...of Technology (MIT), the field of Information Technology would have never seen the development of UNIX, the GNU Operating System, or the Linux Kernel. The Development of UNIX The late 1950’s saw the rapid improvement of electronics. With this, it became apparent that computers would soon be able to time-share by switching back and forth between multiple users quickly. Fernando Corbato at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Computation Center led a team that created one of the first multi-user operating systems called the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) which was highly influential to the development of UNIX. (Diaz, Christopher, © 2007 ) In the 1960’s, AT&T Bell Labs, General Electric, and MIT conducted a joint research effort to build a next generation multi-user operating system called the Multiplexed Information and Computing System (MULTICS). The Bell Labs staff involved with MULTICS, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Joe Ossanna, and M. D. McIlroy, saw great potential in a communal environment enabled by a multi-user computer system, and they started looking for a way to preserve capability. In 1969, Thompson wrote a game on MULTICS called Space Travel that allowed users to pilot a spaceship around a simulation of the solar system and land on the planets and moons. Later that year, when it became too expensive to maintain the GE-645 computer that they were using, Bell Labs pulled out of the project. Since Bell Labs pulled out, the access to...
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...Understanding Open Source Software Development Process Abstract: As the assignment requirement, we selected eclipse, Linux kernel and commercial software from the corporation of one member. It is the regret that we had not enough time to collect all statistics by ourselves, and instead of that, papers and blogs are the main resources for open source part in this document. The open source software is introduced before the commercial one. Keywords: development process, code ownership, defect density, bug lifetime Background: Linux Kernel In April 1991, Linus Torvalds, a 21-year-old student at the University of Helsinki, Finland started working on some simple ideas for an operating system. He started with a task switcher in Intel 80386 assembly language and a terminal driver. On 26 August 1991, Torvalds posted the following to comp.os.minix, a newsgroup on Usenet: I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since April, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things). After that, many people contributed code to the project. Early on, the MINIX community contributed code and ideas to the Linux kernel. At the time, the GNU Project had created many of the components required for a free operating system, but its own kernel...
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...Research Paper: Free and Open-Source Software NT1430 – Linux Networking Research Paper: Free and Open-Source Software As the name so aptly implies FOSS is software that is both free and open source. It is liberally licensed to grant users the right to use, copy, study, change, and improve its design through the availability of its source code. This practice is becoming increasingly widespread and gaining acceptance because of the potential benefits that could arise from its use. The “free” part of the title refers not to price, but more so to the idea of freedom for the user. The user of this type of software has the ability to copy and to reuse the software which usually is not the case. The open source part of the acronym refers to the use of the peer to peer model of development. In the 1950’s to 1970’s, advanced user privelages in reference to software were the norm. Most software allowed the user to share and copy at this time, since most of the companies who dealt in the field were more focused on marketing the hardware the software was almost always complimentary. This however, began to change when software development costs began to escalate and companies began competing for the software market. Linus Torvalds, the creator of the Linux kernel began to shift things back in 1991. His software was a freely modifiable source code. Over the years the idea gathered much more momentum. It has burgheoned so that now major IT companies are now developing projects...
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...The Cathedral and the Bazaar Eric Steven Raymond cf text and copyright at: www.tuxedo.org/~esr/writings Abstract I anatomize a successful open-source project, fetchmail, that was run as a deliberate test of some surprising theories about so=ware engineering suggested by the history of Linux. I discuss these theories in terms of two fundamentally di:erent development styles, the “cathedral” model of most of the commercial world versus the “bazaar” model of the Linux world. I show that these models derive from opposing assumptions about the nature of the so=ware-debugging task. I then make a sustained argument from the Linux experience for the proposition that “Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow”, suggest productive analogies with other self-correcting systems of selfish agents, and conclude with some exploration of the implications of this insight for the future of so=ware. 1 The Cathedral and the Bazaar Linux is subversive. Who would have thought even five years ago (1991) that a world-class operating system could coalesce as if by magic out of part-time hacking by several thousand developers scattered all over the planet, connected only by the tenuous strands of the Internet? Certainly not I. By the time Linux swam onto my radar screen in early 1993, I had already been involved in Unix and open-source development for ten years. I was one of the first gnu contributors in the mid-1980s. I had released a good deal of open-source so=ware onto the net, developing...
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...debate since the inception of computers. As told by Severance, (2008) LINUX was originally developed at Bell Laboratories as a private research project by a small group of people starting in 1969. Linus Torvalds, who was then a student at the University of Helsinki in Finland, developed Linux in 1991. It was released for free on the Internet and generated the largest software-development phenomena of all time (Linux's History, 2000). Today LINUX owns about 10% of the market share and this has dropped in recent years as both Windows and Linux have increased their share of the available market with Linux currently holding about 20% (Galli, 2007). As noted by Windows History (2006), many long-time PC users trace the Microsoft Windows operating system to the 1990 release of Windows 3.0, the first widely popular version of Windows and the first version of Windows many PC users ever tried. However, Microsoft initially announced the Windows product seven years earlier and released the first version in 1983. In its early offerings, Windows was still based upon the Disk Operating System (DOS), but it brought a much needed Graphical User Interface (GUI) to the mainstream computer market and began and evolution (or revolution) of the computing industry which resulted in Microsoft owning about 70% of the world-wide market share (Galli, 2007). This paper will compare and contrast Ubuntu (Linux) and Windows 7 in the following areas:• History Operating System, Memory Management Strategies...
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...◆ 3D Rendering in the Cloud ˇ c Martin D. Carroll, Ilija Hadzi´ , and William A. Katsak Many modern applications and window systems perform three-dimensional (3D) rendering. For a cloud system to support such applications, that 3D rendering must be performed in the cloud, because the end-user equipment cannot be relied upon to contain the necessary rendering hardware. All systems that perform 3D rendering in the cloud are faced with two fundamental and related problems: 1) How to enable an arbitrary number of users to produce rendered pixel streams, and 2) how to transfer those pixel streams out of the server’s frame buffers and into one or more encoders, for transmission to the user. We have implemented a new form of display virtualization that solves both of these problems in a low-level and transparent manner. Using our display virtualization (which we call the virtual cathode ray tube controller (VCRTC)), the cloud system can support an arbitrary number of pixel streams (bounded only by memory and bandwidth resources), and it can dynamically associate those streams with encoders. VCRTCs are completely transparent to the applications: No application needs to be modified, recompiled, or even relinked to use VCRTCs. Because they are low-level and transparent, VCRTCs are also a general mechanism with utility beyond cloud systems. © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. Introduction Three-dimensional rendering is the process of transforming a model of a three-dimensional (3D) scene...
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...Running head: UNIX vs. MS vs. MAC 1 CIS-155 Final - UNIX vs. MS vs. MAC UNIX vs. MS vs. MAC 2 Abstract This paper will explore the history of UNIX, Microsoft (MS), and Macintosh (MAC) operating systems. Not only will I discuss the history of these systems, but I will also dive into the pros and cons of each. The benefits of each over its rivals will also be discussed. Keywords: open source, UNIX, Windows, UNIX vs. MS vs. MAC 3 The topic of what operating system is best has been a long and heated one. But, in the long run, UNIX will beat its rivals in most categories hands down. As the reader will see throughout this paper, undisputed evidence will be presented that will detail exactly how UNIX based operating systems are superior. Operating systems (OS‘s) are a means for users to communicate with the computer. Each OS provides a set of commands for directing the operation of the computer. Without these operating systems to help as interfaces, each user would have to learn the command syntax, which can be very difficult. These operating systems can be menu-driven, which provides a set of menus and lets users choose desired functions from then, or they can be icon-driven, known as a graphical user interface (GUI). GUIs are very common these days and with them, users can choose an icon, usually with a mouse, to activate...
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...department; software application acquisition is an area that might lead to a big money savings. Even in financially difficulties times, businesses want or need to improve their application environment. Sometimes it might even be necessary to invest in the IT infrastructure for long-term savings, which may result in the company not needing to close their doors. But many business owners or CEO’s will question if open source software is ready for business. This research paper intends to answer this question. The best reason to use open source software in a business environment is cost savings. This gives the business freedom to use software and change the source code in other words, modify how the software application is used, as it is needed. Open source removes the need for dependence on single vendor solutions and it provides very high quality applications and very good support. To understand open source software it is important to know what open source is, and what the meaning of open source software is. This research paper will also show where open source came from; the history of open source software. In the beginning software programmers and hardware manufactures exchanged the source code to give everyone the chance to improve the code and build up on it. In the mid 1980’s Richard Stallman started the Free Software Foundation, an organization that developed the “GNU's Not Unix” (GNU) system, an operation system that is compatible with the UNIX system. At this time...
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...A Critical Review of ‘The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning’ The arrival of strategic planning had attracted general attention because it implanted in managers’ minds a kind of imperative about the process that was rational and future-oriented (Mintzberg et al, 1998). Nevertheless, Whittington (2001:4) observed, “the plan is bound to get forgotten as circumstances change”. The purpose of this essay is to critically review ‘The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning’. Firstly, the position of this article in the wider debate will be given followed by its theoretical underpinnings and its main strengths and weaknesses respectively. A conclusion will be drawn on the article’s contribution to the field of business strategy. The article’s position falls in between Whittington’s classical and processual approaches. On one hand, Mintzberg challenged the traditional classical planning and progressed towards the processual approach through identifying three fundamental fallacies. Firstly, classicalists held conventional wisdom that the world was sufficiently stable that today’s planning could forecast and fit market changes (Whittington, 2001). However, Mintzberg (1994:110) took the fresh view that the prediction of discontinuities was “virtually impossible” through questioning Ansoff’s “extraordinary statement”. Hogarth and Makridakis (1981) strengthened that longterm prediction was notoriously imprecise. If Wilbur Wight had anticipated the prevalence of airplanes nowadays...
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...instead of a keyboard, no problem. Need to run a multi-million dollar company with an extensive database from home? No problem. Interfaces and operating systems and software applications and hardware upgrades and I/O devices provide each and every person on the planet a customized computer experience. We should thank capitalism for many of the technological advances that have come about over the past fifty years. After all, money has a tendency to flow to the products that make our lives the most enjoyable. Three of the most notable advances in computer history are servers (formerly known as mainframes), Microsoft Windows, and the Linux operating system. Each one in its own right could fill volumes. However, the objective of this paper is to simply highlight a few of the most prominent features each of these advances has to offer. We will start with the most notorious MS Windows®. Microsoft has been in the computer industry for many years, and it is one of the most well-known companies worldwide, the majority of the operating systems these days are from Microsoft. Windows 7 was a fast selling operating system, historically sold more than 240 million around the globe. Users could tell very fast that Windows 7 was easy to use, it was indeed Microsoft newest and most powerful operating system, it works with...
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...Compiler construction Computer science Operating systems Programming languages Software engineering Modern concepts Graphical user interface Internet Personal computers Laptops Video games World Wide Web Timeline of computing 2400 BC–1949 1950–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 more timelines ... Category Category v t e Computer operating systems (OSes) provide a set of functions needed and used by most application programs on a computer, and the linkages needed to control and synchronize computer hardware. On the first computers, with no operating system, every program needed the full hardware specification to run correctly and perform standard tasks, and its own drivers for peripheral devices like printers and punched paper card readers. The growing complexity of hardware and application programs eventually made operating systems a necessity. Contents [hide] 1 Background 2 Mainframes 2.1 Systems on IBM hardware 2.2 Other mainframe operating systems 3 Minicomputers and the rise of Unix 4 Microcomputers: 8-bit home computers and game consoles 4.1 Home computers 4.2 Rise of OS in video games and consoles 5 Personal computer era 6 Rise of virtualization 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading Background[edit] Question book-new.svg This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help...
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...International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol:12 No:04 25 Studying Main Differences Between Linux & Windows Operating Systems Lecturer/ Hadeel Tariq Al-Rayes Abstract—Comparisons between the Microsoft Windows and Linux computer operating systems are a long-running discussion topic within the personal computer industry. Throughout the entire period of the Windows 9x systems through the introduction of Windows 7, Windows has retained an extremely large retail sales majority among operating systems for personal desktop use, while Linux has sustained its status as the most prominent Free Software and Open Source operating system. After their initial clash, both operating systems moved beyond the user base of the personal computer market and share a rivalry on a variety of other devices, with offerings for the server and embedded systems markets, and mobile internet access. Linux and Microsoft Windows differ in philosophy, cost, versatility and stability, with each seeking to improve in their perceived weaker areas. Comparisons of the two operating systems tend to reflect their origins, historic user bases and distribution models. Index Term— Kernel, Linux, Operating Systems, Windows II. THE ESSENTIAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LINUX & WINDOWS (BEGINNERS LEVEL) 1- Drives don’t have letters, they have mountpoints The first thing that usually trips up people who come from Windows to Linux is that filesystems aren’t assigned letters the way they...
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...LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Date: November 29, 2012 To, Muhammad Shahedur Rahman Lecturer School of Business Studies, UU Subject: Submission of Term Paper. Dear Sir, We are highly delighted to submit our Term Paper in complete form. This assignment is an integrated part of our BBA (CSE) program. To prepare this report we tried our level best to accumulate relevant information from all authentic sources. It will be highly hearten able if you are kind to receive this Term Paper. For the completion of this report we tried hard & soul to follow the guidelines given by you. We are very much thankful that you have given us the opportunity to prepare this report under your supervision and hope that this report will meet the standards of your verdict. Sincerely yours, (Syed Shohan Shah) On the behalf of the group EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In this modern age computer is a very essential in our everyday life. It helps our every work. Without computer we can not live without a single day. It has many parts like hardware which are touchable and software which are untouchable. Computer users may use a scoring system of evaluation when there are several competing proposals for a hardware or software acquisition. They give each evaluation factor a certain number of maximum possible points. Then they assign each competing proposal points for each factor, depending on how well it meets the specifications of the computer user. Scoring...
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...Kyoto University, 2012 CSEAS Bibliographical Series No. 10 ISBN 978-4-906332-07-6 Published by The Center for Southeast Asian Studies Library Kyoto University 46 Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Copyright © 2012 Pranee Kiriyanant Contents Acknowledgments Abstract Abstract (in Thai language) Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literature Review Open source software Integrated library system History of open source software Origin of open source software Adoption of open source software in libraries Open source software use in Thailand Descriptions of open source software Brief descriptions of integrated library system products Advantages and Disadvantages of open source software Chapter 3 Research method Chapter 4 Results Chapter 5 Conclusion References Appendix Appendix A: Request letter for participation (in Thai language) Appendix B: Request letter for participation (translation copy in English) Appendix C: Survey questionnaire (in Thai language) Appendix D: Survey questionnaire (translation copy in English) Appendix E: Government university libraries participating in survey Appendix F: Private university libraries participating in survey Appendix G: Koha users in Thailand iii iv v 1 5 5 8 9 9 13 14 18 18 25 27 29 39 43 47 48 49 53 58 59 60 List of Tables...
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...Confirming Pages Confirming Pages Hardware and Software Basics B Introduction Managers need to determine what types of hardware and software will satisfy their current and future business needs, the right time to buy the equipment, and how to protect their IT investments. This does not imply that managers need to be experts in all areas of technology; however, building a basic understanding of hardware and software can help them make the right IT investment choices. Information technology (IT) is a field concerned with the use of technology in managing and processing information. Information technology can be an important enabler of business success and innovation. Information technology can be composed of the Internet, a personal computer, a cell phone that can access the Web, a personal digital assistant, or presentation software. All of these technologies help to perform specific information processing tasks. There are two basic categories of information technology: hardware and software. Hardware consists of the physical devices associated with a computer system. Software is the set of instructions that the hardware executes to carry out specific tasks. Software, such as Microsoft Excel, and various hardware devices, such as a keyboard and a monitor, interact to create a spreadsheet or a graph. This appendix covers the basics of computer hardware and software including terminology, characteristics, and the associated managerial responsibilities for building...
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