing needs: 1. Dynamism 2. Abstraction 3. Resource Sharing Dynamism Your business is growing exponentially. Your computing need & usage is getting bigger with every passing day. Would you add servers & other hardwares to meet the new demand? Assume, Recession is back & your business is losing customers. The servers & hardwares you added during last quarter’s peak season is now idle. Will you sale them? Demand keeps on changing based on world/regional economy, sometimes seasonal traffic burst as well. That’s where Cloud Computing comes to your rescue! You just need to configure & your provider will take care of fluctuating demand. Abstraction Your business should focus on your core competency & should not worry about security, OS, software platform , updates and...
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...differentiating feature of a meditation technique is whether it remains within the dualistic subject-object cognitive structure, or whether it transcends this structure to reveal the underlying non-dual awareness (Josipovic, 2010). Stable traits associated with mature non-dual consciousness included non-dual ontology, dis-identification from mental constructs, timeless awareness, mental lucidity, non-dual action, beatific peace, spontaneous joy, absence of neurotic suffering, unitive relationships, unitive love, awareness of spiritual immortality, and awareness of positive cosmology (Costeines, 2009). According to Forman (1998), discerning feature of mystical experiences is shift in mystical epistemological structure in the form of two quantum leaps in experiences which develop sequentially – from dualism to unitive mysticism (Fig.1). The dualistic state begins with the interior stillness which is acquired by withdrawal of sense organs from external objects. This is followed by concentration or fixing of attention on a single object. Gradually intense contemplation of the nature of the object of meditation leads to a state of merging consciousness with the object of meditation. This second shift is termed as the unitive mystical state, UMS by Forman (1998) and is described as a perceived unity between one's own awareness per se with the objects around one, an immediate sense of a quasi physical unity between self, objects, and other people (Forman, 1998). This is the final goal of salvation...
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...ARTHIST III 8 FILIPINO CONTEMPORARY ARTISTS 1. Mauro “Malang” Santos Mauro Santos started his career as plain “Malang,” illustrator-cartoonist for the Manila Chronicle and creator of two comic-strip characters, Kosme the Cop (Retired) and Chain Gang Charlie. The leap from illustrational art to lightweight genre painting was a felicitous one in his case. The temperas he exhibited at the Philippines Art Gallery in the late 1950s were miniatures blithely illustrating the urban folk, or rather the rustic folk caught up in the hassle of the big city. Quiapo traffic, Chinatown, corner sari-sari stores, calesas, jeepneys, an old turn-of-the-century house-all these and more he did with a miniaturist’s delight in the telling detail and an eye for the amusing and cute. Woman Vendor, 1989 Mother and Child, 1971 2. Arturo Luz Arturo Rogerio Luz is a Filipino painter, sculptor, and designer. He has done major artworks and is best known for his linear art and his painting series on street musicians, vendors, cyclists and carnival performers, also for his sculptures using wood, concrete and metal. When he started, he created figurative artworks, but went on to develop abstraction. He was considered as one of the Neo-Realists and the Thirteen Moderns. In 1997 he was named one of the National Artists of the Philippines. Grey Performance, 1991 Boxes and Shells, 1997 3. Napoleon Abueva Napoleón Isabelo...
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...PROGRAM OR BE PROGRAMMED #nextchapter The following study guide aims to provoke further thoughts and extend the conversation surrounding Douglas Rushkoff’s book Program or Be Programmed: Ten Commands for a Digital Age. It has been created for a wide variety of readers––from high school to adults––and purposes––from book clubs to study groups. Rushkoff proposes 10 commands that are each based on one of the “biases” of digital media. In computer programming a “command” is a directive to a computer to perform a specific task. But Rushkoff’s commands are not directives for human behavior as much as a code of ethics that, like the 10 commandments of Judaism in what was a new text-based age, help us navigate a new age of computer mediation and abstraction. Digital technologies continue to increase the capabilities of mankind. These technologies, however, come with biases. If we aren’t aware of these biases, we’ll find ourselves at the mercy of the technology designed to serve us. While there’s still time, we must take matters into our own hands and learn to program! Rushkoff, Douglas, dir. Program or Be Programmed. 2010. Film. 31 Jan 2013 2 RUSHKOFF’S PRINCIPLE OF: I. TIME DO NOT BE “ALWAYS ON”. We live in a world dictated by time. However, to our digital devices, time is an unknown concept. This situation has caused us to become more concerned with the newest information rather than the most relevant. In order to remain effective, efficient humans, we must apply the concept of time...
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...Originally published in The Literacy Practitioner (Volume 4, # 1, February, 1997). Literacy Volunteers of America - New York State Communicative Competence and Second language Teaching: Lessons Learned from the Bangalore Project A review of N.S. Prabhu (1987) Second Language Pedagogy by N.S. Prabhu. 1987. New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press N. S Prabhu's objectives in Second Language Pedagogy are twofold: to present the “communicative comptence” theory of second language acquisition, and to describe the Bangalore Project which consisted of a small number of elementary and secondary English classes in India. This five-year project, which illustrates the importance of grounding practice in theory, is relevant for adult ESL programs like Literacy Volunteers of America (LVA) because of its transition from direct instruction to communicative competence through “meaning making” in real contexts. Prabhu’s book is full with provocative insight about second language acquisition (SLA) that practitioners and theorists would do well to explore whether or not they agree with all of Prabhu’s assumptions. One purpose of the Bangalore Project was to develop a methodology in a “sustained teaching” environment consistent with theory in part as a way of refining the theory, but also to shape practice according to a specific theoretical framework. This kind of interaction between theory and practice is a special concern among teacher researchers in the United States (Cochran- ...
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...Virtualization Across the Board CIS512 Enterprise Architecture Technology is one aspect of business that can universally enhance any company’s capabilities and add resources to offer a positive impact on the bottom line. However, information technology comes with its own implementation barriers that can complicate matters when making IT investments with an expectation to generate a return on that investment. The biggest impact of virtualization in cost structures is the radical change in how technology is implemented and paid for. Previously, any new technology could require a capital investment, lead times for setup and training, and continuing overhead in the form of support and maintenance personnel. In order to justify this risk, the return on investment had to be exceptionally strong and the company would require excess free capital. All virtualization services are offered without the need for any capital outlay or lead time; once a subscription plan is worked out, the resources are automatically available through any internet connection (Kishore 2012). For companies with existing IT departments, additional servers or services can be brought online immediately and seamlessly. The services offered also allow businesses to enjoy economies of scale, even for miniscule implementations. This also means that companies have access to the latest technology upgrades and updates along with security features and protocols without having...
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...entrepreneurs dare to take responsibility for business operation, and they have special qualities that create wealth for the enterprise and society. Entrepreneurs can be divided into three types: traditional entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs, and social entrepreneurs. Traditional entrepreneurs have including the creator of private business and outstanding leaders of state-owned business. The former is creating enterprise or make it stronger, and they must assume all operating risk of enterprise. They tend to be the supreme leader of enterprise or have the right of exercise control in the enterprise, and it returns society though pay taxes. The latter have not the ownership of enterprise, and they have made the state-owned enterprise implements a leap-forward development though good team leader. 3. Entrepreneurship The value of entrepreneurship should be an abstract concept. It may be a quality, a thought or an ideology. Entrepreneurship should be the...
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...influence on the personas of the central characters. A ceremonial setting is common to both texts and foreshadows the protagonist's desire to retreat from his traditions. Gogol's 'annaprasan' is a customary Indian rice ritual for newborn children, who 'confront [their] destiny' by selecting a 'clump of soil ... ballpoint pen, [or] ... dollar bill' from a plate, respectively representing 'a landowner, scholar or businessman.' Gogol's refusal to choose an object, a rare act, alludes to his reluctance later in life to identify with Bengali culture. Similarly, the formality of Chris' graduation ceremony, established through the thousands of students wearing graduation outfits and musicians playing on bagpipes, is interrupted by Chris' aberrant leap onto the stage when his name is announced,...
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...Rhetorical Terms/Devices Figurative language is the generic term for any artful deviation from the ordinary mode of speaking or writing. It is what makes up a writer’s style – how he or she uses language. The general thinking is that we are more likely to be persuaded by rhetoric that is interesting, even artful, rather than mundane. When John F. Kennedy said, “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country” (an example of anastrophe), it was more interesting – and more persuasive – than the simpler, “Don’t be selfish.” Indeed, politicians and pundits use these devices to achieve their desired effect on the reader or listener nearly every time they speak. The stylistic elements in a piece of writing work to produce a desired effect related to the text’s (and author’s) purpose, and thus reveals the rhetorical situation. In classical rhetoric, figures of speech are divided into two main groups: Schemes — Deviation from the ordinary pattern or arrangement of words (transference of order). Tropes — Deviation from the ordinary and principal meaning of a word (transference of meaning). *Important Note: Words marked with an asterisk* are words for which it would be impossible for you to write 3 examples for your weekly vocabulary assignment. In those cases, please write only the definition, in your own words, and the rhetorical uses/effect of that device, or do what you are instructed to do under those words. Please mark these words that deviate...
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...Sense Making in Organizations Karl E. Weick by Umar Zia Khan 0002, Hassan Asif 0009, Shafqat Iqbal 0022, Omar Ahmed 0025, Rashid Iqbal 0033 & Shaharyar Khan Rasikh 0028 Table of Contents Book Synthesis 3 The Concept of Occasions for Sense making: 4 Varieties of Occasions for Sense making: 4 Ambiguity and Uncertainty: 5 General Properties of Occasions for Sense making: 5 Substance of Sense Making 5 Minimal Sensible Structures 5 Vocabulary of Societies/ Ideology 5 Vocabulary of Organizations / Third order Controls 6 Vocabulary of Work/ Paradigm 6 Vocabulary of Coping / Theories of Action 6 Vocabularies of Predecessors/ Traditions 6 Vocabularies of Sequence & Experience/ Stories 6 Sense making as Commitment 10 Transcript Summary 10 Interview Inferences 11 End of Contents Book Synthesis Sense making in organizations pertains to giving sense to framed (subject) experiences and literally making sense of the situation. It basically deals with the fact that how people reacted to certain situations. Most of the times, people encounter such events in their organizations which were implausible and out of some odd feeling they were reluctant to share their experiences and their responses to such situation. In other words, it is about placement of items into frameworks in order to drive meaning out of the situation. In practitioner's point of view, every no sense making event is put into the framework to make more sense out of it. Organization...
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...Age, is the period lasted from around 30,000 BC to 10,000 BC and is characterized by the rise of human creativity (Holloway, 2014). Paleolithic period lasted through the Pleistoscene ice age. It is commonly thought to have come to an end near 8,000 B.C., adding or subtracting a few centuries. By that time, modern humans (Homo Sapiens) have lived from about 250,000 years ago (Flutopedia, 2015). During that time, the ocean shoreline was different. There was way more ice. At this time, the Earth was in the middle of the most recent ice age. The water level and land bridges were lower. That made it easier for humans to migrate to Americas and Australia. However, starting about 50,000 years ago, a phenomenon that is popularly called “The Great Leap Forward” occurred (Flutopedia, 2015). Humans were constantly on the move in search of food. They strictly had to hunt, to gather food. As the aid for survival, humans learned not to rely solely on their physical abilities, but to invent objects that could help them hunt, gather, and protect themselves. Modern humans developed sophisticated hunting techniques, clothing, innovations in shelter. They also began burying their dead. Moreover, they started to explore abstract ideas and symbolism, beginning with cave painting and creating musical instruments (Flutopedia, 2015). Therefore, The Upper Paleolithic was marked by the emergence of Homo sapiens and their abilities to create tools and weapons (Esaak, 2015). There were only two kinds of...
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...Institute of Philosophy and Religious studies. Affiliated to The Catholic University of Malawi PHILOSOPHY OF KNOWLEDGE (Epistemology) Student: OTIENO STEPHEN MBAKA Class Notes INTRODUCTION Fundamental Notions THE "PHILOSOPHY OF KNOWLEDGE" is that branch of philosophy which tries to determine in a general way what the nature and scope of man's capacity to know are. Precisely what this determi-nation will turn out to be cannot be foreseen at the beginning of our investigation since the very reason for undertaking such a project is to find that out in a methodical and systematic way. Nonetheless, even at this point, we do have a vague sense of what we are after, and, presumably, we have had enough experi-ence of our ignorance and capacity for error to motivate us to take up this arduous task. Our common-sense notion of nature tells us that an investigation into the "nature" of anything means at least that we are ask-ing "what sort of thing is it?" To be sure, this question is none too precise, but it will do for a beginning. Again, our common-sense notion of "scope" tells us that an inquiry into the "scope" of any-thing means at least that we are asking "how far does it extend?" Again, this imprecise query will do for the moment. Notice that we are not asking whether we know anything at all. The reason is, as we shall see in detail later that this question cannot be asked at all, because to have asked it is to have answered...
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