...Games can be very powerful. Spacewar, Counter Strike, and the News Games are examples of three influential games that had powerful and lasting historical impacts. These three games subverted traditional game concepts, representations, or mechanics. Although some people may view video games purely as a casual source of fun and entertainment, a deeper examination of their messages can reveal what different games tell us about our culture, giving us a better understanding of why games are created and sometimes even insights into having a better experience playing those games. In this essay I will analyze three games from the readings and discuss how those games’ movements subverted mainstream culture through their concepts and representation. Spacewar subverted mainstream culture by providing the gamer, for the first time, with visual engagement. Steward Brand wrote a great article on Spacewar. This article takes takes readers back to a time when games were still not popular. I thoroughly enjoyed this reading because it gave me so many great historical facts about Spacewar. He began his article with the declaration, “Ready or not, computers are coming to the people.” This sentence set off a great tone for the article. I was intrigued because I have always wondered about how people in the past lived their lives without access to computers. Nowadays, we use computers for several purposes such as sending emails, surfing webs, and creating beautiful visual works. It was amazing...
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...1. Explain the two different types of attacks that can be performed in Cain and Abel to crack user account passwords. Which do you think is the most effective and why? Answer: The two different types of attacks that can be performed in Cain and Abel are Brute Force attack and a Dictionary attack. The Brute Force attack is a method of breaking a cipher in a word through every possible key. The extent of breaking the password depends greatly on the length of the password. Within the program Cain and Abel, Brute Force will look at all possible combinations of characters within the password to try and recover or crack the password than the dictionary attack. Brute Force cracking can take forever to find the password but it will eventually lead to a password being cracked (Ducklin, 2013). Dictionary attacks, also known as wordlist attacks, is a simple and more efficient way to crack passwords. Many people tend to use words listed in the dictionary for passwords. The program uses multiple dictionaries as well as technical and foreign language dictionaries as support to enable the cipher to be cracked. The downside to this type of password cracking is that if a word contains complex symbols, uppercase, lowercase, and numbers that are not in the dictionary, then the dictionary attack can be beat (Gibson, 2011). With working with Cain and Abel in class, I felt that the dictionary attack was more efficient in finding the password due to real life scenarios where individuals set passwords...
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...using Brute Force, Dictionary, or Cryptanalysis (via “rainbow tables”). The sniffer (captures and analyzes network traffic) in this version can also analyze encrypted protocols such as SSH-1 and HTTPS, and contains filters to capture credentials from a wide range of authentication mechanisms, including Kerberos. In addition to this, Cain and Abel can used to recover wireless passwords, uncover cached passwords, and analyze routing protocols. 2. Algorithms There are two authentication protocols used to store passwords depending on which version of Windows is being run. The two are LM and NTLM. * LM The LM, sometimes referred to as LanMan or the LAN Manager hash, is the primary authentication protocol that Microsoft employed in Windows versions prior to Windows NT; it is used to store user passwords in an encrypted format on the disk. In order to transform a user's password to the LM hash, the password is first converted to all uppercase letters. If the password is greater than 14 bytes (14 characters) any character after the 14th is truncated; likewise, if the password is less than 14 bytes, it is null-padded to...
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...Macroeconomics project R&D Expenditures Macroeconomics analyze all of the markets in the world and the aim of the macroeconomics lecture generally is, to teach us how to think economy as a whole. For the macroeconomics homework we picked the news from the Guardian newspaper. We will show the effects of the decreasing UK government’s R&D expenditures with IS-LM and AS-AD models. First of all we will explain the effect of decreasing UK government’s R&D expenditures with IS-LM model. IS-LM curve is a macroeconomic model that graphically represents two intersecting curves. It focuses short run relationship between output and interest rate in the goods and financial markets. The IS curve is downward sloping and LM curve is upward sloping. If government decreases the spendings IS curve shifts left. Both output and interest rates decrease in the economy. LM curve doesn’t shift. If we look which way the investment change in the short run, it has different dimensions. Initially when government expenditures decreases cause decrease in output or income. So it can reduce the investment. In the second place decreasing government expenditures may lead to decrease in interest rates. Lower interest rates would make borrowing cheaper and should encourage firms or governments to invest. That’s why investment may increase. In our case we have seen that decreasing UK Government’s R&D expenditures cause both government and business investment fell. In summary according...
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...Part (A) IS-LM, Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Behavioral Equations, Identities, Equilibrium Conditions and List of Exogenous and Endogenous Variable The IS-LM Model is based upon six Behavioral equations, each describing the determinants of one of the macroeconomic variable considered by the model: 1. Consumption 2. Investment 3. Government spending 4. Tax revenue 5. Money demand 6. Money supply The description of the IS-LM model is completed by three key identities that are defining the links between aggregate demand, aggregate supply and the equilibrium level of income. Aggregate demand: Z = C=I=G --------------------------------1 Since firms produce as many goods and services as demanded in the economy, the aggregate supply is written as: Y=Z --------------------------------2 Combination of the equation 1 and 2 gives income identity for a closed economy Y = C + I + G. This states that in equilibrium aggregate income must be equal to aggregate demand. Exogenous variables: G: Government spending T: Tax on income M: Money supply P: Price level (fixed in the short-run) Endogenous variables: Y: Production C: Consumption I: Investments R: Interest rate Behavior Equations Y= C + I + G C= C0 + Cyd Yd –Cr r I= I0 + Ir r G= G TA = TA + Ty Y LM Behavior Equation L=M L=L0 + LyY – Lr r M=M0/P Production Function Y= Aƒ (K,N) Identities of IS C= ƒ (Y+, r –) I = ƒ (r -) G=G S=...
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...There are many economists who have played a big part in the economy. Their research and theory’s have made history, which has improved and helped the economy for numerous years. A British economist, Sir John Richard Hicks was one of the most important and influential economists of the 12th century. Hicks was born on 8th April 1904 and passed away at the age of 85 on 20 May 1989. He was known for the several contributions however mainly for his statement of consumer demand theory in microeconomics and IS/LM model, which was taken place in 1937. For more than fifty years various important contributions bubbled out from his pen. Hicks studied at Clifton College and Balliol College, Oxford during his early years and was financed by a mathematical scholarships. Hicks graduated with second-class honors and he states, "no adequate qualification in any of the subjects" that he had studied. Hick’s was the first British economist to receive the Nobel Prize in 1972 as his contributions in the field of economics was outstanding. Hicks moved on and lectured at the London School Of Economics and Political Science. He was influenced by many economists, one being Ursula Webb who ended up becoming his wife in 1935. As Hicks got older, the more experience and knowledge he gained. Further on in 1935 to 1938 he lectured at Cambridge and then made it to the Manchester University where he was the professor. Hicks did his central work at on the idea of welfare economics, with its application to social...
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...generated user accounts and their accompanied passwords, along with the methodology used to crack each and either the time it took to reveal the password or estimated time provided by Cain and Abel to generate a successful solution. NTLM HASH | | Brute Force | Dictionary Attack | User 1 | No result, due to estimated time > 4yrs | Password cracked in < 1min | UUser 2 | No result, due to estimated time > 4yrs | Password cracked in < 1min | UUser 3 | No result, due to estimated time > 4yrs | No result. Estimated Time > 3hrs. | Table1: NTLM password cracking results LM HASH | | Brute Force | Dictionary Attack | User 1 | Password cracked in < 3min | Password cracked in < 2 min | User 2 | Password cracked in < 3min | Password cracked in < 1min | User 3 | No result, estimated time >3hrs | No result, I stopped it after 5 min. | Table2: LM password cracking results 1. Explain the two different types of attacks that can be performed in Cain and Abel to crack user account passwords. Which do you think is the most effective and why? A dictionary attack uses a file containing words, phrases, common passwords, and other strings that are likely to be used as a password. Each word in the file is hashed, and its hash is compared to the password hash. If they match, that word is the password. These dictionary files are constructed by extracting words from large bodies of text, and even from real databases of passwords. A brute-force...
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...FACULTAD ECONOMÍA Y NEGOCIOS INGENIERÍA COMERCIAL PROGRAMA DE ESTUDIO A. Antecedentes Generales. - Nombre de la asignatura Código Carácter de la asignatura (obligatoria/ electiva) Pre – requisitos Co – requisitos Créditos Ubicación dentro del plan de estudio (semestre o año) : ECONOMIA III : ENE 314 : Obligatoria : Economía II – Matemáticas III : No tiene : 10 : Quinto Semestre Número de clases por semanas (incluyendo las prácticas) : 3 Horas académicas de clases por período académico Horas académicas de prácticas por período académico : 68 : 34 B. Intenciones del curso Este curso espera que el alumno comprenda los conceptos y elementos fundamentales que deben considerarse al analizar el funcionamiento global del sistema económico. Se persigue que además el estudiante aplique sus conocimientos en situaciones reales y/o ficticias, analizando las variables macroeconómicas que afectan el funcionamiento de las empresas en distintos sectores de la economía nacional y mundial. Finalmente, se espera que el estudiante perciba la importancia de conocer y comprender los contenidos trabajados, y de cómo estos conocimientos contribuyen a la formación de un licenciado en administración. Esta asignatura se ubica en el segundo ciclo de estudios denominado Licenciatura y se relaciona directamente con la asignatura Economía IV. C. Objetivos Generales del Curso A nivel conceptual: Comprender el funcionamiento e interacción de las principales variables macroeconómicas en...
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...organizational culture appropriability construct DefinitionSave to FavoritesSee Examples The values and behaviors that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization. Organizational culture includes an organization's expectations, experiences, philosophy, and values that hold it together, and is expressed in its self-image, inner workings, interactions with the outside world, and future expectations. It is based on shared attitudes, beliefs, customs, and written and unwritten rules that have been developed over time and are considered valid. Also called corporate culture, it's shown in (1) the ways the organization conducts its business, treats its employees, customers, and the wider community, (2) the extent to which freedom is allowed in decision making, developing new ideas, and personal expression, (3) how power and information flow through its hierarchy, and (4) how committed employees are towards collective objectives. It affects the organization's productivity and performance, and provides guidelines on customer care and service, product quality and safety, attendance and punctuality, and concern for the environment. It also extends to production-methods, marketing and advertising practices, and to new product creation. Organizational culture is unique for every organization and one of the hardest things to change Organizational culture is the collective behavior of humans who are part of an organization and the meanings that the...
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...be performed in Cain and Abel to crack user account passwords. Which do you think is the most effective and why? For the assignment we utilized Cain & Abel password recovery tool for Microsoft Operating Systems. For this lab assignment we utilized Brute Force NT LAN Manager (NTUM) and LAN Manager (LM) and Dictionary NTLM and LM hashes. (Features overview, n.d.) Brute Force is a password cracking -technique that tries every combination of numeric, alphanumeric, and special characters until the password is broken or the user is locked out. Dictionary is a technique that runs a given password against each of the words in a dictionary (file of words) until a match is found or the end of the dictionary is reached. (p. 13) Cain and Abel couples Brute Force and Dictionary with LM and NTLM hash. Based on my lab experience, my assessment is that the Dictionary NTLM Manager is the better of the processes. The table below reveals that Dictionary NTLM delivered more favorable results over LM because this process uncovered the passwords in the shortest amount of time and recovered the passwords in their entirety. Table | Brute Force LM | Brute Force NTLM | Dictionary LM | Dictionary NTLM | User1 | No password, 6-8 hours | No password, estimated time 10 years | yes, 75 seconds | yes, 40 | User2 | No password, 6-8 hours | No password, estimated time 10 years | yes, 30 | yes, 25 | User3 | No password, 6-8 hours | No password, estimated time 10 years | no, 180 | no, 75...
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...DIAGNOSTIC ORAL SUMMARY TASK “Motives Matter: Why We Volunteer Has an Impact on Our Health” NOTE: The purpose of the diagnostic task is to get more information about your individual strengths and weaknesses so that we adapt our classes according to your needs. This task is not assessed but it is strongly recommended that you complete it because it is an important opportunity for you to practise the skills that you will be tested on later in the semester. INSTRUCTIONS This task is based on the article”Motives matter: Why we volunteer has an impact on our health” http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110912092600.htm, which is available on LMS in Week 2. You are going to prepare a 6-8 minute video presentation that you will record using LMS. The task has two main components. It is necessary to complete both parts. Part 1) Summarise the text in your own words. Remember that your job here is to describe the text to a person that has not read it. You will be assessed on your ability to summarise the text in your own words (instead of reciting the text word-for-word). DON’T READ FROM YOUR NOTES OR THE TEXT OR ANY WEBSITES. Understand the main ideas and talk about them using your own words. The goal of this assignment is NOT to test your ability to read or memorize a piece of text. Do NOT try to include every single idea. a) Identify the purpose of the text and the key ideas. What is the text about? What is the author’s point of view? What are the main ideas discussed...
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...we know that a monetary expension leads to higher level of real GDP and higher price level.In this case, the endogenous veriable Y increases its value, from Y to Y1. The price level also goes up from P to P1, as shown in the AS-AD model under, in which the aggregate demand (rapresented by the AD curve) reaches a higher level. In the LM-IS model a monetary expansion policy makes the LM curve move rightward, from LM to LM1, which means a lowering in the interest rate and an increase of real GDP, from Y to Y1, in the short run. 2a) ε=0,5 M0=1Ɵ*1*H M1=1Ɵ*0,5*H If the banking sector is not efficient the money supply decreases from M0 to M1, whose amount after the crisis is half of the the one before. Referring to AS-AD model, the aggregate demand curve moves rightward, but less than in the case without any crisis (ε=1), and the same happens to the LM curve. There will be an increase in Y and P, a decrease in i but all these changes will be smaller than in the other case. What has been described above is the short term effect. In the medium run there will be an adjustment that leads the LM curve back to its previous position. 2b) The ECB has two tools to counteract the effect of a decrease in efficiency of commercial banking sector. It can change the minimum reserve requirements (mrr) or the the monetary base. In the first case, with ε=0,5, ECB can cut the mrr of half, as it comes from 1xƟ*ε2*H=1Ɵ*ε*H => x=12. ...
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...administrators and security professionals. Brute Force and Dictionary attacks through LM via Lan Manager and NTLM via NT LAN Manager hashes were used in the following assignment. Brute Force attack “is a trial and error method used by application programs to decode encrypted data such as passwords or Data Encryption Standard (DES) keys, through exhaustive effort (using brute force) rather than employing intellectual strategies” (Rouse, 2006). This method is considered time consuming because it goes through all possible combinations of characters. Dictionary attack “is a method of breaking into a password-protected computer or server by systematically entering every word in a dictionary as a password” (Rouse, 2005). In addition Cain and Abel has the ability to use Cryptanalysis attacks to break passwords, it is considered the fastest [time memory trade off method], being faster than brute force attacks while also not needing as much memory as dictionary attacks (Gates, 2006). During the lab assignment I found that Dictionary attack with NTLM was the most effective. It allows the user to select more search options like reverse, lowercase and uppercase…etc. It was the fastest method in cracking the passwords. According to Cain and Able online user manual LM hash is the weakest between the two hashes. NT LAN Manager was put into place to tackle the security issues and weaknesses missing from LM encryption. 2. Compare and contrast the results from the two methods used to...
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...Displays Overview of Korea’s Industries 2012 PROMISING INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES 02_ Overall Status of the Display Industry 04_ Characteristics of the Display Industry 13_ Investment by Foreign Companies Display Industry 02 03 1. Overall Status of the Display Industry 1. Overall Status of the Display Industry Flat-Panel Display (FPD) Market and Technologies ·The flat-panel display (FPD) market is growing based on the competitiveness of three major technologies: thin-film transistor-liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCD), plasma display panels (PDP) and organic light-emitting diodes (OLED). ·TFT-LCD has the largest market. The technology dominates the market, as it can be used in different types of applications, ranging from small devices including mobile phones to large appliances including televisions. ·PDP differs from LCD in that it does not need back light because it is self-luminous. Its use is limited to large applications such as televisions because the technology cannot be applied to small devices. It consumes more electricity than LCD. ·OLED is also self-luminous, and its use is limited to small devices such as mobile phones, as research is still underway to apply the technology to larger devices. OLED is lighter and consumes less electricity than LCD. It has great potential due to its simple structure and focus on materials, and it is praised as the foundation for flexible display, which is expected to lead the future. OLED is drawing attention...
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...Task 1: Developing and using a personal development plan * Identify the links between organisational objectives and personal development objectives The organisation’s main aim is making a difference, as outlined in their Programme for and to make the Company t a “top performing organisation”. This mirrors my personal objectives to make myself a better worker. In order to achieve this I need to adhere to the Civil Service Competency Framework’s (2015) main aims of Setting Direction, Engaging People and Delivering Results. * Construct a personal development plan which meets agreed objectives I have created a PDP https://www.managers.org.uk/ that can be seen below. In my plan, I have identified what my short, medium and long term objectives will be for the next 12 months and beyond. I did this by using my Performance Management Review and my personal objectives I have included relevant training courses to enhance and expand my knowledge, but also formal and informal discussions and feedback from my colleagues to assist me to reflect on my practice and develop. Part 1 – Personal Analysis Strengths | Area for Further Development | * My personal organisational skills are excellent and I work well with others in the team. * I am confident in showing other members of the team how various system work such as the Financial System. * I have shown by attending the CMI leadership course that i have excellent time management skills by juggling my work and...
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