...fatal diseases. In this article we consider several approaches to study effects of early-life and midlife conditions on survival to advanced ages: use of non-biological relatives as controls, the within-family analysis, as well as a sampling of controls from the same population universe as centenarians. These approaches are illustrated using data on American centenarians, their relatives and unrelated shorterlived controls obtained from the online genealogies. The within-family analysis revealed that young maternal age at person’s birth is associated with higher chances of exceptional longevity. Comparison of centenarians and their shorter-lived peers (died at age 65 and sampled from the same pool of online genealogies) confirmed that birth timing in the second half of the calendar year predicts survival to age 100. Parental longevity as well as some childhood and midlife characteristics also proved to be significant predictors of exceptional longevity. 1 Introduction Studies of centenarians (people living to 100 and older) could be useful in identifying factors leading to long life and avoidance of fatal diseases. Even if some individual characteristics have a moderate protective effect on the risk of death, people with this trait/condition should be accumulated among long-lived individuals, because of cumulative survival advantage. Thus, studying centenarians may be a sensitive way to find genetic, familial, environmental and life-course factors associated with lower mortality and...
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...Lifespan Development and Personality Luis Cervantes PSY/103 January 11, 2016 Susanne Nishino Lifespan Development and Personality Developmental psychology is the study of how human beings age and transform throughout the eight major stages of life. This paper will focus on the physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development of individuals found in stage two, (early childhood 1-6 year olds). Through exploring, and examining the countless influences that affect their growth development. The physical growth transformations infants undergo in stage two of lifespan development range from, brain, motor, to sensory/perceptual development, and infant’s overall body height and weight. During the first two years, brain development and the central nervous system experience the most growth increase of any other infant’s body parts. Brain growth and learning transpire simply because neurons grow in size and the number of axons and dendrites, escalate (Carpenter S, & Huffman K. 2013a. pp. 237, 238). Meanwhile on the outside of the infant’s skull the fontanels or soft spots close off (Bjorklund, D. F., & Bering, J. M. 2002., pp. 272- 275). Motor skill development fall into two categories fine, and gross motor skills. Fine motor skill development involves the muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems generating precise operations of motions on the infant hands (Fluetsch, K. 2015 p. 9). Example of fine motor skills, a child’s ability to grasp a fork, spoon,...
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...A person’s lifespan is from the moment of conception through death. Lifespan development is the different stages a person passes through as he or she develops. Perspective of lifespan development understands the changes that occur in development. Freud and Piaget have very different theories of lifespan development. Freud’s theory is a basis of id, ego, and superego, whereas Piaget’s is a cognitive development that occurs over a person’s lifetime. Nature and Nurture are more than perspectives in lifespan development they influence how and who a person will be. Lifespan development is the time from conception to death as a person develops and grows; the perspective in relationship to human development is lifelong, and theories of lifespan development can be seen in Freud, and Piaget, while the influences of a person life is nature and nurture. What is Lifespan Development A person’s lifespan begins as a fetus and as it develops and grows for nine months in the womb becoming a person either male or female will continue through stages in a his or her life. The study of human development is a science seeking to understand how humans change over their lifetime (Berger, 2008). The changes a person goes through as he or she grows can be linear-gradual, predictable, steady, but normally they are none of these. The common stages are birth, infancy, adolescence, adulthood, old age, and the ending death. To define lifespan development is also to mention that humans in their lifetime...
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...Rahma Osman UNIT4 P1-Describe physical, intellectual, emotional and social development for each of the life stages of an individual. ------------------------------------------------- The human lifespan has been described in terms of life stages, which describes the path of the human life cycle. ------------------------------------------------- These stages are: * ------------------------------------------------- Conception * ------------------------------------------------- Pregnancy * ------------------------------------------------- Birth * ------------------------------------------------- Infancy (0-3years) * ------------------------------------------------- Childhood (4-9 years) * ------------------------------------------------- Adolescence (10-18 years) * ------------------------------------------------- Adulthood (19-65 years) * ------------------------------------------------- older adulthood (65+) ------------------------------------------------- Then the final stages of life. Conception- Human life begins with conception. Pregnancy-Pregnancy consist of three 3 stages. The first trimester is from 0-12 weeks. The second trimester is from 13-28 weeks and the third trimester is from 29-40 weeks. ------------------------------------------------- During the first trimester the baby’s body structure and organ systems start to develop. It is essential that the mother is taking her vitamins and is eating a healthy balanced...
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...Significant Lifespan Factors Impacting Personal Coping Skills Catherine Manning Liberty University Abstract Human beings develop throughout their lifespan, as they make good choices to meet their physical, spiritual and emotional needs. While development is not sequential, it is progressive as the story of life molds and shapes the beliefs and choices of the future. When humans are compared and evaluated, what is it that influences one person to make good choices and another to make bad choices? The ability to adapt and handle times of crisis is a good indicator of a healthy, well-balanced life. It is an indicator that affects almost everyone. It takes skills that mature and develop over time. Are there life experiences that contribute to the positive handling of the stressors of a crisis? Personal experience and pertinent research points to three themes offering positive influence upon crisis adapting skills. First, a religious and spiritual foundation provides the context through which the crisis can be understood, analyzed and managed. Second, a positive, stable family situation allows for the development of the positive self-esteem necessary through which the impact of the crisis upon the individual can be managed. Finally, the satisfaction found in a career or a job can determine perspective and motivation in dealing with problems outside the workplace. Significant Lifespan Factors Impacting Personal Coping Skills Lifespan developmental psychology...
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... Background Research: Step 1 Lone pine cemetery situated in Washington state, Klickitat county established in the 1800’s is a public cemetery located around six miles northwest of Clarksville and is two and a half mile east on Lone Pine road. Many mature oak trees and a few mature pine trees possibly planted at the time of cemetery foundation fills the cemetery. At the south eastern region is an archway painted white with the lettering of Lone Pine cemetery written across the top. To my opinion the gravestones are all in good conditions with some older ones needing cleaning and renovations. Several graves have flowers giving the foresight that the cemetery's care is adequate. On April 08 1857, David Frazee and David Slusher gave a deed to a Christian church composed of the disciples of Christ meeting at pleasant valley, in Ameli township, Washington county of three acres of land to be held sacred to the construction of a cemetery and erection of a meeting house. This act gave birth to Lone pine cemetery and a church that housed the disciples meeting for a prayer. From the cemetery’s database, on the transcription notes the earliest birth date recorded is in the year 1809, and the earliest death date is in the year 1883. ...
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...The Evolution of Menopause and the Grandmother Hypothesis Throughout the natural world trade-offs between reproductive success and longevity have been noted by scientists for many years. Most wild animals remain fertile until death, as do human males, and although human males do become less fertile with age, they in general experience no complete shutdown of fertility. Men as old as the age of 94 have been noted to father children (Diamond, 1996). The situation for human women is strikingly different. They undergo menopause, the permanent cessation of menstruation, by the time they are in their mid fifties (Lahdenpera et al., 2004). In fact, natural conception after the age of 50 is extremely rare. Menopause has become quite the evolutionary puzzle for modern scientists because natural selection favors increased reproduction, therefore increasing one’s own fitness. The essence of natural selection is that it promotes genes for traits that increase an animal’s number of descendents bearing those genes. Thus, the great question is: How could natural selection result in every female member of a species carrying genes that destroy her ability to leave more descendents? Many theories on the evolution of menopause have arisen in the past 50 years in an attempt to answer this question but they all also have key assumptions and limitations. Proponents of the Grandmother Hypothesis believe that their theory holds the greatest promise to answer this question. The Grandmother Hypothesis...
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...Prior to colonisation, the Australian Aboriginal people is believed to have enjoyed better health in 1788 than most of the people living in Europe. However, the effects of colonisation have been disadvantageous to the physical, social and psychological wellbeing of indigenous people. This essay will describe how colonisation has determined the health of the indigenous. This social disadvantage is directly related to dispossession and characterised by poverty and inability to thrive, are revealed in processes of education, employment, and income. Aboriginal health can be measured through three key health indicators; life expectancy, low birth rate and morbidity (rates of disease). Lifespan between indigenous and non- indigenous Australians in...
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...their lives to the fullest and in order to live longer than an average human we can’t exceed some of our limitations and we have to stay healthy. In the short reading “Population Trends” by Ronald Lee he informs us as the reader how population trends have changed from 1700 to now and predictions for the future. “From 1700 to 2000, the average lifespan increased from 27 to 65. The average births per woman have decreased from 6 to 2.7 births and the population size decreased from .63 billion to 6.07 billion people”(Lee, Text 1). This shows how number of births per woman can affect the number of years you live. Also,...
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...Bowlby’s Ethological Attachment Theory Rhonda Lawson Excelsior College Lifespan Developmental Psychology June 10, 2014 Bowlby’s Ethological Attachment Theory I) Abstract a) A natural inclination b) Strength and stability c) Theory of lifespan development II) Introduction a) Evolution and biology b) Critical periods c) Behavioral study on graylag geese d) Creation of attachment III) Bowlby’s perspectives a) Biological preparation b) Ethological theory c) Adaptive value d) Physical, social as well as cultural e) Lasting relationships IV) Application of Bowlby’s ethological attachment a) Survival b) Increases in cortisol levels and heart rates c) Psychotherapy d) Anxiety and avoidance with depression e) Development of a new attachment with a therapist f) Outcomes of a therapy process g) Diagnosis of the reactive attachment disorder V) Conclusion a) Begins at birth b) Develop attachments to primary caregivers c) Widespread acceptance d) Diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder VI) References Abstract Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory bases its argument on the premise that human individuals, just like animals have a tendency to have a natural inclination to establish and maintain lasting affectionate bonds (attachments) to the familiar and irreplaceable others. Bowlby further asserts that once the attachments are established, the strength, and stability of the...
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...SGJ PSY/375 May 28, 2012 Life Span Perspective Paper Lifespan perspective is obtaining the knowledge of changes that occurs during human development. Development begins at the moment conception has started in the mother’s womb to death. According to Smith “The first and obvious element is change - that development involves movement from one state to another. Lifespan is simple the different stages that humans go through as their life develop over the years. The perspective of lifespan is understanding the changes that occurs in the different stages of development. There are five characteristics of development. They are: 1. Multidirectional (changes occur in all and a straight line) 2. Multicultural (cultural differences have an affect even intercontinental) 3. Multicontextual (life is affected by many context including family, history, and environment) 4. Multidisciplinary (scientific disciplines including psychology, biology, and education) 5. Plastic (an individual traits can be altered at any point in development) As I have stated lifespan is from the time of conception to death of a person development and growth. The perspective is in relationship to humans development is a lifelong changing experience. The theories of lifespan development can be viewed in Freud, and Piaget study on the subject. With Freud and Piaget influences of a person life is nature and nurture. A person’s lifespan began as a fetus, which develops and grows for 9 months within...
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...Activity 1. Factors influencing prenatal development? Drugs (street or over the counter) ‐ Alcohol ‐ Cigarettes ‐ Disease ‐ Poor nutrition ‐ Stressors ‐ Chemicals ‐ Almost anything can impact a developing fetus. Physical: Birth defects or congenital defects are present at birth. They result from heredity, environmental influences, or maternal illness. Such defects range from the very minor, such as a dark spot or birthmark that may appear anywhere on the body, to more serious conditions that may result in marked disfigurement, impaired functioning, or decreased lifespan. Chemical: Birth defects have a variety of causes. What causes birth defects and how to prevent them has been researched for years by the world's top scientists, particularly those involved in genetic testing and engineering. Birth defects, however, and their origins and cures, still seem to elude us. Mechanical : Thalidomide is perhaps the most notorious example of a drug that caused defects. It was brought on to the market without being tested on animal models, and it was specifically marketed for pregnant women. Congenital disorder, also known as congenital disease, birth defect or anomaly,[1] is a condition existing at or before birth regardless of cause. Of these diseases, those characterized by structural deformities are termed "congenital anomalies" and involve defects in a developing fetus. Birth defects vary widely in cause and symptoms. Any substance that causes birth defects is known as...
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...Lifespan development psychology Module 2 discussion 1 Gibson’s differentiation theory concerns perceptual learning that entails improvement in perception due to experience and acquisition of knowledge due to perception. The theory posits that cognitive processes such as imagining and reasoning develop in proportion to the quantity of information gained from the environment. Based on this theory, perception as a function of experience entails exposure to certain stimuli: the more a child hears, sees, or touches an object, the more they can identify and distinguish differences in them (Berk, 2014). The more the child is exposed to the object, more knowledge and experience is gain that aids in differentiate the objects and the manner these objects are perceived. Regarding an infant (from birth to 12 months), their hearing is attuned to their native languages from the second day. When they perceive another language, they do not respond to it. Concerning pattern perception, babies focus on faces instead of object when they are very young. The repeated exposure to family members leads to recognition of parents and siblings (Berk, 2014). The baby is able to differentiae a new face and will respond by being fearful or by crying. Intermodal perception is the identification of information from events or objects by different senses at the same time. In the study, the babies are able to distinguish soft from hard objects that they had previously experienced by touching their textures...
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...improved by attending regular check-ups to monitor healthy growth and development, and attending physiotherapy, counselling, and special education for your child. Parental support, community guidance and programs, and doctorate support .can help individuals living with Down Syndrome live an optimal life.Prevalence: Down syndrome is the most common genetic disorder in North America. On average, 1 in 1000 to 1 in 1100 people worldwide are born with this disorder, according to the World Health Organization. As a woman ages, the chances of having a down syndrome baby increase significantly. At age 35, the chances of conceiving a baby with this disorder are 1 in 350, by age 45, this risk increases to 1 in 30. Lifespan: The average lifespan for Down Syndrome individuals is 60 years. Mortality: According to a study done by the CDC, 94% of babies born with Down Syndrome survived until the first year of age, and 88% survived until the age of 20, and 80% live until 50. Factors that play a role in survival include whether or not the baby was born with major heart defects, and if the infant was at a low birth weight. • Meiosis: A type of cell division for reproductive cells • Epicanthal Folds: A fold of skin affecting the upper eye lid • Simian Crease: A single line cutting across the palm • Sleep Apnea: A sleeping disorder which causes pauses in breathing during sleep, these pauses could last seconds to minutes • Zygote: The meeting of a sperm and egg cell which creates a cell called a zygote...
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...INTRODUCTION The okapi is a very unusual animal in both its appearance and behavior. The scientific name is Okapia johnstoni and they are part of the Giraffidae family. Other common names used to refer to the okapi are forest giraffe or congolese giraffe. These names stem from their natural habitat which is the rainforest in Central Africa which the Congo River runs through [1]. The okapi are on the endangered species list with approximately 25,000 okapis left in the wild due to the reduction of this habitat from logging of these forested areas in Africa and also from poaching for meat and their unusual skin [2]. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS The okapi has often been described as a cross between a zebra, giraffe, and horse. They have a dark brown...
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