...Policy in the United States Adam Rose* and Noah Dormady** This paper provides a meta-analysis of a broad set of recent studies of the economic impacts of climate change mitigation policies. It evaluates the infiuences of the impacts of causal factors, key economic assumptions and macroeconomic linkages on the outcome of these studies. A quantité regression analysis is also performed on the meta sample, to evaluate the robustness of those key factors throughout the full range of macro findings. Results of these analyses suggest that study results are strongly driven by data inputs, economic assumptions and modeling approaches. However, they are sometimes affected in counterintuitive ways. 1. INTRODUCTION The macroeconomic impacts of climate change mitigation policies are controversial among both scholars and the policy-making community. Results range from predictions of severe economic harm to significant overall economic gains. Given the unresolved nature of this debate, this paper seeks to shed light on it by evaluating a wide range of macroeconomic studies through a metaanalytic approach. Meta-analysis is a method for evaluating a cross-section of studies on a given topic, and evaluating the impacts of assumptions, input variables and modeling approaches on the overall findings of the studies. In essence, meta-analysis is a study of studies (Borenstein et al., 2009; Lipsey and Wilson 2001). The Energy Joumai, Vol. 32, No. 2. Copyright ©2011 by the IAEE. All...
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...of Macroeconomics by Smriti Chand Macro Economics The Nature and Scope of Macroeconomics! Introduction: The term ‘macro’ was first used in economics by Ragner Frisch in 1933. But as a methodological approach to economic problems, it originated with the Mercantilists in the 16th and 17th centuries. They were concerned with the economic system as a whole. In the 18th century, the Physiocrats adopted it in their Table Economies to show the ‘circulation of wealth’ (i.e., the net product) among the three classes represented by farmers, landowners and the sterile class. Malthus, Sismondi and Marx in the 19th century dealt with macroeconomic problems. Walras, Wicksell and Fisher were the modern contributors to the development of macroeconomic analysis before Keynes. Certain economists, like Cassel, Marshall, Pigou, Robertson, Hayek and Hawtrey, developed a theory of money and general prices in the decade following the First World War. But credit goes to Keynes who finally developed a general theory of income, output and employment in the wake of the Great Depression. Contents: Nature of Macroeconomics Difference between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics Dependence of Microeconomic Theory on Macroeconomics Dependence of Macroeconomics on Microeconomic Theory Macro Statics, Macro Dynamics and Comparative Statics Transition from Microeconomics to Macroeconomics Stock and Flow Concepts 1. Nature of Macroeconomics:________________________________________ Macroeconomics is the...
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...Definition of 'Macroeconomics' The term Macro has been taken from the Latin word Macros which means big. The field of economics that studies the behavior of the aggregate economy. Macroeconomics examines economy-wide phenomena such as changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, gross domestic product, inflation and price levels. Macroeconomics Concerns | Production | Prices | Income | Employment | NationalProduction/OutputTotal Industrial OutputGross Domestic ProductGrowth of Output | Aggregate Price LevelConsumer pricesProducer PricesRate of Inflation | National IncomeTotal wages and salariesTotal corporate profits | Employment andUnemployment in theEconomyTotal number of jobsUnemployment rate | Therefore, as is clear from the above, the following issues/subjects define the scope of Macro Economics: 1. Aggregates of national income and its determination 2. Theories of Income and Employment. 3. Theory of Money and Banking. 4. Fiscal Theory. 5. Balance of Payment. Scope and Importance of Macro Economics Macro Economics is of much theoretical and practical importance. Let us see what are the importance and the scope where macro economics are being used. 1. To Understand the working of the Economy The study of macro economics variables is requisite for considerate the operation of the financial system. Our main economic complexities are associated with the performance of total income, irredundant and the normal price scale in the...
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...Q1. What is microeconomics? “It is impossible to separate microeconomics from macroeconomics”- Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer with appropriate argument. Ans: Microeconomics is derived from the Greek word ‘mikros’ meaning ‘small’. Microeconomics deals with the small individual units of the economy such as individual consumers, individual firms and small aggregates a group of individual units such as various industries or markets. Thus, microeconomic theory seeks to determine the mechanism by which the different economic units attain the position of equilibrium, proceeding from the individual units to a narrowly defined group. Microeconomic analysis concerns itself with narrowly defined groups since it does not study the totality of behavior of all units in the economy. In other word, the study of economic system or economy as a whole lies outside the domain of microeconomic analysis. Yes I agree with this statement that “It is impossible to separate microeconomics from macroeconomics”. The terms microeconomics and macroeconomics have their origin in the early 1930s, when economists strove to gain an understanding of factors that created the Great Depression. Separate mechanisms to describe the actions of individuals and aggregate populations were first described by the Norwegian economist Ragnar Frisch (1895-1973) in 1933. Frisch called these mechanisms "microdynamic" and "macro-dynamic." He wrote that micro-dynamic analysis seeks to "explain in...
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...Manager BUS610 AIU Abstract This paper’s objective is to discuss the differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics and examples of each. It will discuss a personal microeconomic example with the factors that contributed to the decision. It will also discuss an example of a macroeconomic phenomenon and the results of the decision. Economics for the Global Manager Microeconomics is an analysis of how individuals and firms will make themselves as successful as possible in a world of shortages and the penalty of those individual decisions for markets and the entire economy. It will study how individuals and firms make decisions and how the individual decisions will affect markets (Perloff, 2012). Macroeconomic is an analysis of the performance of the whole economic system. It can forecast the national income by studying the major economic factors that have predictable patterns or trends and the influence they have on one another. The factors used are prices, balance of payment positions, gross national product, and employment / unemployment (Macroeconomics, 2013). The difference between microeconomics and macroeconomics is clear. Microeconomics is the study of the individuals / firms markets. It looks at the allocations of resources and the prices of goods. Macroeconomics is a study of the whole economic system. It looks at gross national product and how it affects unemployment. A microeconomic phenomenon example is taking a looks at a specific company...
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...Economics Economics has two branches: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is the branch of economics that deals with the personal decisions of consumers and entrepreneurs. Its primary concern is to help consumers and investors make their lives better by increasing their earnings and satisfying their needs despite limited resources. Also included in its study are the consumers' decisions on what products to buy and how the cost of commodities is determined. Macroeconomics deals with the larger aspects of a nation's economy, such as the sectors of agriculture, industry, and service. It aims to (a) speed up the economy's growth rate and increase total production; (b) increase the rate of employment; (c) keep the prices of commodities stable so that they remain affordable; and (d) have sufficient reserves for foreign exchange for importing goods and paying off loans. Economists help in solving problems like unfair wages, rapid population growth, people migration to city centers, high crime incidence, and loss of human resources due to overseas migration. http://hotbabefatchicks.hubpages.com/hub/Branches-of-Economics The first process is MICROECONOMICS:- this is considering the small scale working of economic laws. Here we see a man faced with choice of ways to spend his limited money, or an individual business deciding its pricing policy. It is a branch of economics that studies how the individual parts of the economy, the household and the firms, make decisions to allocate...
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...Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Pua Edayan ECO/372 October 26, 2012 William Akamine Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Gross domestic product is the market value of final goods and services produced in a given period within the United States. National accounts are related to the gross domestic product which is a subject in macroeconomics. It has three ways that results are the same. Product approach is the most direct and sums the outputs. This approach has market value of final goods and services that is calculated within a year. The gross domestic product is released quarterly. It is used to measure economic outputs and the growth rate is evaluated by the Federal Reserve. Real gross domestic product reflects positive contributions from exports with fixed investments from nonresidential, personal expenditures, and state and government spending whereas, a subtraction of imports are increased. It measures the economy as the cost incurred and earned incomes of the gross domestic product are in the production. For example, if 1992 is the base year, then the real gross domestic product for 1996 is calculated by quantities of goods and services that were purchased in 1996 are multiplied by their 1992 prices. Evaluations at current market prices are known as nominal gross domestic product. Therefore, all changes in market prices include during the year due to deflation or inflation. Deflation meaning a decrease in price level and inflation that show...
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... Real GDP is the GDP adjusted for price changes caused by inflation or deflation. Because of inflation, GDP increases do not accurately reflect the true growth in a countries economy, Real GDP represents the GDP with the inflation rate taken into account. 3. Nominal GDP Nominal GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced by a country, based on goods and services produced by a country, at their respective prices, unaccounted for inflation. 4. Unemployment Rate The unemployment rate is a measure of a countries unemployment and is calculated as a percentage by dividing the number of unemployed workers by all workers currently in the labor force. It is important to remember that people outside of the labor force are not included. When an economy reaches recession, usually the unemployment rate rises along with it. 5. Inflation Rate The Inflation rate is the rate that prices of goods and services increase and buying power decreases. The inflation rate represents the annualized percentage change on general prices. 6. Fiscal Policy Fiscal policy is a country’s plan administered by it’s government, to adjust spending levels and tax rates to influence it’s economy. The goal is to help the country’s economy to grow and avoid poverty. 7. Monetary Policy Monetary policy is a central bank plan...
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...Although many people do not see much difference in micro and macroeconomics, there is in fact a huge difference. Microeconomics is the study from a specific firm’s point of view, as macroeconomics is the study from the full economies point of view. So, what does this all mean? In this paper we will discuss the many factors that make up key elements of macroeconomics. What is economics all about? Is it the study of money? Is it about trade-offs and scarce resources? Is it about inflation, unemployment, and government budget deficits? Is it about eliminating poverty? All of the above are important topics in the study of economics. The main objective of economic research is its ability to explain how we can most optimally achieve the highest standard of living. Thus: Economics is the study of how we can best increase a nation's wealth with the resources that we have available to us. In our country and other relatively free-market economies, the decision as to what and how much to produce is made primarily by the buyers and sellers of the products. The government exerts relatively little control over prices of products. Some say that this is the nation’s wealth, but is it? Wealth by definition includes tangible products, such as cars and houses, as well as intangible products, such as more leisure time and cleaner air. The biggest question associated with wealth, is how to increase it. Some economists support government involvement, price controls, and government rules and regulations...
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...Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper Part 1: Describe the following terms in your own words. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the indicator of the economic health of a country. Also a measure of the dollar value or goods produced at a given time period. Real GDP is nominal GDP adjusted for inflation. Real GDP is also what is important to a society because it measures what is really produced. Nominal GDP is a gross domestic product (GDP) number that has not been adjusted for inflation. Unemployment rate are rates at which people are either looking for a job or just simply does not have a job. It is measured by the number of people reportedly in the country at one time adjusted by those who are eligible to work and are not. Inflation rate are rates at which the economies prices are adjusting upward or downward. Prices increase and decrease and the measures show the strength or power. Interest rate is tax added back to the payback (what you owe). Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper Macroeconomics deals with such issues as national economic output and growth, unemployment, recession, inflation, foreign trade, and monetary and fiscal policy. Using macroeconomics we will study and explore the economy at the aggregate level because it is concerned with the workings of the whole economy or large sectors of it. The sectors include our government, households, and businesses. There are a multitude of different economic activities that affect our government...
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...Fundamentals of Macroeconomics JoRenie Armstrong ECO/372 March 23, 2015 Yohannes Mariam Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Fundamentals of Macroeconomics economic principles apply and affect the entire economic system that encompass the world. Macroeconomics directly impact every part of our government and every individual’s quality of life. The health of the nation’s economy affects our economy. A few areas that determine economic health are the gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP) the unemployment rate, the inflation rate, and taxes. The Principle areas of Macroeconomics covered in this paper examines the flow of resources between three entities - government, businesses, and individual households. Their interconnecting relationships of how various economic activities connect and affect one another verbalized from the author’s perspective. Households Daily acts, such as buying groceries has an enormous impact on our economy. Purchasing groceries on a regular basis directly affect the GDP. Consumer spending is a driving force of a nation’s economic health. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) defined is the final monetary measurement of a country’s production activities, of goods and services, bought by the end users in a given period. Purchasing groceries for consumption is part of the GDP collection process. This factor is how individual household purchases affect the nation’s economy. In times of a recession, consumers spending decreases. Consumers...
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...economists say goods are scarce, they mean: a. | consumers are too poor to afford the goods and services available. | b. | consumers are unwilling to buy goods unless they have very low prices. | c. | goods are generally freely available from nature in most countries. | d. | the desire for goods and services exceeds our ability to produce them with the limited resources available. | ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: Full: 3 | Mic: 3 TOP: Scarcity TYP: SA 3. Scarcity is a problem: a. | measured by the amount of goods available. | b. | of the poor, but not the rich. | c. | because human wants are unlimited while resources are limited. | d. | only in industrialized economies. | ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Full: 3 | Mic: 3 TOP: Scarcity TYP: RE 4. Scarcity can be eliminated if: a. | people satisfy needs rather than wants. | b. | sufficient new resources were discovered. | c. | output of goods and services were increased. | d. | none of these. | ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: Full: 3 | Mic: 3 TOP: Scarcity TYP: RE 5. Scarcity is a(n): a. | problem only in industrialized economies. | b. | condition measured by the quantity of goods available. | c. | subjective concept that human...
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...and I am fully aware of the consequences of plagiarism. Signed | For Academic Registrar use only | Outline Introduction 3 I. Analyses of Key Macroeconomic Indicators 3 1. Growth Rate 4 2. Productivity growth 5 3. Output Gap 6 4. Unemployment Rate 6 5. Inflation Rate 8 6. Trade 8 II. Interrelationships between key macroeconomic indicators 9 1. Growth and Unemployment, Okun's Law 9 2. Inflation-Unemployment Tradeoffs, the Philip curve 10 Conclusion 11 Bibliography 11 Introduction Over the years a great deal of works have been devoted to improve the economic performance of one of the sub-Saharan African country, located in the territory of Northern Rhodesia, Zambia. The country gained independence from the British in 1964, and started to operate and be counted as a separate economy. This empirical study analyses the available annual data on key macroeconomic indicators of Zambia for the period from 2000 to 2012 years, and explains the interrelation between these indicators with the help of important macroeconomic theories. I. Analyses of Key Macroeconomic Indicators As it is noted in macroeconomic textbooks, the nation's overall macroeconomic performance matters, not its own sake but because many individuals experience its consequences. The assumption that these connections between the overall economy and the lives of individuals are reflected in data...
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...Macroeconomics January 16, 2013 Meriem Boulhimez FINAL EXAM Microeconomics is the section of economics that concerns single factors and the effects of individual decisions. It is commonly known to be the study of individual decisions of a single business entity. It consists of analyzing the price of a particular product, the capacity production of a product, and how the price of each product in the market is affected by the forces of supply and demand. It considers regulations, taxes, and analyzes markets in order to effectively set a value for a specific good or service. The decisions made on a microeconomic level are very pinpointed and precise. The outcome directly affects the supply and demand chain as well as other forces that determine the price levels seen in the economy. For example, microeconomics would access how a specific business could maximize its production so it could lower prices and compete more fiercely with its competitors. In order to come up with these solutions, microeconomics considers various variables such as the relationship of a firm with the market and the appropriate price of a product to maximize profits. On the other hand, Macroeconomics is a broader study that involves the economy as a whole, not just one particular company since it assesses entire industries. For example, macroeconomics covers subjects such as an economy’s GDP and how it is closely linked to unemployment rates, since they mutually influence one another. Besides...
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...Introduction: Economics has become an increasingly significant part of contemporary life. Regardless of the daily expenditure of our life or the allocation of the social wealth, all this affairs related can be explained by the economics and the functions of economics are playing the essential role. The essay is aimed to define the economics and discuss how we can use economics in our future career or daily life. What is economics Professor Israel Kirzner in The Economic Point of View points out that even among professional economists, there are ‘a series of formulations of the economic point of view that are astounding in their variety’. Many people feel that they are generally familiar with economics. However, if what the economics is asked, people will find that it is difficult to define the subject. After all, economics is more than money. As Mankiw mentioned in his book, economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life, it examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of the material requisites of well-being. More generally, economics is the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses, and scarcity refers to the limited nature of society’s resources. That is to say, economists not only study the consumption determination and investment portfolio, but also pay attention to the results that led by the consumption and...
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