1. A group of people who are born around the same time in the same place is called a(n) b. cohort.

2. Biological and environmental factors that are associated with a certain historical event, such as the bombing of Pearl Harbor, can be considered b. history-graded influences.

3. The predetermined unfolding of genetic information is known as c. maturation.

4. Sigmund Freud is responsible for revolutionary ideas and the __________ theory. c. phallic

5. Behavior that receives no reinforcement or is punished is likely to be c. extinguished.

6. What is the name of the new cell formed by the process of fertilization? b. zygote

7. Rod-shaped chromosomes, portions of DNA, are organized in ____ pairs. c. 46

8. The first, and the shortest, stage of the prenatal period is called the ______ stage. b. germinal

9. What is the term for an environmental factor that produces birth defects? c. teratogen

10. Older mothers are considerably more likely to give birth to children with b. Down syndrome.

11. Labor proceeds in ____ stages. c. 3

12. A standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns is called b. Apgar.

13. When the baby lies crosswise in the uterus during delivery, this is called b. transverse position.

14. The brain of an average newborn is about _______ the size of what it will be in adulthood. c. one third

15. The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus is called b. habituation.

16. What principle means that we develop visual abilities (located in the head) well before we master the ability to walk (closer to the end of the body)? b. hierarchical integration

17. The gap at the connection between neurons, through which neurons chemically communicate with one another, is called a. synapse.

18. What is the fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses? c. myelin

19. What is the term for unlearned, unorganized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli? b. reflexes

20. What is the term for the reflex in which the neonate tends to turn its head toward things that touch its cheek? d. rooting

21. What is the term for an organized pattern of functioning that adapts and changes with mental development? b. scheme

22. Piaget thought that the repetition of a chance motor event that helps the baby start building cognitive schemes is a process called c. circular reaction.

23. All of the following are considered basic aspects of information processing EXCEPT a. behavior.

24. Climbing stairs, riding a bike, eating breakfast are all examples of what type of memory? b. implicit

25. What term refers to the basic sounds of language that can be combined to produce words and sentences? d. phonemes

26. Baby Lilly is watching her other siblings as she plays in her playpen. Her siblings begin to squabble and shove each other on the floor. Baby Lilly looks to her mother and notices that her mother is smiling as she watches the other siblings, so Baby Lilly begins to smile too. This is an example of d. social smile.

27. Patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual are called b. temperament.

28. Two-year-old Baby Duane and his older brother are eating lunch, and both boys are given cookies for dessert. Duane's older brother accidentally drops his cookie on the floor, and Duane offers his brother his cookie. Duane has reached the point where he is able to demonstrate a. empathy.

29. Baby Sally's mother is dropping her off at pre-school for the first time, and Sally's behavior changes from a calm, happy baby, to a crying, cranky youngster who will not let go of her mother. Baby Sally is likely to be demonstrating c. separation anxiety.

30. According to Erikson, when do we all pass through the trust-versus-mistrust stage? a. first 18 months of life

1. What is the process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other? b. lateralization

2. What is the name of the protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons and speeds the transmission of electrical impulses along brain cells but also adds to brain weight? c. myelin

3. According to Piaget, which stage occurs from approximately age 2 to age 7 in which children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases? b. preoperational

4. Madeline is working to teach her 4-year-old daughter, Eliza, how to count. She places 10 buttons in one row with very little space between the buttons, and 8 buttons in another row with more space between the buttons; therefore, the second row is longer than the first. Then Madeline asks her daughter which row has more buttons. Inevitably, Eliza chooses the second row, even though she knows that 10 is more than 8. What is this an example of? c. preoperational functioning

5. Three-year-old Wendy is playing hide-and-seek with some older children. However, instead of running to find a hiding place away from the other children, Wendy simply covers her eyes. In this example, Wendy is demonstrating b. egocentric thought.

6. According to Vygotsky, what is the level at which a child cannot fully perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent? c. zone of proximal development

7. What is the term for the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth? a. scaffolding

8. What is the term for instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter? c. fast mapping

9. Five-year-old Wendel is new to his kindergarten classroom. His teacher tries to use open and friendly questions to build rapport with him. His teacher asks him what he is good at and what he likes. Wendel responds "I can run fast" and "I like to eat pizza." Wendel's responses are examples of his c. self-concept.

10. According to Erikson, children 3 to 6 years of age experience conflict between independence of action and the results of that action during the a. initiative-versus-guilt stage.

__________ 11. What is the term for the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people? a. race dissonance
b. ethnic preference
c. race identity
d. cultural identity

12. is the belief that people are permanently males or females depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors. c. Gender identity

13. Three children in the preschool class are working to complete puzzles, and they all take turns fitting in the pieces. This is an example of b. associative play.

14. Billy is a 5-year-old child who does not have a regular bedtime, is permitted to neglect personal hygiene such as brushing his teeth, and doesn't usually participate in any simple chores, such as picking up his toys in his room. It would appear that Billy parents' style of parenting is a. permissive.

15. Which of the following is the most frequent form of child abuse? c. physical

16. Children ages 5-9 are most likely to be killed c. in an automobile accident.

17. What is the term for a substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech, and is the most common speech impairment? c. stuttering

18. What is the term that refers to the period of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, which is characterized by the active and appropriate use of logic? a. concrete operational

19. When a child initially records information in a form usable to memory, this is called d. encoding.

20. Alexander is 6 years old, and although he pronounces most words clearly, he has difficulty pronouncing "j," "v," "th," and "zh" sounds, which are examples of b. phonemes.

21. When middle-school-age children become more competent with the rules governing the use of language to communicate in a given social setting, they are demonstrating knowledge of b. syntax

22. What is the term that Binet developed for the typical intelligence level found for people at a given chronological age? c. intelligence quotient

23. If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range of 50 or 55 to 70, this is known as a. mental retardation.

24. Which of the following terms relates to an individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation? c. self-esteem

25. According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, which of the following stages reflects concrete interests of the individual considered in terms of rewards and punishments? d. preconventional morality

26. Which of the following psychologists developed the three stages of moral development for women? c. Carol Gilligan

27. ____________ is the period in which parents and children jointly control children's behavior. c. Coregulation

28. Approximately how many children under the age of 18 in the U.S. live in single-parent households? a. 50%

29. Compared to less popular children, popular children are more likely to do all of the following EXCEPT d. disregard others' emotional experiences

30. According to Erikson, from roughly ages 6 to 12 children go through the period characterized by a focus on efforts to meet the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world. This stage is called b. industry-versus-inferiority.

1. The part of the brain that allows people to think, evaluate, and make complex judgments in a uniquely human way, and that goes through considerable development during the adolescent years, is called c. prefrontal cortex.

2. According to Erikson, the focus of a person's early 30s is c. developing close, intimate relationships with others.

3. The most common nutritional concern during adolescence is b. obesity.

4. A primary sex characteristic in boys is c. spermarche.

5. According to James Marcia, the status of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives is called b. identity foreclosure.

6. According to John Holland's personality type theory, people who are down-to-earth, practical problem solvers, and physically strong, but have mediocre social skills are best described as c. realistic.

7. When adolescents and their parents disagree, it is usually regarding c. music preference or style of dress

8. The culturally-determined psychological timepiece providing a sense of whether we have reached the major benchmarks of life at the appropriate time in comparison to our peers is called d. social clock.

9. Thinking that acknowledges that adult predicaments must sometimes be solved in relativistic terms is called c. postformal thought.

10. According to Robert Sternberg, when two people are living in an arranged marriage or a couple has decided to stay together "for the sake of the children," this is called d. empty love.

11. Why do adolescent boys succeed in committing suicide more often than adolescent girls? d. Boys tend to use more violent means, like guns, to attempt suicide.

12. According to James Marcia, the status of adolescents who consider various identity alternatives, but never commit to one or never even consider identity options in any conscious way is called a. identity diffusion.

13. 16-year-old Sally primps in front of every mirror she comes across, and believes that she is the focus of everyone's attention – even fictitious observers. Sally is demonstrating b. imaginary audience.

14. Molly is a 27-year-old female who looks years older than her actual age. She lives a high-risk lifestyle that includes regular use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs, and she has never exercised regularly. Molly's behavioral choices have likely brought about b. secondary aging.

15. Traditional intelligence tests, such as those used in psychoeducational evaluations in schools, usually focus on which of Sternberg's aspects of intelligence? d. componential intelligence.

16. When Bobby was 8 years old, he was sure he wanted to grow up to be a fireman. But just a year later, Bobby told everybody that when he grew up he wanted to be an astronaut. Still, a few years passed and when he was around 11 years old he changed his mind again and wanted to be a professional basketball player. According to Ginzberg, Bobby is in the d. fantasy period.

17. Which of the following terms describes the period in which the sexual organs mature? b. puberty

18. According to Robert Sternberg, when two people enjoy each other's company and their relationship but no longer feel much sexual interest for the other, it is called c. companionate love.

19. Undersocialized delinquents grow up to be adults that demonstrate all of the following except c. likelihood of being successfully rehabilitated.

20. According to researchers Arnold Lazarus and Susan Folkman, the assessment of whether one's coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor is called c. secondary appraisal.

21. What is the percentage of teenagers who experience major depression, in which their psychological disorder is such that the depression is severe and lingers for a long time? d. 3%

22. In Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, the contextual aspect of intelligence deals with c. how intelligence is used to face real-world demands (i.e., practical intelligence).

23. Groups of people with whom one compares oneself are called c. reference groups.

24. The natural physical decline brought about by aging is called c. senescence.

25. According to Piaget, the stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly is called the c. formal operational stage.

26. An interest in, and appreciation for, argument, counterargument, and debate is called a. dialectical thinking.

27. Which of the following STIs can be fatal? c. AIDS and human papilloma virus

28. Jayne is having difficulty finding adequate, affordable daycare for her child while she is at work. Instead of focusing on the negative, she looks at the bright side and realizes that at least she has a good job in a tight economy. Jayne is utilizing

b. emotion-focused coping.

29. Psychologist James Marcia suggests that adolescent identity can be seen in terms of two characteristics, which are d. crisis or commitment.

30. The component of love that encompasses feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness is called b. intimacy component.