...FASB Statement No. 13: Accounting for Leases Asim Yunus ACC 632 – Critique of Accounting Theory Professor Lynch October 16, 2012 FASB Statement 13: Accounting for Leases FASB Statement 13, Accounting for Leases, was established by the FASB and made effective starting January 1st, 1977. As early as 1949, leasing was recognized as an important financial tool by the accounting business when the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) issued Accounting Research Bulletin No. 38, “Disclosure of Long-Term Leases in the Financial Statements of Lessees.” In the 1960s, the APB recognized how important accounting for leases was when they included it in the top five topics that were to be studied by the AICPA’s Accounting Research Division. In 1962, the Accounting Research Study No. 4, “Reporting of Leases in Financial Statements”, was released and eventually APB picked up the subject. For the next ten years, the APB released four opinions (No. 5, 7, 27 & 31) concerning leases which were improved by three AICPA Accounting Interpretations. Even though progress was made when it came to the topic of Accounting for Leases, certain questions remained. The SEC helped out on the topic as well by issuing three pronouncements concerning leases (Accounting Series Releases No. 132, 141 & 147) on October 5, 1973. Like APB Opinion No. 31, Accounting Research Series No. 147 only dealt with disclosure. There were still many holes in the lease accounting practice. The FASB realized...
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...This paper will outline the differences in accounting treatment of and criteria for determining whether leases should be accounted for as either a capital lease or an operating lease. I will be limiting my discussion to the accounting treatment of leases by the lessee. This paper will discuss the current accounting treatment for the two types of leases according to Canadian GAAP and will tie in elements of the conceptual framework to the treatment of leases from CICA handbook section 1000, followed by a discussion on accounting theories related to lease treatment, and finally current issues outlined in academic research concerning lease treatment by the lessee. Capital and Operating Leases There are two major classifications of leases. Capital leases and operational leases. A Capital lease is defined in the CICA handbook as “a lease that, from the point of view of the lessee, transfers substantially all the benefits and risks incident to ownership of property to the lessee” (CICA, 2010, Section 3065, ¶3). In order for a lease to be classified as a capital lease, the life of the lease must exceed 75% of the life of the leased item, there must be a transfer of ownership at the end of the lease or a bargain purchase option, and the present value of the lease payments must exceed 90% of the fair market value of the asset (Grossman, A., & Grossman, S., 2010). An operational lease is described by the CICA handbook as “a lease in which the lessor does not transfer substantially...
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...Accounting for Leases Source: Solutions Manual t/a Australian Financial Accounting 7/e by Craig Deegan 11.1 Within AASB 117 a lease is defined as: an agreement whereby the lessor conveys to the lessee in return for a payment or series of payments the right to use an asset for an agreed period of time. 11.2 We should capitalise a lease transaction (meaning that the leased asset and lease liability will be placed on the statement of financial position) when substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership pass to the lessee, and the lease payments are deemed to be material. AASB 117 describes the risks and rewards of ownership as follows: Risks include the possibilities of losses from idle capacity or technological obsolescence and of variations in return because of changing economic conditions. Rewards may be represented by the expectation of profitable operation over the asset’s economic life and of gain from appreciation in value or realisation of a residual value. AASB 117 dedicates a number of paragraphs (paragraphs 10 to 12) to assist in determining whether a lease is a finance lease or an operating lease. A finance lease is to be capitalised. These paragraphs state: 10. Whether a lease is a finance lease or an operating lease depends on the substance of the transaction rather than the form of the contract. Examples of situations that individually or in combination would normally lead to a lease being classified as a finance lease are: (a) the lease...
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...Introduction A lease is a contractual arrangement that involves the coming together of two patties for the hire of an asset. The party that owns the asset is called the lessor. The other party in this agreement is the Lessee. The Lessee is the party which hires the asset which is leased. The asset is hired for a specified period of time. During this period, the Lessee makes rental payment to the lessor. After the lease period is over, the asset can be returned to the lessor. However, the asset can also be owned by the Lessee. The nature of ownership of the asset after the lease period is over depends on the initial details of the contract (Young, 2008). During the period of the lease, the Lessee takes care of the asset. The Lessee maintains the asset and is responsible for any damage on the asset. In order to record the leased asset, various entries must be made in the books of the Lessee. The different accounting treatments arise at this point. The accounting treatments are dependent on the nature of the lease. Section A: The three treatments There are three accounting treatments that the Lessee can apply in recording the accounting details for the lease agreement. In the first scenario, the Lessee takes acknowledgement of the fact that the lease is a liability to the business. It is a liability in the sense that payments have to be made for it to be used. The asset has to be returned back to the owner after the end of the lease period. Therefore, the asset is hired for a...
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...Accounting Leases A lease is a contractual agreement between a lessor and lessee that gives the lessee the right to use specific property for usually a monetary payment while the lessor still owns it. For instance, the new Petco (The lessee) in town probably leases the property they are using from the building owners (The lessor). The lease specifies the duration of the agreement and the lease payments. The obligations for taxes, insurance, and maintenance may be assumed by the lessor or the lessee, whichever is defined in the agreement. The advantages of a lease over just buying a property are that lease payments are often fixed, leases may be a less costly means of financing, leases may not require any money down, certain leases may not add to existing debt on the balance sheet, leases may contain less restrictive covenants than other types of lending agreements, and leases reduce the risk of obsolescence to the lease. So if we look back at the example of the new Petco in town, they came in already having competition in town. The risk of putting in the store is pretty high so they would want to lease the property to reduce their financial risk since the probability of them going out of business is a little higher due to the high number of competition already established in town. There are two kinds of accounting methods for leases: operating and capital leases. A vast majority of leases are operating leases. An operating lease is treated like renting where payments...
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...Accounting for Leases Rae Girl ACC306 Intermediate Accounting II Professor Bill Wax August 21, 2015 Accounting for Leases Leasing is a commonly used financing vehicle in both personal and business arenas because the lease allows the parties to accomplish a sales-type transaction that benefits each without the commitment of an outright purchase on the part of the lessee. While the basic concept of a lease is simple, there are many complexities in theory and practice that have given rise to much discussion in the accounting profession. Still, leasing is a popular instrument and accountants must fully understand the methodology of decision-making and accounting for leases in order to properly reflect these transactions in a company’s financial statements. Simply defined, a lease is a contract between a lessor, the owner of an asset, and a lessee, the user of the asset. In other words, the lessor gives legal rights over the asset for a specified period of time to the lessee through a contractual agreement called a lease. The lessor retains legal ownership of the asset while the lessee has the right utilize the asset in business operations without having to purchase the asset outright. For this reason, in many instances, leases can be considered a financing vehicle. There are two basic lease classifications. The operating lease is a simple lease to account for because it is considered to be of the nature of a rental agreement. “The fundamental rights and responsibilities...
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...IntroductionASC 840, Leases and FASB Statement No. 13, Accounting for Leases covers the standards of financial accounting and reporting for leases by lessee and lessor. A lease is a contract in which the lessor gives the lessee the right to use an asset (property, plant and equipment) for a specified period of time in exchange for periodic rental payments. The lessor is the owner of the property and the lessee is a tenant or renter. Most frequent examples of assets acquired by lease include automobiles, building space, computers and equipment.NeedsSpace entered into a lease agreement with WeHaveIt to rent space for its corporate offices. The lease is classified as an Operating Lease in accordance with ASC 840, Leases and FASB Statement No. 13, Accounting for Leases. What is an Operating Lease? An Operating Lease is when the lessor gives the lessee the right to use leased property for a limited period of time but retain all the risks and the rewards of ownership. The lease also has a 10 year lease term and there is no option to renew nor is the ability to negotiate for the renewal provided in the lease agreement. Lease term defined in FASB 13 states:“The fixed non-cancelable term of the lease plus all periods, if any, covered by bargainrenewal options, all periods, if any, for which failure to renew the lease imposes a penalty on the lessee in an amount such that renewal appears, at the inception of the lease, to be reasonably assured, all periods, if any, covered by ordinary renewal...
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...Edward Logie Accounting 304_01 10/28/2015 Writing Assignment 5 New Lease Accounting Standard On October 7 the FASB held it last decision meeting on their new lease accounting convergence project. The project is a joint project between the FASB and the IASB to change how leases would be recognized. Before leases may or may not have to be recognized on the lessee’s books. The new rule would require lessee to recognize the assets no matter what. The FASB originally was looking to implement the new standard by the end of 2015, but that will not happen. The transition will most likely take place somewhere in 2019. In the article “Lease Accounting Standard New Start Date Likely 2019” they talk about the difficulties faced by companies with this change. The first being that this change comes right along with the changes in revenue recognition, making this a balancing act become for companies to update to the new standards. Second most companies are not ready to take on this change. As stated in the article “Last year Deloitte found that almost 80% of the executives it surveyed were not ready for the standard, citing the quality of data, the complexity of compliance, and a lack of confidence in IT systems as the main concerns for companies.” The reason why I picked this article is because in class we most of the time take about the reasoning and methods and accounting entries that happen with transactions and how changes in practice affect how we recognize these transactions...
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...Financial Accounting Theme 1: "Accounting for leases – Financial versus Operational Leases impacts on financial statements and on financial analysis." "Accounting for leases – Financial versus Operational Leases - impacts on financial statements and on financial analysis" A lease is a contractual agreement between two parties for the hire of an asset. The lessee – user of the asset – will pay a lease rent to the lessor – owner of the asset – to be able to use it during a certain period. At the end of the lease the asset is returned to the lessor. A lease is then just another source of capital and firms may find them preferred solutions to buying for a variety of reasons. First, the lessor may have access to cheaper capital on the markets and be able to pass on past of the resultant savings to the lessee. Then, leases normally involve smaller transaction costs than bonded debts and may offer more flexible contract terms. Additionally, there are normally tax benefits associated. A particular situation where leases may be of great help is when trying to setup new businesses. The budget is usually tight and the access to capital markets more difficult and expensive than for well established companies. In this situation, leasing allows to avoid heavy upfront costs and obtain more equipment sooner. It may be even possible to defer payment for a while and give the company opportunity to put business running smoothly before getting into heavier expenses. All leases are classified...
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...Chapter 15 Homework Exercise 7- American Food Services, Inc made a lease agreement $4 million (FV & PV) 4 equal payments at end of each year. Useful life is 4 years no residual value. Interest rate implicated is 10%. 1. Prepare journal entry for American Food Services at Jan 1 2011. Lease Equipment (packaging machine) 4,000,000 Lease Payable(packaging machine) 4,000,000 2. Prepare amortization schedule for the four-year term. Date | Payment | Interest | Principle | Balance | 1/1/11 | - | - | - | 4,000,000 | 12/31/11 | 1,261,881 | 400,000 | 861,881 | 3,138,119 | 12/31/12 | 1,261,881 | 313,812 | 948,069 | 2,190,050 | 12/31/13 | 1,261,881 | 219,005 | 1,042,876 | 1,147,174 | 13/31/14 | 1,261,881 | 114,707 | 1,145,174 | - | 3. Prepare journal Entry for the first lease payment 12/31/2011. Interest Expense 400,000 Lease Payable 861,881 Cash 1,261,881 4. Prepare journal entry for third lease payment 12/31/13 Interest Expense 219,005 Lease Payable 1,042,876 Cash 1,261,881 Exercise 8-Gerogia-Atlantic, Inc., leased warehouse facility from IC Leasing Corporation. 3 year agreement semiannual payments $562,907 first payments June 30, 2011. Borrowing rat is 10%. Fare market value is 3 MILLION. 1. Preset value of lease payment at June 30, 2011. The present value of the lease payment is $562,907*(n-6. I-10%)=3 million 2. What pretax amounts related to lease on balance sheet dec 31 2011. Georgia-Atlantic Inc Partial Balance...
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...Technical Case Studies SOLUTIONS Case: Accounting for Lease Extension (Revised and updated 5/2013) Jack leases an office building from Jill. The lease is classified as an operating lease under the guidance of ASC Topic 840, Leases. The lease does not include any renewal options upon the expiration, but Jack is in the process of negotiating an extension of the lease. Jack proposes to make a single up-front payment of $1.2 million to Jill in exchange for an extension of the lease at the current rate for another 10 years. The extension would create a new lease under ASC par. 9 of 840-10-35-4. 1. 2. Should Jack include the $1.2 million in the calculation of the minimum lease payments when classifying the new lease? Assuming the new lease would qualify as an operating lease under ASC 840, when should Jack recognize the $1.2 million as rental expense? A1: Yes. Jack should include the up-front payment in the calculation of the minimum lease payments. ASC par. 840-10-25-5 defines minimum lease payments from the standpoint of the lessee as “ ...the payments that the lessee is obligated to make or can be required to make in connection with the leased property…,excluding...(a) contingent rentals, (b) any guarantee by the lessee of the lessor’s debt and the lessee’s obligation to pay (apart from the rental payments) executory costs such as insurance, maintenance, and taxes in connection with the leased property. The $1.2 million is not a contingent rental, a guarantee of Jill’s ” debt...
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...Benefits of a Capital Lease December 3, 2012 MEMORANDUM TO: Trucking Company, Inc. FROM: Accountant DATE: December 3rd, 2012 SUBJECT: Benefits of a Capital Lease CC: John Smith, Supervisor In response to your request for more information on the topic of leases, I will explain the different aspects of leases to help you get a better understanding of the topic so that you may make an informed decision on which type of lease is best for your company. Capital Leases A capital lease emulates an installment purchase of an asset. This type of lease transfers the benefits and risks associated with ownership of an asset to the lessee (Schroeder, Clark, & Cathey, 2011). According to ASC 840-10-25 (FASB, 2009) (IAS 17), a lease must meet at least one of the following four criteria to be considered a capital lease: a. Ownership is transferred by the end of the lease agreement. b. There is a chance to purchase at a bargain price. c. The length of the lease is 75% or more of the assets life. d. The sum of the minimum payments, calculated at present value, exceed 90% of the assets fair value. Criteria c and d do not apply if the term of the lease begins in the final 25% of the assets useful life. Two Types of Capital Leases There are two types of capital leases concerning the lessor; direct financing and sales-type leases. For a capital lease to be considered a direct financing or sales-type lease, according to ASC 840-10-25 (FASB, 2009), both of the following...
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...should NeedsSpace account for the two obligations noted as provisions in the lease agreement? ● Provision 1: “Lessor may require the lessee to perform general repairs and maintenance on the leased premises.” By entering the lease agreement, NeedsSpace (the lessee) becomes legally and contractually responsible for performing general repair and maintenance on the leased premises. Assuming that the lessee is required to make deposits to financially protect the lessor concerning the maintenance obligation by setting up a reserve, the guidance in ASC 840-10-05-9A through 840-10-05-9C states that the maintenance reserve shall be recognized as a deposit asset and reimbursed later when the required repair and maintenance is completed by the lessee. However, the provision in the lease agreement does not call upon the lessee to make deposits but simply requires the lessee to perform repair and maintenance on the leased premises. Alternative 1: Accrual Method Since there is a contractual liability for the lessee to perform general repair and maintenance, the maintenance requirement provision may be assumed as a present economic obligation, not just a future commitment. If the fair value estimate of future maintenance expense can be measured with sufficient reliability, the provision may lead to recognition of an accrued liability for the repair and maintenance performance obligation at the inception of the lease. The accrued liability for the repair and maintenance can be reversed when...
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...Capital Leases | Overview According to FASB ASC 840 (n.d.) (IAS 17), a capital lease exists if one of four conditions is met: the transfer of title of the asset to the lessee, the lease includes a bargain purchase option, the lease period is equal to or greater than 75% of the estimated economic life of the asset, or the present value of the minimum lease payments is 90% or more of the fair value of the asset less investment tax credit held by the lessor. Capital Leases | Requirements of the Lessee The lessee should report the asset and liability on the balance sheet or in footnotes at the present value of the minimum lease payments at the beginning of the lease unless the fair value of the leased asset at lease inception is lower (FASB ASC 840, n.d.). Disclosure requirements in the balance sheet or footnotes include the gross amount of assets recorded under capital leases, future minimum lease payments, and total of minimum sublease rentals (FASB ASC 840, n.d.). The income statement presentation must include the total contingent rentals (FASB ASC 840, n.d.). Capital Leases | Requirements of the Lessor Lease agreements, in general, require systematic payments from the lessee to the lessor. Depending on the recognition of the lessor’s income, historically in relation to lease agreements, the lessor had an option to either follow the accounting matching principle and pair lease payments with the applicable operating cost in any given period or chose...
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...Restructuring Debt To: Finance Accounting Manager, XYZ Company Re: Restructuring Debt XYZ Company is experiencing some financial trouble and management is asking that a memo be prepared to entail important disclosures when dealing with long term debt. According to Kiesco, long-term debt consists of probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations that are not payable within a year or the operating cycle of the company, whichever is longer (2007, p.672). There are three types of long term debt and different requirements for reporting each debt. Per corporation’s bylaws, the company must get approval from the board of directors as well as stockholders before a note or bond can be issued. Long-term debts have covenants that are meant to protect lenders and borrowers. Long term debts have indentures or agreements that have all information about the debt. Companies disclose the features of the indenture within the body of its financial statements so that end users can have a precise understanding of the company’s financial positioning and its operations results. Bonds and Notes Payable According to Kiesco, the main purpose of bonds is to borrow for the long term when the amount of capital needed is too large for one lender to supply (2007, p. 673). Bonds allow more than one lender to partake in a company’s debt. When reporting bonds the issuing companies have to follow certain procedures that could take months to have a bond published...
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