...rather, they formed a union of sovereign states. Since 1993, when the Treaty of Maastricht (also known as the Treaty of the European Union (EU)) came into effect, the question over how far the EU will integrate remains. This paper will evaluate the EU integration process in the postMaastricht era with a focus on the failure to pass a constitution in 2005 even though ideas contained in the draft constitution were accepted four years later in the Treaty of Lisbon. It will be argued that the EU members have chosen to curtail supranational organization in favor of protecting state sovereignty. Moving together: the Maastricht Treaty, 1993 The formation of the European Coal and Steel Committee in 1951 preserved each of the six-member state’s ability to have control over its laws and people, or sovereignty. Integrationists, politicians who wanted a federal form of government lost out to nationalists, those who wanted to protect their own states from a federal union. Thus, integration was limited to economic issues for which the states could “achieve limited and specific results” (George, Frantz, and Birmele1997, 116). According to Boyka Stefanova (2005) the concept of integration contains a key contradiction – the end result of integration is a supranational organization, yet the 2 process of...
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...text were add in the existing treaties as amendments. Inicial steps: The new debates on the future of Europe bagan at the Laeken European Council 2001, when former French President proposed to draft a Constitution. A European Convention was founded, chaired by the same former French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and composed of two Members of Parliament (generally one from the governing majority and one from the opposition) of each Member State, 16 MEPs, 2 members of the European Commission and a representative from each government. Then, the President of the European Commission backed a draft text which contained a deeper integration of the countries and a more clear institutional model. The final text was settled in June 2004 under the Irish presidency and the treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was signed in Rome on 29 October 2004. On January 2005, the European Parliament voted a legally resolution supporting the Constitution by 500 votes in favour to 137...
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...------------------------------------------------- LABOUR LAW 1. Concepts * UK, France * Art. 1 * Rome Treaty: Jean monnet ‘the united states of E’ 2. Institutions - european council -council of EU - commission - parliament -ECJ 3. Labour law and social policy - thinner - social policy - 3 theories: neo-liberal, social democratic, Marxism - paradoxen 4. Historical development a) market rights as motivators of social rights ‘spill over’ - 60’s (neo liberal period) -70’s (crisis, Paris, social action, golden period of harm.) b) socially acceptable economic integration -80’s (clash, deregulation, delors, GR/SP/PO) -90’s( Maastricht, UK, AU/FI/SW, 1997 UK, employment title) c) economically acceptable social integration -green paper on social policy (Flynn) -white paper 1994 -white paper Delors -green paper 2006 interactions between union and member states *Regulation *De-regulation(beer Shirac) *Coordination *Financial support *Harmonisation(?) *Eu Social Law (TFE, TEU, Charter fund rights) *directives *Soft law Title X Social policy TFEU -art. 151/152 -art. 153(working, social security and protections, repres and col defense) qualified majority voting/ unanimity -excluded *Collective labour law vs individual labour law(s anc cb: collective) -social dialogue -collective bargaining -Jacques Delors – Val Duchesse process - European trade union confederation - Maastricht Treaty (2 art. Annex) -Business Europe/ CEEP...
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...CENTRE FOR EUROPEAN POLICY STUDIES REGULATING E-COMMERCE IN FINANCIAL SERVICES REPORT OF A JOINT CEPS/ECRI WORKING PARTY C H A I R M A N: TI M J O N E S C H I E F E X E C U T I V E, P U R S E U S R A P P O R T E U R: NURIA DI E Z GU A R D I A FORMER R ESEARCH FE L L O W , CEPS OCTOBER 2001 This report contains the conclusions and policy recommendations that follow from the discussion and analytical presentations that took place at the meetings of the joint CEPS/ECRI Working Party. The members of the Working Party participated in extensive debate and submitted comments on earlier drafts of the report. Its contents contain the general tone and direction of the discussion, but its recommendations do not necessarily reflect a full common position reached among all members of the Working Party, nor do they necessarily represent the views of the institutions to which the members belong. A list of participants and invited guests and speakers appears at the end of the report. This Working Party was chaired by Tim Jones, Chief Executive at Purseus and former Chief Executive of Retail Banking at NatWest, London. Nuria Diez Guardia served as Rapporteur for the Working Party while a Research Fellow at CEPS. Amparo San José and Alfredo Sousa greatly contributed to the drafting of Parts I and II of the final report, respectively. ISBN 92-9079-349-X © Copyright 2001, Centre for European Policy Studies. All rights reserved. No part of this publication...
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...%,%/,2*5$3+< Abila, R. O., and E. G. Jansen. 1997. From local to global markets: The fish exporting and fishmeal industries of Lake Victoria: Structure, strategies and socioeconomic impacts in Kenya. Socioeconomics of the Lake Victoria Fisheries No. 2. Nairobi: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Eastern Africa Programme. Aerni, P. 2001. Aquatic resources and technology: Evolutionary, environmental, legal, and developmental aspects. Science, Technology and Innovation Discussion Paper No. 13. Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.: Center for International Development. Ahmed, M. 1997. Fish for the poor under a rising global demand and changing fishery regime. Naga—The ICLARM Quarterly (supplement). July–December: 4–7. Ahmed, M., and M. H. Lorica. 2002. Improving developing country food security through aquaculture development—lessons from Asia. Food Policy 27: 125–141. Ahmed, M., C. L. Delgado, S. Sverdrup-Jensen, and R. A. V. Santos, ed. 1999. Fisheries policy research in developing countries: Issues, priorities and needs. Manila: International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management and International Food Policy Research Institute. Allan, G. 1998. Potential for pulses. International Aquafeeds 2: 17–20. Alston, J. M., G. W. Norton, and P. G. Pardey. 1995. Science Under Scarcity: Principles and practice for agricultural research evaluation and priority setting. Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.: Cornell University Press. Anderson, J. L. 1985. Private aquaculture...
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...History and Development of Political and Legal Institutions of European Union Introduction The European Union is a unique economic and political partnership between 28 European countries that together cover much of the continent, created in the aftermath of the Second World War. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), formed by the inner six countries in 1951 and 1958, respectively. Through successive enlargements, the Union has grown from the six founding states—Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands—to the current 28. It took around 60 years from the Treaty of Brussels, 1948, to the Treaty of Lisbon, 2009, to get its final form. In 1993, under Maastricht Treaty the name European Economic Community was changed to European Union, which reflects the evolution of an economic union to an organization standardizing system of law to maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries and regional development. Human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights: these are the core values of the EU. During the formation and development of European Union the number, structure, cross-link and interdependency of institutions and other bodies increased (Figure 1). In our work we will explain the history and development of political and legal institutions of European Union. Figure 1, Power structure of main political and legal...
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...Name: Santos, Cezar John S. Yr/Course: BSED – MAPE – 3 History of Special Education: Although there are isolated examples of caring for and treating disabled individuals in ancient Greece and Rome, early societies typically shunned people who differed from the norm. During the middle Ages the church became the first institution to provide care for physically or mentally impaired people, but the development of techniques associated with special education did not emerge until the Renaissance, with its emphasis on human dignity. In the mid-1500s Pedro Ponce de León succeeded in teaching deaf pupils in Spain to speak, read, and write; it is assumed that his methods were followed by Juan Pablo Bonet, who in 1620 published the first book on the subject. This gave rise to a wider European interest in the education of deaf individuals. In 17th-century England John Bulwer published an account of his experiences teaching deaf persons to speak and lip-read, and in France similar work was carried on by Charles-Michel, abbé de l’Epée (1712–89), who changed the nature of communication for deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals by developing the natural sign language they used into a systematic and conventional language for more universal use. His work was developed by Roch-Ambroise Cucurron, Abbé Sicard, and gave rise to the manual system, or silent method, of teaching people with hearing impairments. In Germany Samuel Heinicke experimented with training deaf children to speak, and in...
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...exemplified by The European Union (EU), regional economic integration is replete with political, economic, and cultural danger. Discuss through the use of valid, real-life examples A regional economic integration, is when a certain number of nations, agree to reduce or eliminate economic barriers (and in certain levels of integration non-economic barriers as well), in order to create an adequate atmosphere between them for the flow of goods, services and factors of production. There are 5 levels of economic integration and the bigger the level is, the bigger the danger is. The EU is the biggest economic integration in the world because they have created an economic and monetary Union. After World War II, Europe was devastated in economic, political, moral and cultural terms. That’s why a certain number of countries decided to sign an agreement of “non-war” between them. Further on, the European Economic Community was created and more countries were joining it. This was the beginning of the biggest political and economic integration in the world, signed in 1957 (known as treaty of Rome). Then border barriers were removed and in 1993, the European Union was formally established. The objective of the European Union is to create an economic and political union between the members, to create a single market with common policies and a common government, which lead them to a regional economic integration. This integration has shown some profits and some dangers too. We’re going to...
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...The basic differences in principles between US and EU in competition policy For the topic of my essay I have chosen the differences between the US and the EU in the competition policy. First of all I would like to start my paper with the explanation of competition policy: what is it about, why is it necessary, why is it good for us. So what is competition policy? It should guarantee an equal competition between the companies on the market, based on their products and prices and none of them should have any unfair advantage as against the others. Under competition businesses have to offer the best quality products and at the best possible price to gain profit otherwise consumers can and will choose another company. There is a big pressure on the businesses and they often try to make their position safer with the bypassing of rules. With competition policy they try to avoid this anti-competitive behavior and to ensure perfect competition. The instruments which are used to avoid competition: -agreements between companies that restrict competition (for example cartels) -misuse of a dominant position (squeezing competitors out of market) -mergers -liberalisation of state-run monopolies -financial support for companies. These are the most important ones that the authority has to pay attention to. Why is it necessary and good? From the business side it is positive because they are motivated to be more efficient and more enterprising. From a consumer point of view we...
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...million citizens) is again united and in peace. For the first time (at least since the last century) a set of countries have autonomously decided to relinquish to a supranational authority the control of one of the key symbols of a nation, its currency, without renouncing their identity or independence (along with numerous innovations). All this in less than 60 years. Historically, a period of war in Europe has ended with one or more treaty (e.g. 30 years war → Westfalia, Napoleonic war → Vienna Congress, WW1 → Versailles) The end of WW2 produced a series of treaties which, among other things (UN), laid down the founding pillars of the modern European Union The First 40 years (1950 – 89) Its acknowledged that the start of the European integration can be identified in the “Schuman declaration” a speech by French foreign minister in 1950. He proposed that France and Germany and other nations wishing to join, pool their coal and steel resources. It was an opening of credit to Germany (only 5 years after the first tank left Paris) and it implicitly recognized the new world order with france and germany allied with the US. It was also a security measure for France with respect to Germany (the historical enemy) as coal and steel are the vital war resources and now were under independent common control. The opening of the programme to other European states was perfectly consistent with the evolution of European relations with respect to the US under the NATO treaty. France, Germany, Italy...
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...H M company needs about two months to do the same job. It is this difference which makes Zara unique from others. Zara has teams in the international arena, who observe the latest fashion trends and report leads to head office. The mangers are also involved in tracking customer demands through sales analysis; this process enables Zara to meet customer's needs and be ahead of its rivals. Its research style is not traditional, but it includes consistent emails and phone calls from various stores to head office and responding to it instantly. H&M offers online shopping to customers in eight of its 48 markets around the world: Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK. What's more, Inditex's vertical integration lets it respond to fashion trends much faster than H&M. For Hennes & Mauritz, better known as H&M, expansion can't come quickly enough. The Swedish giant already has about 2,800 stores, but many of them cater to the shaken shoppers of Western Europe. With four out of five revenue dollars coming from its home continent, the world's No. 2 apparel company continues to fall behind Inditex, owner of Zara stores. Normally any proposed item in H M is made in bulk, while Zara produce in lesser quantity. This gives Zara's double benefit, such as lesser risk and...
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...to gain more respect, it had in fact done the opposite; hence the impact of World War I was limited on advancing Civil Rights. World War II was also largely seen as an opportunity to fight segregation which continued to plague American life, therefore insinuating World War I had little impact on racial relations and the military where they were seen as equal on the front line, yet all other features of military life reinforced segregation: military parades, church services, canteens and whilst transported, the races remained separated. However, the opportunity for desegregation did begin to occur. In the Navy, although initially only given the dirtiest jobs, the increasing demand for sailors allowed black people to gain promotions, meaning segregation became increasingly difficult to maintain, ultimately leading to its desegregation in 1946 . This was of great significance; desegregation in one aspect of life meant it was harder to justify segregation elsewhere, thus providing African-American’s with hope that change could be achieved. Additionally, the war highlighted the severity of racial intolerance in America, as black soldiers realised “Jim Crow was not inevitable and the South didn’t have to be that way” after witnessing the drastic difference in European race relations in contrast to Americas, and so black people who had returned home from the war looked for similar integration there. This led to an increasing black consciousness; NAACP membership increased from 50,000...
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...tAccess to History Online Edexcel Unit 1 – E3/F3 The Collapse of the Liberal State and the Triumph of Fascism in Italy, 1896–1943 Edexcel – AS GCE Unit 1: Historical Themes in Breadth Option E and F E3/F3 The Collapse of the Liberal State and the Triumph of Fascism in Italy, 1896–1943 General Advice for Unit 1 General Advice for Unit 1 Approaching Unit 1 Unit 1 answers require you to produce a reasoned, analytical essay that comes to a judgement as to extent, significance, importance etc. To reach a Level 5 answer of 25–30 marks you need to write an evaluative or integrated essay that answers the essay question set, showing direct understanding and backed up by detailed, accurate supporting evidence spread across the time period specified. You will almost certainly need to achieve at least one High Level 4 and a Level 5 answer to gain an A grade. Most candidates produce an essay which provides some of the above qualities but not all, achieving at least Level 3 (starting at 13 marks). You will almost certainly need to produce two Level 3 answers to gain an E grade. The key to gaining a good grade is to try to produce an essay with all the required qualities. However, before you can write your essay it is essential that you know your topic. In the specification (exam guidelines) each topic is divided into four bullet points across a specified period of time. You need to revise all the information for your topic because the questions asked can be about the whole topic...
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...2.2 The TMA Part I of TMA 01 is based on the following case study. Original Travel Original Travel is all about travel ideas – and as you can guess from its name, the company likes to create inspiring, hand-crafted trips for discerning clients. A young and energetic company, Original Travel was created in 2003 in response to changing expectations in travel early in the millennium. Its founders - Alastair Poulain, Nick Newbury and Tom Barber, all of whom are still with Original Travel - wanted to help adventurous travellers to find new travel experiences with greater levels of service and cooler places to stay. Their starting point was the ‘Big Short Break’ – interesting places to visit and interesting things to do within five hours of London. The growth of the company since then suggests they succeeded. According to the latest Pricewaterhouse-Coopers review of discretionary spending, holidays have been knocked off their traditional perch at the top, being relegated to number two on the list of must-buys. Top spot in these testing times goes to paying off credits card bills and bank overdrafts. Also, the last decade has seen further adoption of ebusiness platforms. This has made the general holiday market far more competitive over pricing. But it's only a minor setback for Original Travel, a firm that specialises in holidays that offer a little more than simply sun, sand and sangria. The London-based niche tour operator may have seen enquiries drop and may be left looking at...
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...History, as we currently "know" it, is a revised edition, revisionist reconfiguring of linear events to a pre-determined destination and thus is a pre-determined mind set for the largely unthinking mass consciousness as we observe it today. Upon closer scrutiny, when real thinking and inquiry is applied to this revisionist text, we must first discard all the usual signposts that we have been "taught" to view history through and within. One of these signposts that we take as "normal," but is really just another revisionist trick of the magicians and spin-doctors, is the linear nature of history and of time itself. Time is not linear, it is spherical and holographic. History, therefore, is not linear, and the revised editions are not only written forward towards a pre-determined destination, it is also written backwards, revised from the back end, starting from the pre-determined conclusion and being filled in accordingly all the way to the beginning. The real question we must then ask is why and how did the spin-doctors know the destination in the first place from which to spin their tale both forwards and backwards? The answer is quite simple, and when considered objectively and without the mind-set of the spin, is painfully obvious. The answer is simply that the destination was inherent in the inception. There was a known and specified constant that guided the so-called "great work of the ages" towards its goal from the beginning. The question then to be asked is what...
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