...Liver: Largest internal organ and gland Gerontologic Consideration of Liver Disease * Increase liver disease rate with age because of liver structure changes with age * Decrease liver volume – Because liver size will change with age * Decrease in hepatobilary function * Decrease drug metabolism: which increases the vulnerability for drug-induced hepatitis and increase risk for drug interactions * Decrease ability to respond to injury Hepatitis Most common cause for liver inflammation is viral infection Acute Infection: * Inflammation causes damage liver cell and may develop into hepatic cell necrosis. * If there are no complications, the liver cells can regenerate and regain its normal appearance and function. Chronic Infection: * Last longer than 6 months * May persist for years * Continuous inflammation and damage done to the liver will slowly develop into liver cirrhosis, then liver failure, and then liver cancer. Clinical Manifestations: Acute Phase: 1-4 Months: Icteric Phase * Jaundice begins * Clay Color stools Convalescence Phase: Post-Icteric phase (healing phase) * Jaundice starts to disappear * Last about 2-4 months. * Major complaint is easy fatigue and malaise. Priority Nursing Diagnosis: * Activity Intolerance r/t decrease physical energy and strength. Recovery Phase: Most patients recover completely Chronic Infection/Condition: * Develops into: Chronic hepatitis, Cirrhosis, Hepatic Failure...
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...Native American Indian ancestry, Mexican ancestry, and Portuguese ancestry. All three families were born and raised in the United States, but their ancestors were from other countries, except the Native American family. Although these families were born and raised in the United States, they still carried on some of the traditions from their ancestors. There are many similarities within the three cultures above. All three cultures are family oriented, family is considered to be very important and family gatherings to celebrate holidays and rituals are huge gatherings that involve all the relatives old and young. It is common for these cultures to have large families; it is not unusual to have more than just the immediate family living in the home. In Mexican, Portuguese, and American Indian households, other family members also live in the same household. All three cultures also have many differences, such as difference in traditional foods, religious practices, and health traditions. It is important to assess these differences and utilize cultural awareness and competency in order to provide quality health care. Therefore, their cultural preferences should be incorporated to protect, maintain, and restore health among their community. There are cultural patterns that are...
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...REVIEW XIAN WEN JIN, MD, PhD Department of General Internal Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic JACQUELYN SLOMKA, PhD, RN Department of Bioethics, The Cleveland Clinic CAROL E. BLIXEN, PhD, RN Department of General Internal Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Cultural and clinical issues in the care of Asian patients s A B S T R AC T Special problems of Asian patients have considerable impact on diagnosis and treatment, and the number of persons of Asian ancestry seen in primary care in the United States is increasing. Knowledge of how to provide optimal care despite language barriers, low socioeconomic status, different health beliefs and practices, and medical issues unique to this heterogeneous group is crucial to competent health care. with Asian patients include language barriers, low socioeconomic status, traditional health beliefs and practices, and epidemiologic issues. This article presents three case studies that illustrate how these problems can affect the health care of Asian patients, and describes ways to deal with them constructively. We also discuss what diseases are more common and what conditions have unique clinical aspects in this population. Asians: The fastest-growing minority Asians and Pacific Islanders are the fastest growing ethnic minorities in the United States, and are predicted to number more than 17 million by 2010.1 This heterogeneous population is from many cultures and speaks many languages—the 1990 US Census identified 25 distinct Asian...
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...College of Nursing End Stage Renal Disease 20 to Diabetic Nephropathy Presented by: Balgos, Rachelle Ann Dayto, April Feranil, Daniel Fulinara, Janice Fuentes, Maila Joy Garrido, John Paolo Mendoza, Kenneth Robert Nazareno, Jhon Ryan Olfindo, Kristine Joy Sombilon, Jorgette Kim *** In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement in NURS 60 for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Nursing TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Demographic Data 4 II. Chief Complaints 4 III. History of Present Illness 4 IV. Past Medical History 5 V. Developmental History 6 VI. Heredo-familial History 15 VII. Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns 16 VIII. Physical Examination 22 IX. Diagnostic Test 43 X. Anatomy and Physiology 75 XI. Pathophysiology 81 XII. Case Management 82 XIII. Nursing Care Plan 107 ABSTRACT “"The divine is not something high above us. It is in heaven, it is in earth, it is inside us..." - Morihei Ueshiba We, group 2 of Level III section 2, have chosen this case to gain more knowledge about the mechanism of End Stage Renal Disease and its process. Our patient C.C is a 51 -year old male who was diagnosed to have diabetes mellitus seventeen years ago and now has End Stage Renal Disease due to Diabetic Nephropathy. His disease leads to fluid accumulation to his lungs and edema on his extremities. Our group chose the case because it is also our...
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...Where There Is No Doctor 2010 Where There Is No Doctor 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Library of Congress has already cataloged the 10-digit ISBN as follows: Werner, David, 1934Where there is no doctor: a village health care handbook / by David Werner; with Carol Thuman and Jane Maxwell-Rev. ed. Includes Index. ISBN 0-942364-15-5 1. Medicine, Popular. 2. Rural health. I. Thuman, Carol, 1959-. II. Maxwell, Jane, 1941-. III Title. [DNLM: 1. Community Health Aides-handbooks. 2. Medicine-popular works. 3. Rural Health-handbooks. WA 39 W492W] RC81.W4813 1992 610-dc20 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress 92-1539 CIP Published by: Hesperian 1919 Addison St., #304 Berkeley, California 94704 • USA hesperian@hesperian.org • www.hesperian.org Copyright © 1977, 1992, 2010 by the Hesperian Foundation First English edition: October 1977 Revised English edition: May 1992 Eleventh printing: July 2010 ISBN: 978-0-942364-15-6 The original English version of this book was produced in 1977 as a revised translation of the Spanish edition, Donde no hay doctor. Hesperian encourages others to copy, reproduce, or adapt to meet local needs, any or all parts of this book, including the illustrations, provided the parts reproduced are distributed free or at cost—not for profit. Any organization or person who wishes to copy, reproduce, or adapt any or all parts of this book for commercial purposes, must first obtain permission to do so from Hesperian. Please contact Hesperian before...
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...When it comes to understanding animals and the diseases they have, contract, and carry there is no limits. From dogs and cats to livestock and exotics it is necessary to learn and understand diseases from metabolic to degenerative or idiopathic, Neoplastic diseases and Toxic poisonings, Congenital and Genetic diseases to Immune related diseases, and Infectious and Contagious diseases to Parasitic Infections. There is a world that one can get lost in when it comes to learning about theses things. Some diseases have been around for years while others are still being studied with new ones occurring today in the modern world. Along with these diseases it is important to study and understand what causes them, what signs to look for, what species to look for them in, how to treat them, and how to prevent them from happening, IF you can even prevent them. Some diseases and conditions have vaccines to help with prevention and some do not, while some diseases are zoonotic meaning that they can be transmitted from animal to human. While there are hundreds upon hundreds of diseases to be looked at, the ten researched below are the ones once prevalent among the veterinary technicians job in the clinic; Hip Dysplasia and Ethylene Glycol poisoning in dogs, Hyperthyroidism and Rabies in cats, Strangles and Equine Recurrent Uveitits in Horses, Cryptosporidium and Fasciola Hepatica in Ruminants and Swine, Idiopathic Epilepsy in Aviaries, and Lymphoma in Ferrets. Hip Dysplasia in dogs is a congenial...
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...Topic: complexities and realities of Global Health Implementing effective global health programs is a difficult task as there are complex issues involved. These issues arise from the distinctive barriers that exist in poor communities as well as from the fundamental complexity of the health care field. Despite efforts made to improve the global health, there are some barriers faced majorly in developing countries which can be grouped into two broad categories: infrastructural barriers and patients behavior. According to Dr. Manchanda’s book titled “the upstream doctors”, effective care for most illness requires understanding the social conditions of one’s patients, and this is true because patients are faced with various limitations that deter them from accessing good medical services. Fear, finance, cultural belief, distance to Health Centre or Hospitals, lack of awareness about treatment availability and benefits, and poor health outcome after treatment, are some of the major contributory factors that deter patients from accessing good medical services, thus, causing a decline in health status globally. Poverty is also a contributory factor especially in developing countries. This can be explained in patient’s inability to purchase drugs or hesitancy to seek proper medical attention due to lack of funds. These barriers can be tackled using the holistic response that includes both social and cultural approach. The means to achieve success is to involve local health care professionals...
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...00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page i NCLEX-PN ® SECOND EDITION Wilda Rinehart Diann Sloan Clara Hurd 00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page ii NCLEX-PN® Exam Cram, Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN-13:978-0-7897-2706-9 ISBN-10: 0-7897-3706-x Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rinehart, Wilda. NCLEX-PN exam cram / Wilda Rinehart, Diann Sloan, Clara Hurd. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-7897-3706-9 (pbk. w/cd) 1. Practical nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 3. National Council Licensure Examination for Practical/Vocational Nurses--Study guides. I. Sloan, Diann. II. Hurd, Clara. III. Title. RT62.R55 2008 610.73'076--dc22 2008000133 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: February 2008 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately...
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...Bad Bug Book Handbook of Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Introduction Food safety is a complex issue that has an impact on all segments of society, from the general public to government, industry, and academia. The second edition of the Bad Bug Book, published by the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, provides current information about the major known agents that cause foodborne illness. The information provided in this handbook is abbreviated and general in nature, and is intended for practical use. It is not intended to be a comprehensive scientific or clinical reference. Under the laws administered by FDA, a food is adulterated if it contains (1) a poisonous or otherwise harmful substance that is not an inherent natural constituent of the food itself, in an amount that poses a reasonable possibility of injury to health, or (2) a substance that is an inherent natural constituent of the food itself; is not the result of environmental, agricultural, industrial, or other contamination; and is present in an amount that ordinarily renders the food injurious to health. The first includes, for example, a toxin produced by a fungus that has contaminated a food, or a pathogenic bacterium or virus, if the amount present in the food may be injurious to health. An example of the second...
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...Preface A well-developed knowledge of clinical microbiology is critical for the practicing physician in any medical field. Bacteria, viruses, and protozoans have no respect for the distinction between ophthalmology, pediatrics, trauma surgery, or geriatric medicine. As a physician you will be faced daily with the concepts of microbial disease and antimicrobial therapy. Microbiology is one of the few courses where much of the "minutia" is regularly used by the practicing physician. This book attempts to facilitate the learning of microbiology by presenting the information in a clear and entertaining manner brimming with memory aids. Our approach has been to: 4) Create a conceptual, organized approach to the organisms studied so the student relies less on memory and more on logical pathophysiology. The text has been updated to include current information on rapidly developing topics, such as HIV and AIDS (vaccine efforts and all the new anti-HIV medications), Ebola virus, Hantavirus, E. coli outbreaks, Mad Cow Disease, and brand-new antimicrobial antibiotics. The mnemonics and cartoons in this book do not intend disrespect for any particular patient population or racial or ethnic group but are solely presented as memory devices to assist in the learning of a complex and important medical subject. We welcome suggestions for future editions. 1) Write in a conversational style for rapid assimilation. 2) Include numerous figures serving as "visual memory tools" and summary charts...
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...AS Economics Answers 4 Government intervention in markets 1 Remedies for market failure Activity 1, page 163 a It has declined. The state now owns less of the country’s housing stock. b That the state thinks there is less market failure in the housing market now than in 1979. use. Figure 1 shows that drivers do not initially pay for the negative externalities (external costs) they generate. A tax equivalent to the marginal external cost would push price up to PX. Road use would be reduced from Q to QX, the socially optimum level. In practice, it is difficult to estimate external costs. d Congestion and other negative externalities caused by car use will increase. Road use by cars is likely to continue to increase in the absence of government action because: the price of road use does not reflect its true costs; road use is income inelastic – as incomes rise, people use their cars more and more families have cars; increasing economic activity and geographical mobility mean there are likely to be more cars on the road. Activity 2, page 163 a The action suggests that pre-2003 car use was above the socially optimum level. This is because the Mayor’s action was designed to reduce car use. b Two other policies which could be used are to increase the cost of parking and to increase cycle and bus lanes in central London. Figure 1 MSB MSC MPC costs/benefits Activity 3, page 164 a The government does not provide IVF treatment in every region because of lack of resources. b NHS...
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...AS Economics Answers 4 Government intervention in markets 1 Remedies for market failure Activity 1, page 163 a It has declined. The state now owns less of the country’s housing stock. b That the state thinks there is less market failure in the housing market now than in 1979. use. Figure 1 shows that drivers do not initially pay for the negative externalities (external costs) they generate. A tax equivalent to the marginal external cost would push price up to PX. Road use would be reduced from Q to QX, the socially optimum level. In practice, it is difficult to estimate external costs. d Congestion and other negative externalities caused by car use will increase. Road use by cars is likely to continue to increase in the absence of government action because: the price of road use does not reflect its true costs; road use is income inelastic – as incomes rise, people use their cars more and more families have cars; increasing economic activity and geographical mobility mean there are likely to be more cars on the road. Activity 2, page 163 a The action suggests that pre-2003 car use was above the socially optimum level. This is because the Mayor’s action was designed to reduce car use. b Two other policies which could be used are to increase the cost of parking and to increase cycle and bus lanes in central London. Figure 1 MSB MSC MPC costs/benefits Activity 3, page 164 a The government does not provide IVF treatment in every region because of lack of resources. b NHS IVF treatment...
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...NCSBN ON-LINE REVIEW 1.A client has been hospitalized after an automobile accident. A full leg cast was applied in the emergency room. reason for the nurse to elevate the casted leg is to A) Promote the client's comfort B) Reduce the drying time C) Decrease irritation to the skin D) Improve venous return The most important D: Improve venous return. Elevating the leg both improves venous return and reduces swelling. Client comfort will be improved as well. 2. The nurse is reviewing with a client how to collect a clean catch urine specimen. What is the appropriate sequence to teach the client? A) B) C) D) Clean the meatus, begin voiding, then catch urine stream Void a little, clean the meatus, then collect specimen Clean the meatus, then urinate into container Void continuously and catch some of the urine A: Clean the meatus, begin voiding, then catch urine stream. A clean catch urine is difficult to obtain and requires clear directions. Instructing the client to carefully clean the meatus, then void naturally with a steady stream prevents surface bacteria from contaminating the urine specimen. As starting and stopping flow can be difficult, once the client begins voiding it’s best to just slip the container into the stream. Other responses do not reflect correct technique 3. Following change-of-shift report on an orthopedic unit, which client should the nurse see first? A) B) C) D) 16 year-old who had an open reduction of a fractured wrist 10 hours ago 20 year-old...
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...Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines for HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents Including Post-exposure Prophylaxis May 2007 NACO Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of India Assessment and Management of HIV-Infected Person No Is HIV infection confirmed? Send to ICTC for confirmation of HIV status Yes Perform history taking and physical examination (see p 9 ) Evaluate for signs and symptoms of HIV infection or OIs and WHO clinical staging (see p 10) Provide appropriate investigations/treatment of OIs (see p 13 ) If pregnant, refer to PPTCT Screen for TB Screen for STI Identify need for: CTX prophylaxis (see p 16 ) ART (see p 18 ) No Pre ART care (see p 15 ) Yes Give patient education on treatment and adherence (see p 54 ) Arrange psychosocial, nutrition and community support (see p 56) Start ART, (see p 19 ) Arrange follow-up + monitoring (see p 25 ) Assess adherence every visit Provide positive prevention advice and condoms Provide patient information sheet on the ART regimen prescribed (see annex 7, 8) Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines for HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents Including Post-exposure Prophylaxis May 2007 NACO National AIDS Control organisation Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India with support from CDC . Clinton Foundation . WHO TAble of T A b l e o f Acronyms and Abbreviations Introduction....... ..........................................................................................
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...How to go to your page This eBook set contains two volumes. The main content pages are contiguously numbered: use the Table of Contents to find those page numbers. The front matter pages and indices are labeled with the Volume number and page separated by a colon. For example, to go to page vi of Volume 1, type Vol1:vi in the “page #” box at the top of the screen and click “Go”. To go to page vi of Volume 2, type Vol2:vi in the "page #" box… and so forth. Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems This page intentionally left blank Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems VOLUME 1 Julie McDowell, Editor Copyright 2010 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McDowell, Julie. Encyclopedia of human body systems / Julie McDowell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–39175–0 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology—Encyclopedias. I. Title. QP11.M33 2011 612.003—dc22 2010021682 ISBN: 978–0–313–39175–0 EISBN: 978–0–313–39176–7 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC...
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