...Hepatitis Hepatitits B is an infection of the liver, it’s caused by the hepatitis B virus also known as (HBV). This virus can be transmitted from person to person via blood, semen and other body fluids. Some common ways that (HBV) is transmitted is by sexual contact, having unprotected sex or being in contact with any bodily fluids from an infected person. Sharing needles such as getting a tattoo with equipment that wasn’t sterilized correctly and or accidental needle sticks are other forms of transmission of (HBV), people that share IV drugs are at higher risk for hepatitis B as well. Healthcare workers are at higher risk for transmission of this disease, due to the exposure they have to blood and bodily fluids, that’s why it’s so important to use precautions when dealing with these and making sure that any accidental needle stick gets reported immediately in order to take the necessary steps for treatment if needed. Another way Hepatitis B can be transmitted is by mother to child, pregnant women can transmit the infection during childbirth and although these babies get vaccinated for Heptatitis B after birth to avoid getting infected special precautions must be taken from the expecting mother and getting tested for hepatitis B during pregnancy is recommended. Hepatittis B can be acute and chronic, acute infections can last for a short time and can get better, on the other hand chronic hepatitis b infections can cause liver damage or cirrhosis of the liver which in turn additional...
Words: 1292 - Pages: 6
...hepatitis B? Hepatitis means the inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis B, “formerly called serum hepatitis (Richard Adler)”, is caused by a serious liver infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the infection has two phases: acute and chronic (eMedicineHealth). Acute hepatitis B is short-term and occurs after being exposed to the virus and only few develop fulminant hepatitis which is very severe and life threatening. Chronic hepatitis can lead to “liver failure, liver cancer, or cirrhosis” (MayoClinic.com). Chronic hepatitis is long-term and an infection with HBV that lasts longer than 6 months and once it becomes chronic it may never go away (eMedicineHealth). Is hepatitis B infectious? Yes it is. “Hepatitis B is the most widespread of the hepatitis viruses, infects an estimated 300,000 people every year in the United States alone (Time Life Books)”. Can hepatitis B be treated or cured, and is there a vaccine? With acute hepatitis B there is no medication available to treat it. Doctors recommended rest, adequate nutrition, and fluids (CDC Division of Viral Hepatitis). Only few people are hospitalized due to acute hepatitis B and those who are, it is the result from the loss of fluids and electrolytes that then need to be restored. Most commonly acute hepatitis B will usually go away by itself (eMedicineHealth). Those with chronic Hepatitis B should seek care from a doctor, “they will need to be monitored regularly for signs of liver disease and elevated for possible treatment’...
Words: 1814 - Pages: 8
...1976, Dr. Blumberg was honored with the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery (HepB Foundation, 2013) Hepatitis B is caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). A blood test called Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is used to find the presence of the virus in the blood. When serum comes back with a positive HBsAg result it is indicative of active HBV infection that can be passed on to others (Mast & Weinbaum, 2009). Determining immunity to HBV can be done by the Hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) blood test. Having antibodies can mean prior HBV infection from which the person has recovered or that the person has received the vaccine. A positive anti-HBs test also means that the person is protected by the vaccine or their natural immunity and cannot become infected or infect others. Determining whether a person has had or currently has an active HBV infection can be done by the Hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) blood test. A positive anti-HBc test indicates the person can have a chronic infection and is also infectious (Mayo Clinic, 2013) Additional tests to gauge severity of the infection and liver health include: liver function tests (LFTs) and Hepatitis B DNA (HBV DNA). HBV DNA detects how much virus is present (viral load), which monitors how well anti-viral therapy is working (CDC, 2012). “The epidemiology triangle is used to analyze the natural history of a disease. A change in any of the...
Words: 1808 - Pages: 8
...with the knowledge about what is being done to combat and reduce the impact of the virus gives a comprehensive look at hepatitis B. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus, and belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family of viruses (World Health Organization [WHO], 2014). The virus interferes with liver function and liver damage is caused from the inflammation from the body’s immune response. Jaundice is the classic symptom of liver disease. For correct diagnosis, a Hepatitis B blood panel is needed. Symptoms of the disease may include fever, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, joint pain, weakness, fatigue, dark urine, abdominal pain and jaundice. These symptoms can range in severity, with onset from one to four months after hepatitis B exposure (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Some patients do not experience symptoms; these patients have the potential to become chronic carriers and a source of transmission to others without being aware of it (WHO, 2014). Hepatitis B is transmitted from direct contact with infected blood, body fluids, and sexual intercourse. A break in the skin barrier must be present for blood to infect a person. Sharing of an infected needle is another source of infection. Pregnant women can transmit the virus to their infant during childbirth. Hepatitis B can live on the surfaces of items for a week or more and transmission can occur by contact with a contaminated item and become infected through a break in the skin (WHO, 2014). Complications from the hepatitis...
Words: 753 - Pages: 4
...According to the CDC, Hepatitis B is a viral infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Hepatitis B is an infection transmitted by blood, semen, or other body fluids from a person who’s infected with the Hepatitis B virus. Such can occur through sexual contact, sharing needles, syringes, other drug-injection equipment; or from mother to baby at birth. Other ways you may become infected with hepatitis B is if you come in contact with infected blood or open sores and wounds of those infected. Sharing items such as tooth brushes and razors are also a very high-risk way of meeting with Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is not spread through food or water, breastfeeding, hugging, kissing, hand holding, coughing, or sneezing. Signs and symptoms of Hepatitis B vary by age. When present, signs and symptoms of Hepatitis B Virus infections can include, fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine and joint pain. Less severe HBV symptoms and infections will resolve on their own, but some will develop into chronic infection. Most persons with chronic HBV infection are asymptomatic and have no evidence of liver disease. However, they may develop chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer)....
Words: 1018 - Pages: 5
...Hepatitis B- Benchmark Brandy Barlow Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V-O508 January 11, 2015 Hepatitis B- Benchmark Hepatitis B is a viral infection that targets the liver and is caused by the hepatitis B virus. It can cause both acute and chronic disease within the body. Hepatitis or Hep B is an infection of the liver that can be deadly. It causes inflammation of the liver and is a major health problem all over the globe. Chronic liver disease and chronic infections put people at higher risk of death from cirrhosis of the liver and or liver cancer. The majority of people with Hep B do not have any symptoms during the actual infection phase. There are those however, that experience jaundice (yellowing of the skin), dark colored urine, increased fatigue, nausea, with or without vomiting, and abdominal pain. Symptoms of hepatitis B may not show up for 6 months after the initial infection. Early onset of symptoms may include: loss of appetite, fatigue, low grade fever, muscle and joint pain. An infected person may have no symptoms, they may feel sick for a day up to weeks, or they may become very ill very quickly. This is called fulminant hepatitis. (Hepatitis B, 2013, pg. 1). Complications may arise in some people causing a chronic liver infection that can become cirrhosis or liver cancer. At least ninety percent of healthy adults that contract the Hepatitis B virus recover and are rid of it within six months. Hep B can be transmitted to others even if the infected...
Words: 1386 - Pages: 6
...Waterborne Desease Report Kan Ding 3027206 Giardiasis & Amebiasis Introduction Despite of the continuous advances in public health measures and biomedical science we have in this and the past century, the emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases remain a big threat to human beings.[1] Due to the change of global environment, ecology and socio-economic, these diseases occur with trend of increasing incidence and geographical expansion, along with other existing infectious diseases, performing among the leading cause of death worldwide.[2] Human activities may show great influence on the trend of the growing of these diseases, some studies suggest, including agriculture practices and the activities having impacts on climate change.[3]...
Words: 2950 - Pages: 12
...TRANSMISSION: Hepatitis B is a communicable disease that affects the liver via the hepatitis virus (HBV). Hepatitis B is the most common liver infection in the world. The virus is transmitted via blood and infected bodily fluids. This can occur through activities that involve percutaneous punctures through the skin, or mucosal contact with infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of ways that an individual could contract Hepatitis B might include: Sex with an infected partner; Birth to an infected mother; Coming in contact with the blood or sores of someone infected with Hepatitis B; (exposure to infected blood via a blood transfusion) Needle sticks with a dirty or contaminated needle or sharp instrument; Sharing items with an infected person such as toothbrushes or razors; RISK FACTORS: -Transfusion of unscreened blood; -Sexual promiscuity; - Sharing of or re-using of syringes between injection drug users; -Tattooing; -Working or residing in a health-care facility; -Living in a correctional facility; -Renal dialysis -long-term household or intimate non-sexual contact with and HBs Ab-positive individual. HBV is not spread through food or water, sharing common objects such as kitchen utensils, via hugging or kissing, casual contact or by being exposed to someone with HBV who may cough or sneeze. This virus can live for as long as 7 days outside of the human body and still be able to produce infection in a new host. ("Centers for Disease Control & Prevention,"...
Words: 5072 - Pages: 21
...and Public Health NRS 427V Colleen Darrow RN June 28, 2014 Epidemiology Paper “World wide, two billion people have been infected with hepatitis B Virus” (Shepard & Simard, 2006, p. 112) Hepatitis B virus cause liver tissue infections which is life threatening potentially. And both acute and chronic hepatitis B has a profound impact on global health. “More than 240 million people have chronic liver infections, and more than 780,000 people die every year due to the acute or chronic consequences of hepatitis B.”("WHO Media Center," 2014) The HBV is transmitted from an infected carrier to the others via contact with blood and other body fluid. Hepatitis B is also a major occupational hazard for health workers. Fortunately the infection can be effectively prevented by safe vaccine. Since 1982, safe Hepatitis B vaccine has been available; the effectiveness of preventing the infection and its long-term consequences has been established. Hepatitis B vaccine is the first vaccine which against a major human cancer. “HBV infection may result in subclinical or asymptomatic infection, acute self-limited hepatitis, or fulminant hepatitis requiring liver transplant.” (Shepard & Simard, 2006, p. 113) The average incubation period is 90 days for a newly infected person who may develop acute hepatitis. The common signs and symptoms for acute hepatitis are nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, fever, jaundice, dark urine, changes...
Words: 1309 - Pages: 6
...TRANSMISSION: Hepatitis B is a communicable disease that affects the liver via the hepatitis virus (HBV). Hepatitis B is the most common liver infection in the world. The virus is transmitted via blood and infected bodily fluids. This can occur through activities that involve percutaneous punctures through the skin, or mucosal contact with infectious blood or body fluids. Examples of ways that an individual could contract Hepatitis B might include: Sex with an infected partner; Birth to an infected mother; Coming in contact with the blood or sores of someone infected with Hepatitis B; (exposure to infected blood via a blood transfusion) Needle sticks with a dirty or contaminated needle or sharp instrument; Sharing items with an infected person such as toothbrushes or razors; RISK FACTORS: -Transfusion of unscreened blood; -Sexual promiscuity; - Sharing of or re-using of syringes between injection drug users; -Tattooing; -Working or residing in a health-care facility; -Living in a correctional facility; -Renal dialysis -long-term household or intimate non-sexual contact with and HBs Ab-positive individual. HBV is not spread through food or water, sharing common objects such as kitchen utensils, via hugging or kissing, casual contact or by being exposed to someone with HBV who may cough or sneeze. This virus can live for as long as 7 days outside of the human body and still be able to produce infection in a new host. ("Centers for Disease Control & Prevention...
Words: 5072 - Pages: 21
...of microbe causing diseases to human beings. Examples of viral diseases include AIDS, chicken pox, influenza and measles (World Health Organization, 2004). Bacterial diseases such as anthrax, cholera, chlamydia and peptic ulcer diseases give an account of the second class of microbial diseases. Fungal diseases such as athlete’s foot and Dutch elm disease form the third class whereas protozoan diseases occupy the fourth place in the division and consist of diseases such as malaria, giardiasis, and cryptosporidiosis. According to the World Health Organization (2004) an epidemic refers to a rapid spread of infectious diseases to affect large numbers of people in a given location. For example, the spread of meningococcal infection. Endemic diseases are infections with the ability to remain constant in a given region without the need for external inputs such as malaria and chicken pox. In addition, pandemics are diseases that spread throughout in a human population across a large region to cover the whole world. Examples include HIV/AIDS, smallpox, and Tuberculosis. On December 29, 2014 a famous and trusted news source known as CBSNEWS announced malaria as a forgotten epidemic that killed thousands of people in West Africa compared to Ebola. News...
Words: 2152 - Pages: 9
...Therapeutic Features Seyed-Moayed Alavian 1, Seyed Mohammad-Mehdi Hosseini-Moghaddam 2*, Mohammad Rahnavardi 2 M M M 1 Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences & Tehran Hepatitis Center, Tehran, Iran 2 Urology and Nephrology Research Center (UNRC), Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health problem and is the most common liver disease among hemodialysis (HD) patients. The seroprevalence of HCV infection among HD ranged from 1.9% to 80% in reports published since 1999. The main risk factor for HCV acquisition in HD patients seems the length of time on HD. Phylogenetic analysis of HCV viral isolates has suggested nosocomial patient-to-patient transmission of HCV infection among HD patients. Lack of strict adherence to universal precautions by staff and sharing of articles such as multidose drugs might be the main mode of nosocomial HCV spread among HD patients. Currently, there are several dilemmas on the management of these patients: should HCV-RNA testing be included in the routine screening of HD population for HCV infection?; does periodic serum alanine aminotransferase testing have a role in screening HD patients for HCV infection?; can dialysis really 'save' the liver of HCV-infected HD patients?; should HCV-infected subjects be isolated and dialyzed by segregated machines?; is there any difference in treating HD and non-HD HCV-infected...
Words: 9560 - Pages: 39
...injures the liver due to the attempt to eliminate the virus, leading to progressive liver disease and cirrhosis (Hepatitis B (HBV, Hep B), 2014). The incidence of cirrhosis developing in people with chronic HBV is 8-20% (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2013; European Association for the Study of the Liver, 2012); the annual incidence of HBV-related liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, is 2-5% of people with cirrhosis (EASL, 2012). A person infected with Hepatitis B can transmit the virus to another person who hasn’t been affected by Hepatitis B in several ways. People can become infected with the virus when they come into contact with contaminated blood, semen and when other body fluids mix with the uninfected person’s body fluids. Examples of transmission occur from sexual contact, blood transfusion before the year 1992, sharing of needles or syringes, and from mother to baby at birth. Hepatitis B can be an acute, or short-term, illness for some people but for others, it can often lead to a lifelong chronic infection. The risk for chronic infection is related to a person’s age at the time of infection: “Approximately 90% of infected infants become chronically infected due to being birthed from their mother who carries the virus, compared with 2%–6% of adults. Chronic Hepatitis B can lead to serious health issues, like cirrhosis or liver cancer” (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2013; European Association for the Study of the Liver, 2012). The...
Words: 1759 - Pages: 8
...inflammation of the liver. The liver is the largest organ in the body and functions to digest food, store energy and remove toxins. Hepatitis is caused by a variety of factors such as toxins, certain drugs, heavy alcohol use and bacterial or viral infections. The three most common types of viral infections that affect the liver are Hepatitis A, B and C. (CDC). This paper will focus on hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is a highly contagious infection of the liver caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Infection can be acute or chronic. Acute Hepatitis B is short term and occurs within the first 6 months after exposure. Chronic Hepatitis is long term and the virus remains in a person’s body. (CDC) Hepatitis B is spread through contact with an infected person’s blood, semen or body fluids via activities that involve skin puncture or mucosal tissue contact. Examples of such activities include sex, exposure to sharp objects, needle sticks, sharing razors, toothbrushes with an infected person, intravenous drug use etc. A mother can also pass the disease on to her child during delivery. (Caple) The average incubation period of the virus in adults is about 3 months, after which symptoms begin to appear and may last several weeks to months. Symptoms of acute hepatitis include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, loss of appetite, dark urine and joint pain. Complications that develop as a result of hepatitis include fibrosis, cirrhosis, liver cancer and liver failure. (NIH) ...
Words: 1321 - Pages: 6
...Pus could be a fluid composed of white blood cells, dead cells, and microorganism that forms within the body once your body fights off infection. within the case of PLA, rather than exhausting from the infection website, the pus get collects within the liver. A symptom is sometimes in the midst of swelling and inflammation to the encompassing space. It will cause pain or swelling within the abdomen. Background The aim of the study was to guage the clinical presentation, and to research the effectiveness of continuous tubing evacuation as compared to needle aspiration within the treatment of liver abscesses. Liver symptom could be a major tropical unwellness of the digestive system. The liver symptom is principally classified into rhizopodan and pathology. pathology liver symptom that wont to be principally tropical in location is currently additional common because of exaggerated biliary interventions, stenting, a complete of sixty patients underwent either of the 2 inflammation, redness etc. Liver symptom is three to ten times transdermal procedures willy-nilly and their response additional common in men. In our study we tend to found the male to...
Words: 556 - Pages: 3