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Lucent

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Lucent Technologies, Inc.
Revenue Recognition
CONCEPTS

a. In your own words, define “revenues.” Explain how revenues are different from “gains.” Estos se pueden definir como aquellos recursos de carácter económico generados por una entidad en un lapso de tiempo; de acuerdo con las Normas de Información Financiera, estos se pueden definir como el incremento de los activos o el decremento de los pasivos de una entidad, durante un periodo contable, con un impacto favorable en la utilidad o pérdida neta o, en su caso, en el cambio neto en el patrimonio contable y, consecuentemente, en el capital ganado o patrimonio contable, respectivamente. Por otro lado, A diferencia de los ingresos las ganancias son el resultado de disminuir a los ingresos todos los costos y gastos en los que incurre la entidad para su operación. b. Describe what it means for a business to “recognize” revenues. What specific accounts and financial statements are affected by the process of revenue recognition? En el ámbito de los negocios, el reconocimiento de ingresos resulta de suma importancia, pues esto significa el momento en el que una entidad debe dar por hecho o no que ha materializado la obtención de los mismos, contablemente, esto es regulado por el US GAAP con su SAB 101, ya que este contribuye a reafirmar muchos otros conceptos contenidos en las normas sobre el reconocimiento de ingresos como los contenidos en las IFRS. En el ámbito de gestión de negocios el contar con reportes de ingresos y tener claro el momento en el que los mismos se pueden reconocer, son una excelente medida del operativo de la empresa, ya que si reconoce los ingresos antes de la entrega, aún existe el riego de que los costos posteriores en que incurra la entidad sean mayores. Los estados financieros que se afectan con el proceso de reconocimiento de ingreso son: * Estado de Posición Financiera * Estado de resultados * Flujo de Efectivo Las cuentas que son afectadas por el proceso de reconocimiento de ingresos son: * Ingresos (Ventas) * Cuentas por cobrar * Anticipos de Clientes c. When does Lucent recognize revenues? De acuerdo con las notas a los Estados Financieros de Luncent, la compañía reconoce sus ingresos cuando hay evidencia de que existe un acuerdo, la entrega ya ha sido realizada, el honorario es fijo y determinado, y cuando las cuentas las cuentas por cobrar pueden ser determinables y probables incluyendo las cuentas por cobrar de los consumidores a los cuales Luncen les ha otorgado financiamiento. d. In general, what incentives do company managers have to make self-serving revenue recognition choices? En general, los administradores y gerentes de la compañía podrían verse incentivados a reconocer los ingresos de manera errónea debido a la operación que pudiera hacerse a través de los re-vendedores y distribuidores, ya que estas transacciones generalmente son reconocidas cuando éstos realizan la venta al consumidor final, y esto podría reflejar un “incremento” en la cuenta de ingresos, mismo que quizás no refleje el momento adecuado de su reconocimiento. En otros casos como en el de contrato con múltiples acuerdos, los administradores podrían reconocer ingresos antes de la entrega o antes de 90 días, momentos en los cuales la empresa garantiza la entregada total de los bienes, por otro lado, se podrían reconocer cuentas por cobrar como ingreso sin considerar que estas puede resultar potencialmente incobrables, por el mal historial crediticio o por ignorar la política de solo reconocer las cuentas por cobrar cuando es posible vender o transferir estas cuentas.

PROCESS

e. Assume that all of Lucent’s sales revenue is “on account.” Prepare a journal entry that summarizes the sales activity for fiscal 2002. Cuenta | Debe | Haber | Ingresos | | $ 12,321 | Cuentas por Cobrar | $ 12,321 | | f. Consider the following hypothetical revenue recognition scenarios and answer the associated questions. Note that there may be more than one acceptable answer. Support your answers with reasoned argumentation. Indicate where more information is required. i. In September 2002, Lucent contracted to provide services to a regional Bell operating company (RBOC) for a four-year period beginning November 1, 2002. The $50 million contract calls for annual payments of $12 million in monthly installments of $1 million. At the signing of the contract in September 2002, Lucent received $2 million. How much revenue will Lucent recognize in fiscal 2002? Lucent debería reconocer los ingresos en el ejercicio de 2002 como sigue: Cuenta | Debe | Haber | Ingresos | | $2,083,333.33 | Cuentas por Cobrar | $2,083,333.33 | | Lucent reconocerá los ingresos de los $ 2 millones en proporción al trabajo que haya realizado de manera mensual y de acuerdo al contrato 1 millón de manera mensual en caso de haber cumplido con las condiciones contractuales y de reconocimiento de ingresos. ii. On June 30, 2002, Lucent sold telecom equipment to a small start-up company. The contract states that the sales price is $15 million. The equipment has been installed, tested, and accepted by the customer. Because the customer is short of cash, Lucent’s sales team agreed to provide vendor financing for the sale. The customer is scheduled to make the $15 million payment in full on June 30, 2004, which represents the only cash Lucent will receive from the customer. Assume that Lucent’s cost of borrowing is 10% and the customer’s is 15%. Provide the journal entries recorded by Lucent on June 30 and September 30, 2002, as well as June 30, 2004. Assume that Lucent prepares formal financial statements quarterly. Lucent debería reconocer los ingresos como sigue: Cuenta | Debe | Haber | Ingresos | | $11,347,245 | Cuentas por Cobrar | $11,347,245 | | Lucent debería reconocer los ingresos en el 1er trimestre como sigue: Cuenta | Debe | Haber | Costo Integral de Financiemiento | | $402,827 | Cuentas por Cobrar | $402,827 | | Y en el 2o trimestre como sigue: Cuenta | Debe | Haber | Costo Integral de Financiemiento | | $417,127.56 | Cuentas por Cobrar | $417,127.56 | | Y de manera subsecuente debería reconocer trimestralmente la proporción de intereses por el financiamiento como se ha reflejado en el caso de estos dos trimestres, lo cual, se calcularía sumando al ingreso el monto de los intereses y multiplicando éstos por la proporción correspondiente (.0355) iii.-On December 31, 2002, Lucent learned that the customer in part ii failed to achieve success in the marketplace with its main product. The start-up company remains short of cash and is having trouble negotiating with its lenders. Provide the journal entry Lucent would make if they learned that the customer’s borrowing cost had risen to 17%. Lucent debería reconocer una provisión de cuentas incobrables por el total los ingresos en el ejercicio de 2002 como sigue: Cuenta | Debe | Haber | Estimación de Cuentas Incobrables (resultados) | $15,000,000 | | Estimación de Cuentas Incobrables (Balance) | | $15,000,000 | iv. At the end of September 2002, Lucent signed a $200 million contract to provide equipment, software, and services to an RBOC. By September 30, 2002, some of the equipment had been delivered and installed at the RBOC. Other equipment had been manufactured and shipped, but not yet received by the customer. Still other products are to be delivered over the following two fiscal years. All products contain a two-year warranty. Lucent has promised to maintain the products and provide software upgrades and a dedicated customer support team for a three-year period. How should Lucent recognize revenue on this contract? De acuerdo con las reglas de reconocimiento de ingresos, la compañía debe reconocer sus ingresos cuando haya evidencia de que existe un acuerdo y la entrega ha ocurrido, en este supuesto, al haber entregado solo una parte del equipo, solo debería reconocer los ingresos por la parte entregada, y por otro reconocer una provisión para reconocer los costos que se deriven por brindar soporte sobre estos equipos entregado en el período establecido en el contrato, y en su caso, ir reconociendo esta provisión conforme los equipos se vayan entregando y facturando. v. For the contract in part iv, how would your answer change if you learned that there was a side agreement allowing the RBOC to return the products, no questions asked, through January 31, 2003? What if Lucent promised significant discounts on future purchases in return for signing the initial $200 million contract? En este caso, la Compañía debería reconocer, de acuerdo a su experiencia, una estimación para devoluciones y descuentos sobre ventas, esto, solo si la Compañía cuenta con todos los elementos de juicio racionales para generar dichas estimaciones, en caso contrario, solo debería de reconocerlas en el momento en que estas se materialicen. vi. How could Lucent manage its reported earnings through strategic revenue recognition choices for the contract in part iv? De acuerdo con las reglas contables, éstos no deberían reconocerse sin hasta que ellos sean realizables, es decir, hasta el momento en que la Compañía haya recibido efectivo o tenga una promesa confiable de que va a recibirlo; además haber trasladado todos los derechos y obligaciones sobre el o los bienes al comprador, con lo cual podría reconocer los derechos de cobro para poder reportar sus ingresos, de esta manera, su estrategia de reconocimiento de ingresos podría ser más efectiva.
ANALYSIS

g. Evaluate the three-year trend in Lucent’s sales and margins. Conduct an internet search to establish reasons for the change. Good starting points include the company’s website www.lucent.com, the Securities and Exchange Commission’s EDGAR service (where Lucent is required to file financial reports) at www.sec.gov, and online investing sites. Al analizar la tendencia de las ventas y los ingresos en los tres años que se presentan en los Estados Financieros de la Compañía, se observa una caída dramática al pasar de casi $29 millones a $12 millones, esto representa un caída del 142% en tan solo tres años, lo cual, también se ve reflejado en los márgenes donde la caída es aún mayor, esto se debió en gran medida a que la Compañía hizo un ajuste en el reconocimiento de sus ingresos, tal y como se observa en el anuncio del mes de noviembre de 2000, donde manifestó una revisión de sus estados de resultados debido problemas de reconocimiento de ingresos observado por los auditores, esto evidentemente generó un ajuste en sus ingresos, con lo cual, se redujeron en 125 millones y consecuentemente la ganancia por acción se colocó de 18 centavos a 2 centavos. Derivado de este ajuste los mercados castigaron el precio de la acción de la Compañía el cual cayó el 16% (17.56). Adicionalmente, la Compañía anunció que después de realizar una revisión exhaustiva al proceso de reconocimiento de ingresos, el cuarto cuatrimestre necesitaba ser ajustado, para quedar en $8.7 millones, y por lo tanto la ganancia por acción también tendría que ser revisada. A continuación se puede observar el comportamiento de la acción durante estos tres años (200-2002):

Fuente: Yahoo Finance Adicionalmente, en la siguiente declaración de ingresos se observa una consistencia en los ingresos por año (años recientes) no así en los costos, sin embargo a partir de esta información podemos observar que la política ha sido consistente:

Fuente: Yahoo Finance h. Refer to the accompanying article, Disparities in How U.K. Companies Report Sales Make Investors Wary, from the April 1, 2002 issue of The Wall Street Journal. i. Why do markets “punish” firms that use unconventional or aggressive revenue recognition methods? En esencia, los mercados castigan a las empresas que emplean métodos de reconocimiento de ingresos no convencionales o agresivos, debido a que históricamente, este tipo de Compañías normalmente con el paso del tiempo revela problemas en este rubro, lo cual, infiere de la lectura de los casos que son presentados en el artículo, pues señala que debido a las diferencias en las reglas contables esto representa un bandera roja o de alerta para los inversionistas, que normalmente prefieren ser cautelosos con este tipo de empresas. ii. What can companies do to avoid such outcomes? Las Compañías deberían ser más transparentes con sus criterios y en su caso comunicar de manera consistente y clara y acorde con las mejores prácticas los procesos de reconocimiento de ingresos y evitar en la medida de lo posible la opacidad en sus procesos y en la información que revelan a los inversionistas. iii. Nick Gomer, the Ernst and Young partner, quoted in the article, suggests that the best practice is to follow detailed U.S. guidance. Why might he suggest that? How does his argument hold up against the call for accounting standards to be more principles-based and less rules-based? De acuerdo a lo comentado por el socio de Ernst & Young, Nick Gomer, el problema es que las Compañías no explican sus políticas de reconocimiento de ingresos, señala que tener políticas diferentes no es el problema, si se explica claramente de dónde salen los números, aun que esto, hace mucho más complejo el poder analizar el desempeño de los negocios, lo cual, podría poner de manifiesto la necesidad de tener una contabilidad más basada en principios generales que en reglas contables, ya que un principio establece la manera en que dadas las características del negocio y de las operaciones éstos deberían reconocerse. Por otro lado, el socio de E&Y, comenta que no hay reglas homogéneas para el reconocimiento de ingresos, y señala el caso de las empresas de tecnología, principalmente las de software, las cuales tienen muchas maneras de reconocer sus ingresos, por lo cual, menciona que cada vez es más es considerado como una mejor practica el seguir las reglas contables de los estados unidos, donde los GAAP’s son más claros y las reglas contables son homogéneas, con los cual, la comparación del desempeño de los negocios es igual, y se pueden evitar criterios distintos. i. Assume that you are a member of Lucent’s audit committee. Your role, in part, is to evaluate the appropriateness of the company’s financial reporting policies and choices. Each quarter, you meet with Lucent’s external auditors and discuss financial reporting matters with them.

i. What questions would you ask Lucent’s external auditors to assure yourself that the company’s revenue recognition policy was reasonable? Una de las preguntas básicas desde mi punto de vista, sería el preguntar sobre cómo desde su punto de vista y de acuerdo a las reglas contables, están siendo razonable el momento en que los ingresos están siendo reflejados como tal en los resultados de la Compañía, preguntarle si en su experiencia y comparando este criterio contra empresas del mismo sector este criterio está siendo razonable, y si durante el desarrollo de sus pruebas identificó alguna debilidad en esta política. ii. What signs might indicate that a company aggressively recognizes revenue? By those standards, does Lucent recognize revenue aggressively? En primera instancia, se identificaría, un incremento en los ingresos poco razonable en comparación con la industria (promedio y empresas del mismo sector) y en comparación con períodos y ejercicios anteriores, ahora bien, bajo estos argumentos, y revisando los estados financieros de la Compañía podríamos decir que Lucent, empleo una política de reconocimiento de ingresos agresiva y no acorde a la realidad y requerimiento de las reglas contables.

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