...FROM CLASSICAL TO KENYESSIAN ECONOMICS Great Depression In the 1930s, American capitalism practically stopped working.For more than a decade, from 1929 to 1940, America's free-market economy failed to operate at a level that allowed most Americans to attain economic success. The depth economic collapse and social disarray that mired America then was unprecedented. * By 1933, the country's GNP had fallen to barely half its 1929 level12. * Industrial production fell by more than half, and construction of new industrial plants fell by more than 90%. Production of automobiles dropped by two-thirds; steel plants operated at 12% of capacity. * More than 13 million Americans lost their jobs. Of those, 62% found themselves out of work for longer than a year; 44% longer than two years; 24% longer than three years; and 11% longer than four years. Unemployment peaked at a staggering 24.1% in 1933. * The financial meltdown initiated by Wall Street's Great Crash of 1929 caused billions of dollars in assets to vanish into thin air. Wealthy Americans—who owned almost all the nation's stocks at the time—were walloped by an 80% decline in the value of the stock market. * Even more troubling to the entire population were rampant bank failures—between 1929 and 1933, two out of every five banks in America collapsed, causing more than $7 billion of their customers' hard-earned money to evaporate. Factors responsible The stock market crash of October of 1929. * The...
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...Review of Keynesian Economics, Inaugural Issue, Autumn 2012, pp. 1–4 Statement of the Co-Editors Economics and the economic crisis: the case for change It is widely recognized that economic crises can sometimes trigger enormous change, with regard to both economic theory and the politics of governance. Today, the global economy is struggling with the fall-out from the financial crash of 2008 and the Great Recession of 2007–2009. The economic crisis that these events have generated, combined with the failure of the mainstream economics profession, has again put the question of change on the table. The economics profession stands significantly discredited owing to its failure to foresee the recession and the financial crash, its repeated over-optimistic forecasts of rapid recovery, and the lack of plausibility surrounding its attempts to explain events. Reasonable people do not expect economists to predict the daily movements of the stock market, but they do expect them to anticipate and explain major imminent economic developments. On that score, the profession failed catastrophically, revealing fundamental theoretical inadequacies. This intellectual failure has prompted us to launch the Review of Keynesian Economics. At a time of journal proliferation, some may wonder about the need for another journal. We would respond there is a proliferation of journals, but that proliferation is essentially within one intellectual paradigm. As such, it obscures the fact that the range...
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...Principles of Macroeconomics, 9e - TB1 (Case/Fair/Oster) Chapter 18 Debates in Macroeconomics: Monetarism, New Classical Theory, and Supply-Side Economics 18.1 Keynesian Economics 1 Multiple Choice 1) Who wrote the General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money? A) Adam Smith B) David Ricardo C) Milton Friedman D) John Maynard Keynes Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: Keynesian Economics Skill: Fact 2) Keynesian economics includes the idea that A) economic policies are ineffective. B) the economy is basically stable. C) prices adjust to clear the markets. D) labor markets don't always clear due to wage rigidities. Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: Keynesian Economics Skill: Fact 3) Among the propositions of the Keynesian school of thought is A) economic policies are ineffective. B) aggregate supply management is the key to a stable economy. C) aggregate demand determines equilibrium output. D) rational expectations. Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: Keynesian Economics Skill: Fact 4) Keynes believed which of the following? A) The government has a role to play in fighting inflation, but not in fighting unemployment. B) The government has a role to play in fighting unemployment, but not in fighting inflation. ...
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...macroeconomy. The main topics uncovered for this week include aggregate demand, aggregate supply, the Keynesian Model, and the Classical Model. You have an opportunity to explore these concepts in the Learning Team Weekly Reflection, the Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper, and the discussion topic. Aggregate Demand and Supply Models OBJECTIVE: Analyze the impact of various factors on aggregate demand and supply. Resource: Ch. 10 of Macroeconomics. Content • Ch. 10: “The Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply Model” o The Historical Development of Modern Macro o The AS/AD Model o The Aggregate Demand Curve o The Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve o The Long-Run Aggregate Supply Curve o Equilibrium in the Aggregate Economy o Why Macro Policy Is More Complicate Than the AS/AD Model Makes It Look OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effectiveness of changes in fiscal policies using Keynesian and Classical models Resource: Ch. 12 of Macroeconomics. Content • Ch. 12: “Thinking Like a Modern Macroeconomist” o Why It Is Important to Know about Modern Macro Theory o Engineering Models and Scientific Models o From the Keynesian Revolution to Modern Macro Models o A Beginner’s Guide to the DSGE Model o Policy Implications of the DSGE Model o How Relevant Are the Problems? o Modern Macroeconomic Policy and the Collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge o The Complexity Approach to Macro: The Future...
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...Economics BS1547 Introduction to Economics Macroeconomics Assignment- 1 Neo-Classical and Keynesian “The study of how society, and those in society allocate scarce and hence valuable resources between competing uses can be defined as Economics”(Jones, 2013) which was founded by Adam Smith in 1776. “The field of Economics that deals with the aggregate economy and changes in its level of unemployment, national income, growth rate, GDP, inflation and price level is called Macroeconomics.”(www.investopedia.com) As economics developed two distinct approaches were seen to immerge the Neo Classical which stated that Macroeconomics = ∑Microeconomics and the Keynesian which stated the opposite. Both these approaches are still followed in the managing of the present world Economies. Figure 1. As seen above, Neo classical approach lasted several years before the Great Depression, but was revived once again after the period of stagflation when the Keynesian approach failed to improve the economic condition. The Neo Classists approach influenced by Adam Smith and others with reference to the ‘invisible hand theory’ (Jones, 2013) stated that the “market is best left alone and that it will adjust and clear itself and hence finding its own macro-equilibrium.” (Jones, 2013) Keynes suggested that this is not realistic approach and that “government intervention is needed for the market to reach its macro-equilibrium.” (Jones, 2013) The Neo Classical approach towards Economic production states...
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...John Maynard Keynes He was a famous economist born on 5th June 1883. His father was an economics professor at Cambridge. son of a Cambridge economics professor If ever there was a rock star of economics, it would be John Maynard Keynes. Keynes shares his birthday, June 5th, with Adam Smith and he was born in 1883, the year communist founder Karl Marx died. With these auspicious signs, Keynes seemed to be destined to become a powerful free market force when the world was facing a serious choice between communism or capitalism. Instead, he offered a third way, which turned the world of economics upside down. In this article, we'll examine Keynes' doctrine and its impact. (To read about Adam Smith, be sure to check out Adam Smith: The Father Of Economics.) Keynes was ultimately a successful investor, building up a private fortune. His assets were nearly wiped out following the Stock Market Crash of 1929, which he failed to foresee, but he soon recouped. At Keynes's death, in 1946, his worth stood just short of £500,000 – equivalent to about £11 million ($16.5 million) in 2009. His first prediction was a critique of the reparation payments that were levied against the defeated Germany after WWI. Keynes rightly pointed out that having to pay out the cost of the entire war would force Germany into hyperinflation and have negative consequences all over Europe. He followed this up by predicting that a return to the prewar fixed exchange rate sought by the chancellor of the exchequer...
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...FISCAL POLICY & MACROECONOMIC MODELS There are three macroeconomic models in which to analyze the effects of changes in fiscal policy: Keynesian, Monetarist and Classical. Keynesian Model The Keynesian model focuses on attempting to manage the “Demand” side of the economy by using taxation and spending to redistribute income and wealth. The rationale is that redistribution of income and wealth via taxation and use of transfer payments [government spending] will drive the “Demand” function thereby driving the overall economy. The Keynesian model makes no distinction between tax rates and tax revenues and assumes that government spending in the form of transfer payments will increase or decrease demand based on the level of spending AND the spending multiplier. The spending multiplier can be expressed mathematically as: Spending Multiplier = 1 / (1 – MPC) in which MPC is the “marginal propensity to consume.” Keynesian economics is based on the view that lower income brackets have higher MPC, while higher income earners have lower MPC. Accordingly, the transfer of income and wealth to lower income earners will transfer into increased economic growth because every dollar of transfer payments in theory will have a higher multiplier effect. The increase or decrease of “taxes-and-spending” should accelerate [or decelerate] economic growth depending on how it is applied. Observations: Keynesian economics ignores or does not take into account that changes in tax rates...
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...Aggregate Demand and Supply Model Option Two Simona Lewis ECO/372 January 14, 2015 Christopher Dabbs Aggregate Demand and Supply Model Option Two Describe the current state of following economic factors. The Interest Rates. When it comes to the interest rates, there are several things that he or she needs to know, such as long-term and short –term interest rates. The term interest rates are the amounts “that are charged or paid for the utilization of financial assets” (Colander, 2013, p 657). On-the-other-hand, the term long-term interest rate is referred to the amounts for the use of the financial assets for the extended repayment periods for his or her loans (Colander, 2013). For example, when he or she is buying a house that has a mortgage of 15 to 30 years that is long-term (Colander, 2013). However, with the short-term interest rate, are the amount paid for the utilization of the financial asset with “shorter repayment periods, such as a deposit and checking accounts” (Colander, 2013, p. 658). So, in-other-words long-term interest rate is decided by the loanable fund market, and the short-term interest rate is decided in the money market (Colander, 2013). Now, since he or she understands how the interest rates works, in The United States, the interest rates are actually cheap, but “not the long-term rate are not that cheap” (Conerly, 2013, para. 4). Therefore, the short-term interest rate is controlled by the Central Bank, which is The United States Federal Reserve...
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...|CONTENTS | |THEORY COURSE: | |Title sheet [Program, Course Code - Course Name, Credit Structures, Pre-Requisite and Co-Requisite, Instructor’s Web-Link | |Address (Moodle), Name of Instructor, Division, and School] | |Official Time Table of the course | |Approved course syllabus signed by Instructor & Program chair | |Objective and Outcome Mapping | |Lesson Plan | |Assessment Scheme and Schedule | |Model Question Paper (Semester End Examination (SEE)) | |Lectures Slides, Tutorials and other Learning Resource provided (See Annexure 1) | |Assignments / Course Projects ...
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...Macroeconomics: The Study of Our National Economy Macroeconomics: The study of Our National Economy “Our new economic approach is rooted in ideas which stress the importance of macro-economics, post neo-classical endogenous growth theory and the symbiotic relationships between growth and investment, and people and infrastructure”. (Brown) As we have seen here in the past few years, but more so in the last year, the economy is ever changing. Macroeconomics is the backbone of America and without a stable economy we have serious hurdles in front of us to overcome. John Maynard Keynes developed the Keynesian Theory, which has become the foundation of our government’s economic decisions. During the course of this paper I will outline Keynesian Theorists and Monetary Theorists approach to promote long-run macroeconomic stability, the impact of persistent budget deficits on the trade deficit, options available to policy makers when national savings presents opportunity to improve the trade deficit, appraise the position of the supply side as it relates to government deficits and evaluate recent national economic policies as they relate to the magnitude of the trade deficit. In essence, the inner workings and use of macroeconomics as a financial tool of study to determine how a national economy is managed and sustained. To begin, Keynesian theorists approach to promote long-run macroeconomic stability is somewhat unique. Economist who agree...
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...Essay Which of the two major approaches to Economic policy (Keynesian or Classical) will lead the USA out of the economic crisis faster? What are two differences between those two types of economic policies? This topic is very much of current interest because the U.S. economy is having quite a hard time these days. In order to properly review the problem I believe it is important to look deeper into the economic crisis of the United States. The problem with the US economy is very complex. One of the key problems lies in the huge public debt that accounts for $ 14,710,435,135,562,26 as of September 19, 2011. The problem with an enormous public debt of the U.S. is accompanied by the expansion of government spending which takes place at an exponential rate. The federal spending is almost 18 times higher than it was back in 1970. The third outstanding aspect is the huge amount of unemployed labor in the United States. The unemployment rate as of September 19, 2011 exceeds the 10% mark. The other sides of the critical economic situation include high levels of inflation and household debt and the following decrease in purchasing power of the population. The governmental bodies usually exploit one of the two major approaches to Economic policy. These include the Classical and the Keynesian approaches. The Classical economics theory employed the idea of economic liberalism which included the notion that economic laws are similar to the laws of nature. The action of these laws...
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...Current Macroeconomic Situation. Ibrahim Vohra 12/1/2010 Lotti_Charming@hotmail.com Current Macroeconomic situation. Introduction. As far as I know, recession is what's on everyone's mind and what probably should be on Mr. Bernanke's mind. Inflation has been pretty high though (e.g. the price of commodities) but the tools available to them to fight recession and inflation are usu. contrary to each other, so inflation should take a back seat for now. Of course we could be in for stagflation in the near future. A stable recovery. The general concern (shrinking, but still present) is that the U.S. economy could sink into another recession creating a double bottom recovery pattern (as opposed to a V shaped recovery)(Spencer 2009). The U.S. Congress has done a good job at not spooking the markets. If the markets believed that the Fed would be raising the interest rates, the economy could slip into another recession. Ben Bernanke has promised to keep interest rates "exceptionally low for an extended period of time." As we move past the point where recession is a concern, inflation and security bubbles become the next concern. We know the Fed is going to raise rates, but when and by how much? No one’s knows that at all.(Spencer 2009) The Main macroeconomics theory is: Classical-Keynesian...
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...price and quantity controls, minimum wage, import tariff and quota. 4. PRODUCTION AND COST : Production function, total, average and marginal products, isoquants and economic regions of production, cost minimization and expansion path, elasticity of substitution, economies of scale, Cobb Douglas, fixed coefficient and CES functions, short run and long run costs. REFERRENCES: - Maddala-Miller Pindyck-Rubinfeld Varian (Intermediate) Ferguson-Gould Kutsoyanis (Modern Microeconomics) PAPER – II: MACROECONOMICS I Full Marks - 50 1. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING: Methods of calculating national income, national income as a measure of economic welfare and other concepts. 2. THE ECONOMY IN THE SHORT RUN: Simple Keynesian Model, Static Multiplier, IS-LM analysis, fiscal and monetary policy. 3. THE ECONOMY IN THE LONG RUN: The...
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...The information within the paper will discuss and analyze the collapsing foundation of the economic structure in the United States. The widespread knowledge of economical stresses has become more apparent in recent years. These stresses include many different aspects such as; unemployment rates, expectations, consumer income, and interest rates which have been severely weakened in the United States` once prosperous economy. The issues can no longer be ignored nor overlooked as it is imperative that the nation acts accordingly, in order to preserve what is left our nation’s financial strength. A substantial part of these struggles are a result of an abnormal amount of government spending by the officials appointed in charge of the nation’s spending habits. A reorganization of government spending is essential for the strengthening of the economy. For example, the National Conference of State Legislators stated “Top state fiscal issues generally fall into two categories: the must-address issues and the ones lawmakers (including governors) would like to address. Must-address issues such as Medicaid and education arise every year because they account for $1 out of every $2 of general fund spending.” Naturally, it is extremely important to address educational and medical needs that should be met by residents of towns and citizens of this United States. Unfortunately, it has become apparent that some of the most economically important occupations are receiving pay cuts, layoffs, and...
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...Economic Critique ECO/372 University of Phoenix Economic Critique Aggregate supply and demand are two of the most important elements to consider in all of macroeconomic, regardless of which of the many theories or models one applies. Understanding how various economic factors influence supply and demand is very important particularly vital to the government while determining economic policy. Factors like unemployment, expectations, consumer income, and interest rates all have an affect on the aggregate supply and demand. These factors will be discussed from both the Keynesian and Classical macroeconomic perspective. Current State of Unemployment, Expectations, Consumer Income, and Interest Rates Unemployment The unemployment rate has been steadily dropping over time. As of the summer of 2012 the unemployment rate was at 8-1/4 percent, and fell to a little below 8 percent as of January 2013 (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2013). However, this improvement is still well above unemployment rates pre-recession. Also, a larger portion of the unemployed have been so for six months or longer (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2013). In more recent months according to "Bureau Of Labor Statistics" (2013), “the unemployment rate edged down to 7.4 percent as of July 2013” (News Release USDL-13-1527 ). Economists try to interpret this information in order to better determine which way government policy should go. According economist, John...
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