...* Question 1 Needs Grading | | | What is the helium fusion reaction, and why does it require much higher temperatures than hydrogen fusion? | | | | | Selected Answer: | Helium fusion reaction is the transformation of 3 Helium nuclei into one carbon nucleus. It requires much higher temperatures than hydrogen fusion because it has a greater positive charge (two protons), which requires a strong force to deal with electromagnetic repulsion. | Correct Answer: | The helium fusion reaction is the "triple alpha process". In this process three helium-4 nuclei (the alphas) are converted into one carbon-12 nucleus.The triple alpha process requires higher temperatures than proton fusion because the Coulomb barrier is larger. | | | | | * Question 2 Needs Grading | | | What happens to a low-mass star after it exhausts its core helium? | | | | | Selected Answer: | The low-mass star dies after exhausting its core helium. | Correct Answer: | The process of fusing helium creates carbon. Eventually the core will run out of helium, leaving an inert carbon core surrounded by a helium fusing shell (still surrounded by a hydrogen fusing shell). Both shells will contract, creating higher temperatures forcing the star to expand to a double shell-burning giant. The double shell burning will last a few million years or less. The star will never again achieve equilibrium like it had on the main sequence. Instead the star will undergo thermal pulses where the...
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...ADAPTIVE STrEET LIGHTING GUIDE DIScLAImEr This BC Hydro Adaptive Street Lighting Information Brochure (the “Brochure”) has been produced by BC Hydro for the convenience and informational purposes of only those BC Hydro customers to whom BC Hydro has provided this Brochure and is not to be provided to any other party. Any information in this Brochure that is summarized or excerpted from specific studies, articles or other sources reflect the views of the authors of such studies, articles or other sources that are cited. All other information in this Brochure reflects the views of BC Hydro after reviewing and interpreting the foregoing cited sources and other sources. BC Hydro has not conducted any of its own research or other activities to verify its own views or the views of the authors of any of the cited sources. BC Hydro does not make any representations or warranties of any kind, whether express, implied or statutory, with respect to any of the information contained in this Brochure and any user of this Brochure is advised to use the information contained herein at their own risk. BC Hydro also does not accept any liability (including, without limitation, liability for any direct, indirect, consequential or any other type of damages) arising from or relating to any use of, or reliance upon, this Brochure for any purpose. If any information relating to a particular product or manufacturer is contained in this Brochure, BC Hydro will not be deemed to have endorsed or promoted...
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...production process, with each step demanding very specific lighting conditions. production basics There are six main phases in the production of a vehicle: stamping, body-in-white (B I W ) assembly, paintwork, engine assembly, final assembly and car testing and delivery. Stamping This is the process by which parts (bodies, doors, bonnets, floor pans) are cut out of sheet metal. Completely automated-machines known as transfer presses perform all the work of cutting and shaping the metal. Body-in-white assembly This is the assembly-line operation during which all the various parts are put together and then welded to make the “shell” either by semi- or fullyautomated machinery. Paintwork Here too, the lines are automated to reduce waste and pollution. The body shell is cleaned, dipped in Final assembly During final assembly, all the remaining parts of the car are put together: seats, wheels, engine, dashboard and so on. Parts are delivered directly to the assembly lines by other production sites (or power train plants) and by suppliers on a just-in-time basis. Car testing and delivery At this stage, final exterior and interior inspection are performed, cars are fully tested and repairs are made as necessary. Engine, axle and transmission assembly When all components are completed, the engine, axles and...
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...Albert Camus THE STRANGER THE Stranger By ALBERT CAMUS Translated from the French by Stuart Gilbert VINTAGE BOOKS A Division of Random House NEW YORK 1 Albert Camus THE STRANGER VINTAGE BOOKS are published by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. and Random House, Inc. Copyright 1942 by Librairie Gallimard as L’ÉTRANGER Copyright 1946 by ALFRED A. KNOPF, INC. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review to be printed in a magazine or newspaper. Manufactured in the United States of America. Distributed in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. 2 Albert Camus THE STRANGER Contents Contents ........................................................................................................................ 3 Part One ........................................................................................................................ 4 I.................................................................................................................................. 4 II .............................................................................................................................. 14 III ............................................................................................................................. 18 IV.............................................................
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...“Star Light, Star Bright, Where are you now?” As I was reading the article, I was surprised to know that there was such thing as “light pollution”. It was rare for me to hear this kind of pollution. The cause of this kind of pollution is too much light directed toward the sky. I even wonder at times when I look up unto the skies and see no stars at all. I didn’t realize that this was because of light pollution. It was because of this article that I’ve learned a lot about light pollution. The presence of light pollution makes it impossible for us to see the stars, because there are way too many artificial lights that brighten up the night. Few of the causes of light pollution are: bright lights from homes and buildings, light from vehicles, street light that have a shape of a cylinder, and billboards lit form the bottom. Starless nights may not be a big problem for us, ordinary people, but for astronomers who study the heavenly bodies, this is already a huge problem. Even with the use of telescopes, the glare of the light may still affect their observations which results into inaccurate results. Astronomers are not the only ones affected by this pollution. Even the nocturnal animals are affected too. Light pollution could ruin their natural habitat and overall behavior. There are ways to reduce the effect of light pollution, and this is through the use of: Light with timers, Motion-sensor lighting, and Full...
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...and while our lives have gotten easier, we have diminished aspects of the natural world. We live in a time where we don’t understand or contemplate the consequences of what we perceive to be an uninfluential life. While Indiana may not be home to the most terrible of light pollution, it is slowly being affected more and more, due to our necessity for artificial light. There are two main purposes of this paper. One is to inform my audience about the causes, effects, and precautions surrounding the topic of light pollution. The other is to argue for the further research and education on the issue, and to drive people to become involved in the topic. I think anyone can benefit from what I have written here, and if they choose to go forth and use the knowledge provided, then they can help the world benefit from their actions. Gavin Mauk Professor Linda Williams English 111 08D 22 November 2015 Get Brighter by Dimming the Lights It is nighttime. You look out your window to see a familiar sky. The orange blanket is still there, covering any chance of you viewing the cosmos beyond our atmosphere. Didn’t there used to be stars in the sky? The reason you can’t see stars is light pollution. It is a form of pollution typically overlooked do to the simple fact that we need to see in order to operate to our full potential....
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...white beacon, the observatory drew us closer as we kept a steady pace windy up one valley and down another, moving along the hillside. After a one hour drive, up and windy and awfully narrow road my girlfriend and I arrived at Lick Observatory. Far away from the relatively bright lights of San Jose, nestled atop a calm and peaceful mountain top, the observatory can be seen by nearly the entire valley, just as James lick intended. Although most of San Jose citizens pay no attention to the observatory, it has quietly be operating for over a 120 years. Originally the observatory was built to house The Great Lick 36-inch refracting telescope but has since added 6 modern reflecting telescopes. Theses modern telescopes and technological advancements have change astronomy and Lick Observatory has adapted. Most observatories are located away from large cities and on top of tall mountains and Lick observatory is no different. James lick originally wanted to build the telescope in downtown San Francisco because he wanted to the worlds largest telescope to be in a place where everyone could see it. Due to the obvious effects of light pollution he was persuaded to build in another location. Light pollution is the “brightening of the night sky by lighting scattered from artificial outdoor lighting” (Backman-Seeds 62). Mt. Hamilton was a perfect compromise for the location for several reasons. Astronomers prefer to place telescopes at higher elevations because the air is thinner and...
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...Asbestos and Asbestos Health Effects What is asbestos? Asbestos is the name given to a number of naturally occurring fibrous minerals with high tensile strength, the ability to be woven, and resistance to heat and most chemicals. Because of these properties, asbestos fibers have been used in a wide range of manufactured goods, including roofing shingles, ceiling and floor tiles, paper and cement products, textiles, coatings, and friction products such as automobile clutch, brake and transmission parts. The current federal definition of asbestos is the asbestiform varieties of: chrysotile (serpentine); crocidolite (riebeckite); amosite (cummingtonite/grunerite); anthophyllite; tremolite; and actinolite. What are the health effects of asbestos exposure? Exposure to airborne friable asbestos may result in a potential health risk because persons breathing the air may breathe in asbestos fibers. Continued exposure can increase the amount of fibers that remain in the lung. Fibers embedded in lung tissue over time may cause serious lung diseases including: asbestosis, lung cancer, or mesothelioma. Smoking increases the risk of developing illness from asbestos exposure. Three of the major health effects associated with asbestos exposure include: • Asbestosis – Asbestosis is a serious, progressive, long-term non-cancer disease of the lungs. It is caused by inhaling asbestos fibers that irritate lung tissues and cause the tissues to scar. The scarring makes it hard for oxygen...
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...Chapter 1 Planning Facilities Facility components * seating/space * handicap accessibilities/ADA/Universal Design * playing surface/performance * restrooms * lockers/auxiliary team facility * parking/access/public transportation * concessions * scoreboards/jumbotrons * security/medical/crowd control * ticketing box office/turnstiles * merchandise * lighting * janitorial space * general storage space/loading dock * office space/meeting space * power Master planning * process structured to promote cost-effective development decisions * best serve the organizations goals and objectives * makes facility development more organized, less haphazard * master plans often look ahead 10, 15 or even 30 years out * program specialists * financial consultants * maintenance personnel * community representatives * management representatives * facility consultants * end users Steps of master planning * identification and confirmation of the organizations plan goals and objectives * synthesis and evaluation of findings * government functions Site selection * access to site * traffic circulation * parking * water supply * sewage disposal * electrical service * telephone service * gas transmission lines * cable tv * environmental concerns * easements and other legal issues * zoning requirements * historical...
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...causes of light pollution is Any external light source that permits light to go upwards or where it is not needed: * Unnecessary lighting - Lights that have no useful purpose or are lit when not needed. Some lighting isn't even necessary! The next time you turn on the light at night, ask yourself, "Is this light really doing anything constructive? Is this light really worth the extra money in electricity I am paying? Do I really need these lights to be on all night. * Excessive - Lights that are too numerous or simply too bright. Some lighting is just too excessive. When you pass by a bright streetlight or security light do you say, "Is this high brightness really necessary?" * Badly designed - Lights that are not properly shielded or have no shielding at all.( light is going everywhere which cost even more). Streetlights and security lights are often the main problem. Although these lights do light up their intended targets, they also spill out, up, down and around them too! Light pollution in this case is caused by the light being directed above and beyond the target and up into the night sky. Body 2 The effect of light pollution. It is an unfortunate fact of today's life that most people are growing up unable to see the stars that our grandparents knew so well. The prime night sky exists only in pictures or at a planetarium. This is true not only in cities but also in suburbs and in rural areas where street lamps and other sources of "light pollution" Heath...
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...order to successfully persuade the audience that natural darkness should be preserved. Bogard begins with an anecdote, by telling a story from his childhood. He then provides evidence that darkness is beneficial to our health, and conversely, artificial light isn't. He then addresses the problem, which is that due to pollution and other artificial light sources, our nights are getting brighter. In the final paragraph, Bogard states that we need to do something about this, and provides suggestions on how to keep the nights dark. In this first paragraph, Bogard begins by recounting a personal experience -- a memory of staying in a cabin by a lake in Minnesota....
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...Paul Bogard in the article “Let There be Dark” argument that natural darkness should be preserved to the greater irreplaceable values of the darkness and beauty that we are losing,So that people can argue which right from wrong. The Author writes in a formal tone for the readers.that the author bogard has a good point that natural darkness should be preserved.For Example,”In today’s crowded,louder move fast-paced world,night’s darkness can provide solitude quiet and stillness,qualities increasingly in supply.”(Bogard) That these problems that have traditions has considered darkness in express for a soulful life the amount of light pollution.and that natural darkness is calm and quiet not louder or not a lot brightness. The author Bogard...
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...spectacular. * How Telescopes Changed Our Lives * Telescopes have been an instrumental tool for how astronomers view the stars, ever since Galileo used his in 1609 to look towards the sky and study the moon and the Milky Way galaxy as whole, the world was forever changed. It was with these devices that we learned that the earth is not the center of the solar system or the universe. With telescopes we learned that the moon has craters and mountains, and that Jupiter has storms and that other planets also have their own distinct weather patterns. With newer and more powerful telescopes we learned that there are other galaxy’s, planets and objects roaming the universe, humans were even able to finally understand what the speed of light really comes down to as a value and unit. We have learned so much about the universe through these devices, we know no there are billions of stars and planets and billions of galaxies in the universe. Our understanding of the Sun and our own solar system has grown...
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...Paul Bogard’s “Let There Be Light” he gives many ways how to preserve natural darkness. He gives examples on how artificial light hurt humans, wildlife, and our ecosystem. “Little darkness meaning too much artificial light at night spells trouble for all.” Bogard successfully proves his argument by the use of data, figurative language, and solution. By the use of data in his article he got to prove his point of how light affects humans. Paul Bogard states “Our bodies need darkness to produce the hormone melatonin, which keeps certain cancers from developing, and our bodies need darkness for sleep.” This proves that with having harmful light no one can get enough sleep. Also the hormone melatonin prevents certain cancers which could save...
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...Introduction Environmental pollution is a multi-disciplinary science involving chemistry, physics, life science, agriculture, medical science, public health, sanitary engineering etc. In broader sense, it is the study of the sources, reactions, transport, effect and fate of chemical species in the air, water and soil and the effect of human activity upon these. Pollutant: A substance present in nature, in greater than natural abundance due to human activity, which ultimately has a detrimental effect on the environment and therefrom on living organisms and mankind. Examples are- lead, mercury, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, etc. Contaminant: A material which does not occur in nature, but is introduced by human activity into the environment, affecting its composition. A contaminant is classified as a pollutant when it exerts a detrimental effect. Example- chlorine gas Types of Pollution Air Causes of air pollution: * motor vehicle exhaust * power stations * car manufacturing * fertilizer factories * demolishing buildings * solvent evaporation * volcanic eruption * building roads * forest fires Effect of air pollution: Global warming, acid rain, smog, ozone depletion are some effects of air pollution Water Causes of water pollution: * man-made chemicals used in farming * heavy metals * waste from factories * sediment from the river bed * air pollution * thermal (heat) pollution * soil pollution from rubbish dumps ...
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