FINAL EXAM
STUDENT’S MANE: LORENZO NICOLAS MBA OBAMA
PROFFESOR’S NAME: NINA WALKER
SCI110
STRAYER UNIVERISTY
March 19, 2014

1. There are two types of weathering. The first is mechanical weathering, the gradual breakdown of rock to sand, and then to silt, or powdered rock, and finally to clay through physical means. Mechanical weathering occurs in a variety of ways. For example, Heat and cold may cause minerals within a rock to expand and shrink at different rates, creating cracks. Water may seep into those cracks and freeze, expanding and splitting the rock. A raging river or ocean waves can smash rocks against each other, wearing the outsides smooth and turning rocks into sand. Or sand carried by the wind can act like sandpaper, slowly wearing rock away. A Glacier can rub debris against the rock beneath it, also acting like sandpaper. Even plants can force rocks to split as roots creep into cracks and grow. The second type of weathering is chemical
Weathering, the breakup of rock caused by a change in its chemical makeup. Rain is the most common producer of chemicals that can weather rock. For example, Rain absorbs carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide from the atmosphere, forming carbonic acid and sulfuric acid, two liquids capable of dissolving other materials. The levels of carbonic and sulfuric acids in rain, while generally weak, can over time dissolve rock such as limestone, freeing other types of rock. Over very long periods, rain can even dissolve enough limestone to create caves and unusual rock formations.
2. Leo Messi was born on June 24, 1987, in Rosario, Argentina, soccer player Lionel Messi moved to Spain at the age of 13, after the FC Barcelona club agreed to pay for hormone-deficiency treatments. Messi became a star in his new country, scoring at will while leading his club to championships. In 2012, he set a record for most goals in a calendar year, and afterward was named FIFA's "Player of the Year" a record fourth time.
3. Igneous rocks are formed when magma (or molten rocks) have cooled down and solidified. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of other eroded substances. Metamorphic rocks are formed when rocks change their original shape and form due to intene heat or pressure. Igneous rocks are commonly found inside the Earth’s crust or mantle. Sedimentary rocks are usually found in water bodies.
Metamorphic rocks are found on the Earth’s surface. Igneous rocks can be an important source of minerals.
Sedimentary rocks, or their bedding structure, is mostly used in civil engineering; for the construction of housing, roads, tunnels, canals etc. Geologists study the geological properties of metamorphic rocks, as their crystalline nature provides valuable information about the temperatures and pressures within the Earth’s crust. Examples of Igneous rocks include granite and basalt. Examples of Sedimentary rocks include shale, limestone and sandstone. Common examples of metamorphic rocks are marble, slate and quartzite.
4. The magnitude-8.9 offshore quake unleashed a 23-foot (seven-meter) tsunami and was followed by more than 50 aftershocks for hours, many of them of more than magnitude 6.0. Dozens of cities and villages along a 1,300-mile (2,100-kilometer) stretch of coastline were shaken by violent tremors that reached as far away as Tokyo, hundreds of miles (kilometers) from the epicenter. A large section of Kesennuma, a town of 70,000 people in Miyagi, burned furiously into the night with no apparent hope of the flames being extinguished. Police said 200 to 300 bodies were found in the northeastern coastal city of Sendai, the city in Miyagi prefecture (state) closest to the quake's epicenter. Another 88 were confirmed killed and at least 349 were missing. The death toll was likely to continue climbing given the scale of the disaster.
5. There are 92 natural elements in Earth's outer layer but only eight of them account for 98.5% if the crust: Oxygen (46.6%), Silicon (27.7%), Aluminum (8.1%), Iron (5%), Calcium (3.6%), Sodium (2.8%), Potassium (2.6%) and Magnesium (2.1%)
6. No. Using the geologic Time Scale, they are separated by three types of species.
1 Timeline 1.1 First living beings 1.2 Chordates 1.3 Tetrapod 1.4 Mammals 1.5 Primates
7. The most favorable period for the formation of coal was 360-290 million years ago, during the Carboniferous period (which means "coal-bearing"). However, lesser amounts continued to form in some parts of the earth during all subsequent periods, in particular the Permian period (290-250 million years ago), and throughout the Mesozoic era, 250-65 million years ago. The build-up of silt and other sediments, together with movements in the earth's crust - known as tectonic movements - buried swamps and peat bogs, often to great depths. With burial, the plant material was subjected to high temperatures and pressures. This caused physical and chemical changes in the vegetation, transforming it into peat and then into coal.
8. Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, and Thermosphere. Ozone is a colorless unstable toxic gas with a pungent odor and powerful oxidizing properties, formed from oxygen by electrical discharges or ultraviolet light. It differs from normal oxygen (O2) in having three atoms in its molecule (O3). It’s located in the stratosphere its temp averages -60°C. The air pollution attacks the ozone.
9. Weather is basically the way the atmosphere is behaving, mainly with respect to its effects upon life and human activities. Most people think of weather in terms of temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness brightness, visibility, wind, and atmospheric pressure, as in high and low-pressure. In most places, weather can change from minute-to-minute hour-to-hour, day-to-day, and season-to-season. CLIMATE: Climate is the description of the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area. Some scientists define climate as the average weather for a particular region and time period, usually taken over 30-years.
10. Mercury: Inner, No rings, 800 degrees Fahrenheit, Fast, Rock
Earth: Inner, No rings, the scale ranges from -81 degrees C (-114 F) 47 C (116 F), fast, Rock
Neptune: Outer, Yes, rings, Neptune can dip down to 55 Kelvin. That's -218 degrees Celsius. Slow, Gas
11. Calcite Mineral. Is a sedimentary rocks, brown color. Calcite is the primary mineral in metamorphic marble. Calcite gets its name from ”Chalix” the Greek word for lime. Calcite is the primary mineral component in cave formations.
12. Pluto technically isn't a planet anymore, its orbit is different from all the other planets in our solar system. Scientists proved that Pluto is not a planet. Pluto is a rock. The diameter of Pluto is only 2,390 km across. Just for comparison, that's about 70% the diameter of the Moon. And it's a fraction of the size of the Earth; about 18% of the Earth's diameter.
13. A meteoroid is a shooting star and a meteorite is a meteoroid that reaches the Earth’s surface.
14. Recycling, reusing, honestly I think of a compost. Whatever you use, you will put into the compost, so you can use the soil later. For example, you put an apple into a compost (you use it), then a few weeks later it becomes soil, then you can plant apple seeds there and eat the apples off the tree that you planted (so you're reusing it). That's what going green means to me.
15. Structure of the earth: core: the core is the semi-solid state. Nickel and iron are found in abundance in this layer. This is called the inner core. The temperature is very high.it is approximately 5,000 degree Celsius. Mantle: the core is surrounded by the mantle.85% of the Earth’s minerals are found here. The entire layer consists of rocks in solid and semi-solid state. The earth's outer crust is a thin layer. Crust: the continents and oceans are found in this layer. The thickness of the earth's crust below the ocean is 5-10 km. the thickness of the crust varies 30-50 kms on the ocean. Thermosphere extends from 80 km to about 600 km. Mesosphere is the portion of atmosphere between 50 and 80 km. Stratosphere extend 50 km and Troposphere.
16.

17. P. wave are the ones that travel fastest and thereby are usually "felt" first. They are basically sound waves that travel thru the earth from the epicenter of an earthquake. Physics types know this as a longitudinal wave. It "shakes" things in the same direction it travels. For example, if a P-Wave is traveling west to East, all the things in the way, like people and buildings, will oscillate or move back and forth in the West-East direction. Similar to a long straight line of bumper cars! The one in the rear hits the first one and it hits the one in front of it and so on and so on. After each collision, the car bounces back to its original position only to be hit and bumped forward again.
S. wave are much slower and much more destructive than P-Waves. They are transverse waves. This means they make the earth vibrate perpendicularly to the direction of the wave travel. Not getting it? Think of a rope loosely held by two people. One person starts moving his/her/its hand up and down rapidly. Notice the "wave" in the rope goes from person 'A' to person 'B' while the rope itself simply vibrates up and down perpendicular to the direction between the two people. This wave causes damage due to its configuration. It causes buildings to be thrust upward from the ground then the ground drops out from under it as the wave travels by.
18. Writing a term paper is one of the most common requirements for an upper-division course such as the one for which this book was probably assigned. Such term papers usually count for a significant part of your final grade. Yet many, perhaps most, students have never received formal instruction about how to write a good research report. The following pages are meant to help you write an "A" paper by giving you some guidelines about how to go about your research and writing. Why do instructors assign papers? Answering this question is a good place to start thinking about term papers because if you know why papers are such a common assignment, then perhaps you can approach the task with added enthusiasm and dedication. Two goals usually motivate this assignment. One goal relates to the specific subject of the course; the other goal is based on your professional development. The first course-specific goal is to increase your expertise in some particular substantive area. The amount that you learn from this or almost any other course will be expanded significantly by doing research and by writing a paper. The effort will allow you to delve into the intricacies of a specific topic far beyond what is possible in the no doubt broad lectures that your instructor must deliver in class. Your research will go beyond the necessarily general commentary found in this text. The second and probably more important goal behind a paper-writing assignment extends beyond the specific content of the course. The object is to sharpen your analytic and writing skills in preparation for the professional career that you may wish to pursue after graduation. Do not underestimate the importance of such thinking and communications skills. Most professional positions that college graduates seek will eventually require that you find information, analyze it, and convey your conclusions and recommendations to others, including your boss. You will be judged by your product. A survey of ranking business executives a few years ago asked them what accounted for the rise of their most successful young subordinates compared to the failure or slow progress of other junior executives. Communications skills was one of the factors most mentioned by the top executives. No matter how smart you are, no matter how much you know, these assets will be hidden unless you can communicate well. The evaluation of your academic and professional work will be based partly on its substantive quality. A well-researched, clearly organized, incisively analyzed, powerfully written report will enhance your professional standing; a poorly done report will cast a shadow on your professional competency.
19. In the Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) Diagram, each star is represented by a dot. There are lots of stars out there, so there are lots of dots. The position of each dot on the diagram tells us two things about each star: its luminosity (or absolute magnitude) and its temperature.The vertical axis represents the star’s luminosity or absolute magnitude. Luminosity is technically the amount of energy a star radiates in one second, but you can think of it as how bright or how dim the star appears. Depending upon the textbook you use, the labels on the HR diagram could be a little different. Luminosity is a common term, as is absolute magnitude. Absolute magnitude is the intrinsic brightness of a star. In either case, the scale is a "ratio scale" in which stars are compared to each other based upon a reference (our sun).The horizontal axis represents the star’s surface temperature (not the star’s core temperature – we cannot see into the core of a star, only its surface)! Usually this is labeled using the Kelvin temperature scale. But notice: In most graphs and diagrams, zero (or the smaller numbers) exist to the left on the diagram. This is not the case here. On this diagram, the higher (hotter) temperatures are on the left, and the lower (cooler) temperatures are on the right. Some HR diagrams include the color of stars as they can be seen through filters on spectrophotometers. This is also a "ratio scale. “So how do you read the HR diagram? Well, let’s look at some basic regions on it. A star in the upper left corner of the diagram would be hot and bright. A star in the upper right corner of the diagram would be cool and bright. The Sun rests approximately in the middle of the diagram, and it is the star which we use for comparison. A star in the lower left corner of the diagram would be hot and dim. A star in the lower right corner of the diagram would be cold and dim.
TRUE/FALSE
20. True
21. True
22. False
23. False
24. True
25. False
26. True
27. True
28. True
29. Tue
30. True
31. True
32. True
33. True
34. False
35. True
36. False
37. False
38. True
39. True
Multiple Choice.
40. QUARTZ
41. WHITE
42.-1.0
43. D
44. C, A, D, B
45. A
46. C
47. C, B
48. C
49. C
50. C
51. A
52. A
53. B
54. D
55. D
56. B
57. A