...and other information about how to protect yourself from illness and injury while traveling. CDC divides vaccines for travel into three categories: routine, recommended, and required. While your doctor will tell you which ones you should have, it's best to be aware of them ahead of time. Before visiting Nigeria, you may need to get the following vaccinations and medications for vaccine-preventable diseases and other diseases you might be at risk for at your destination: (Note: Your doctor or health-care provider will determine what you will need, depending on factors such as your health and immunization history, areas of the country you will be visiting, and planned activities.) To have the most benefit, see a health-care provider at least 4–6 weeks before your trip to allow time for your vaccines to take effect and to start taking medicine to prevent malaria, if you need it. Even if you have less than 4 weeks before you leave, you should still see a health-care provider for needed vaccines, anti-malaria drugs and other medications and information about how to protect yourself from illness and injury while traveling. CDC recommends that you see a health-care provider who specializes in Travel Medicine. Find a travel medicine clinic near you. If you have a medical condition, you should also share your travel plans with any doctors you are currently seeing for other medical reasons. If your travel plans will take you to more than one country during a single trip, be sure to...
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... The first theory that King Tut was murdered was because of the head injury to the back of his skull. After extensive research, I found an article in The National Geographic magazine that states a team of specialist in radiology, forensics, and anatomy did a ct scan and found no traces of lethal trauma to King Tuts head. It also states that embalmers apparently entered the skull through the nose as well as the neck, perhaps breaking off bones in the process. This would explain the injury to King Tuts head. The team found no evidence for a blow to the back of the head, and no other indication of foul play. The second theory is that King Tut may have died from natural causes. Tut may have died of severe malaria and a rare bone disorder called Kohler disease. Researchers spent 2 years subjecting Tut to anthropological, radiological, and genetic testing. They were able to rule out Gynecomostia and Marfans syndrome but did find evidence...
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...PREFACE Projects are an indispensable part of any kind of formal education. They help us to have a practical exposure as well as better outlook of the subject, which we are studying. In a professional course like PGDBM, the students are equipped with strong theoretical knowledge about the business operations and the time-tested methods of running a successful business. To make this theoretical knowledge stronger, the students are assigned certain projects in various organizations to get an idea of the practical working styles. I was assigned to work in Eveready Industries India Limited, Guwahati. The topic of study was “A study of market policies and Distribution Channels of Mosquito coil in Nalbari District ”. I worked with the Ashish Agency, Distributor (Van Operator) of Eveready situated in Nalbari Town. The Project commenced from the 1st May of 2006 to 30th June 2006. In order to make the data and findings easily understandable, efforts have been made to present the information in a simplified, lucid and organized manner. Wherever possible, tables and figures have been incorporated. Suggestions have been made on the basis of findings herein. It gives me immense practical exposure to the practical working patterns and the environment. I will be satisfied if the organization gets benefit from the study and the findings. 4. LIMITATION: 1. The survey was limited to some of the routes covered by the van of company...
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...Invasive non-typhoid salmonella is the leading cause of bacteremia in many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa and contributes significantly to the high regional malaria mortality rate. So far the common assumption has been that hemolysis-induced macrophage dysfunction is responsible for the increased systemic bacterial (salmonella) load following salmonella and malaria co-infection, however no direct evidence has documented macrophages acting as the primary refuge of NTS in the context of hemolysis. (SLIDE) The hemolytic effects of Malarial infection results in the liberation of heme into the bloodstream, inducing neutrophil migration and activating the neutrophil oxidative burst by catalyzing the production of ROS.|||| Concurrently, free heme leads to the expression of HO-1 (an enzyme responsible for degrading heme to biliverdin, CO and Fe), limiting the formation of ROS and sparing the body of their cytotoxic effects. (SLIDE) Thus the production of HO-1 presents an interesting dichotomy, while ROS are critical in resistance to certain pathogens (such as Salmonella) their inherent cytotoxicity means they are targeted by cytoprotective enzymes. This raises the possibility that tolerance to one pathogen may sometimes come at the price of loss of resistance to another. (SLIDE) We hypothesized that liberation of heme by intravascular hemolysis may lead to HO-1 induction and impairment of resistance to NTS with increased bacterial replication (SLIDE) (1) In order to determine...
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...Europe’s journal on infectious disease epidemiolog y, prevention and control Special edition: Chikungunya and Zika virus October 2014 Featuring • Spread of chikungunya from the Caribbean to mainland Central and South America: a greater risk of spillover in Europe? • Aspects of Zika virus transmission • Cases of chikungunya virus infection in travellers returning to Spain from Haiti or Dominican Republic, April-June 2014 www.eurosurveillance.org Editorial team Editorial advisors Based at the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), 171 83 Stockholm, Sweden Albania: Alban Ylli, Tirana Telephone number Belgium: Sophie Quoilin, Brussels +46 (0)8 58 60 11 38 E-mail eurosurveillance@ecdc.europa.eu Editor-in-chief Ines Steffens Austria: Reinhild Strauss, Vienna Belgium: Koen De Schrijver, Antwerp Bosnia and Herzogovina: Nina Rodić Vukmir, Banja Luka Bulgaria: Mira Kojouharova, Sofia Croatia: Sanja Musić Milanović, Zagreb Cyprus: to be nominated Czech Republic: Bohumir Križ, Prague Denmark: Peter Henrik Andersen, Copenhagen Senior editor Estonia: Kuulo Kutsar, Tallinn Kathrin Hagmaier Finland: Outi Lyytikäinen, Helsinki Scientific editors Karen Wilson Williamina Wilson France: Judith Benrekassa, Paris Germany: Jamela Seedat, Berlin Greece: Rengina Vorou, Athens Hungary: Ágnes Csohán, Budapest Assistant editors Iceland: Haraldur Briem, Reykjavik Alina Buzdugan Ireland: Lelia Thornton...
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...Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual for curative programmes in hospitals and dispensaries guidance for prescribing 2010 EDITION © Médecins Sans Frontières – January 2010 All rights reserved for all countries. No reproduction, translation and adaptation may be done without the prior permission of the Copyright owner. ISBN 2-906498-81-5 Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual Editorial Committee: I. Broek (MD), N. Harris (MD), M. Henkens (MD), H. Mekaoui (MD), P.P. Palma (MD), E. Szumilin (MD) and V. Grouzard (N, general editor) Contributors: P. Albajar (MD), S. Balkan (MD), P. Barel (MD), E. Baron (MD), M. Biot (MD), F. Boillot (S), L. Bonte (L), M.C. Bottineau (MD), M.E. Burny (N), M. Cereceda (MD), F. Charles (MD), M.J de Chazelles (MD), D. Chédorge (N), A.S. Coutin (MD), C. Danet (MD), B. Dehaye (S), K. Dilworth (MD), F. Fermon (N), B. Graz (MD), B. Guyard-Boileau (MD), G. Hanquet (MD), G. Harczi (N), M. van Herp (MD), C. Hook (MD), K. de Jong (P), S. Lagrange (MD), X. Lassalle (AA), D. Laureillard (MD), M. Lekkerkerker (MD), J. Maritoux (Ph), J. Menschik (MD), D. Mesia (MD), A. Minetti (MD), R. Murphy (MD), J. Pinel (Ph), J. Rigal (MD), M. de Smet (MD), S. Seyfert (MD), F. Varaine (MD), B. Vasset (MD) (S) Surgeon, (L) Laboratory technician, (MD) Medical Doctor, (N) Nurse, (AA) Anaesthetist-assistant, (Ph) Pharmacist, (P) Psychologist We would like to thank the following doctors for their invaluable help:...
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...Philippine health secretary has said that global warming may have contributed to a 43 percent rise in the number of dengue cases in the country for the first half of the year. According to government figures 15,061 cases of the disease in the Philippines were reported in the first six months of the year. "The increase in the number of dengue cases may be attributed to the constantly changing climate brought by global warming as well as congestion in urban areas," health secretary Francisco Duque said. CEBU City Health Officer Estella Ygoña said dengue cases in the city have significantly decreased. The City Epidemiology Surveillance and Statistics Unit (Cessu) has only recorded 1,623 cases from January to November 2011 compared to 2,871 cases in the same period last 2010, or 43.46 percent lower. Dengue fever also known as breakbone fever, is an infectious tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Dengue viruses are mosquitos-borne viruses which exist in nature as four separate serotypes. Dengue fever is a disease caused by a family of viruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes. The most efficient vector is the female Aedes aegypti. This mosquito is domestic, day-biting, with low and limited flying movements. Dengue virus is transmitted to man through mosquito bites and is therefore ranked among the arbovirus (arthropodborne virus) diseases. Treatment of dengue virus infections is essentially symptomatic and supportive. There are no specific anti-viral tablets or injections...
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...(M1) Communicable diseases are very contagious and can spread very easily from one person to another person, this also includes from animal to person. You can get infected straight away just by touching, eating, drinking or breathing in a substance that has a lot of germs on it. Communicable diseases are caused by agents such as bacteria, parasites, protozoa, fungus and virus. Bacteria exist on every surface including in the air and below sea level. Most bacteria are harmless but others are harmful to our body and can do bad to your health and internal organs, kidneys and the heart. Bacteria can invade into the body via the mouth, sexual organs, nose, eyes or any cuts which need to be cleaned and dressed. Bacteria can enter the body if food is full of bacteria or it isn’t cooked properly, this is called E.Coli. E.Coli is type of bacteria that causes the person to become seriously sick and possibly kill them. A bacterium causes infectious diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. On the other hand, Viruses depend on the host to survive, grow and reproduce. Usually, a host can be an animal or a plan. Viruses are believed to be the smallest microbes on this planet. Once the virus is inside the body it can spread and make the person very ill. ‘‘They reproduce by injecting their genes into the cell to reproduce thousands of new viruses. Viruses cause chicken pox and flue.’’ (Hillendale Health n.d) Viruses can also cause Measles, Influenza and common cold. Fungi are multi-celled...
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...Africa: Malaria Care Improves With Cash http://allafrica.com/stories/201304250118.html A question had been nagging at Ghanaian researcher Alexander Nartey. Since Ghana’s government had made health insurance available to the country’s poor to ease the burden of health care, why were so many people still paying cash, including those seeking basic treatment for malaria? The Ghanaian government in 2003 introduced its National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), which Nartey called a “pro-poor policy” to help those less likely to be able to pay for health care. The British charity Oxfam in a 2011 report found a number of problems with the scheme, calling it “severely flawed”, but Nartey was focusing on one key question: why weren’t more poor using it when the premium was less than U.S.$10 per year? With the support of the Dodowa Health Research Centre in Ghana, Nartey set out to find the answer. Because of his research, the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH) included him in its Young Investigator Awards last year, giving him international recognition by his peers and a $250 cash award. What Nartey discovered was what he said was a problem within Ghana’s health system - namely a delay in care. Those who used health insurance generally waited longer to receive treatment - standing in line or sitting on a bench until their turn came - but if they paid out of pocket they were treated much quicker. This, Nartey said, particularly made a difference when people were...
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..."Malaria Causes" The cause of malaria is the infection of the Plasmodium parasites that is passed to the human body by the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. After the bite of infection, the parasites that often to be called sporozoites, travel to the liver through the bloodstream where the parasites will be mature and reproduce the other form of the merozoites. These merozoites are released to the bloodstream and infect the red blood cells. Those parasites multiply inside the red blood cells and infecting more red blood cells. Usually the first symptoms happen 10 days to 4 weeks after the infection. However, there are some cases that the first symptoms occur earlier in the 8th day, or can be as long as a year after the infection. The symptoms will be occurred in cycles of 48 to 72 hours. Mosquito transmission cycle * Uninfected mosquito. A mosquito becomes infected by feeding on a person who has malaria. * Transmission of parasite. If you're the next person this mosquito bites, it can transmit malaria parasites to you. * In the liver. The parasites then travel to your liver — where they can lie dormant for as long as a year. * Into the bloodstream. When the parasites mature, they leave the liver and infect your red blood cells. This is when people typically develop malaria symptoms. * On to the next person. If an uninfected mosquito bites you at this point in the cycle, it will become infected with your malaria parasites and can spread them to the...
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...Prevalence of Malaria in West Africa: Economic and Social Burden University of Maryland University College MGMT 640 Professor Anderson April 13, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACTS…………………………………………………………………… 3 BACKGROUND……………………………………………………………….. 4 METHOD……………………………………………………………………….. 5 RESULT…………………………………………………………………………6 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………….6 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………… 8 ABSTRACTS Background: The effects of malaria burden cannot be overemphasized on a society. Malaria disease affects human being: psychologically, physically, and socially and economic development of a nation. Methods: In this study survey and Willingness To Pay Approach was used to evaluate the prevalence of Malaria in West Africa. Results: Conclusion: It is important for the government to hear the cries of the poor people who are often inflicted with communicable disease so that the eradication of the malaria can be possible. Background According to Teklehaimanot and Mejia (2008), “Malaria is one of the most important challenges to global public health. Every year, there are between 300 million and 500 million cases of malaria worldwide, and more than 1million people die from the disease, most of them are children younger than 5 years. Ninety percent of the cases and 75% of the deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. These childhood deaths, resulting mainly from cerebral malaria and anemia, constitute somewhere between 20% and 25% of child mortality in Africa”...
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...Noel Danh Case Study #3 Trachoma and Chagas are tropical diseases that have been successfully treated through health efforts by the government and different organizations. Trachoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the world but is the number one preventable blindness. Trachoma is caused by transmission of eye and nose secretions, unsanitary conditions and flies. Chagas affects sixteen to eighteen million people in Latin America. Chagas is caused by kissing bugs transferring a parasitic infection into the host. Areas of poor socioeconomic status are typically the targets of these tropical diseases. The majority affected are young children. Trachoma loses an estimate of three billion dollars’ worth of potential productivity lost while Chagas is about four hundred million. The efforts implemented to prevent these diseases are estimated to be about seventy percent successful. Trachoma uses the strategy SAFE which stands for surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental safeness. Chagas uses vector control which is a pyrethroid insecticide around areas of infected. The strategy of SAFE for Trachoma is very cost-effective costing about six dollars a person for surgery. The strategy for Chagas, pyrethroid insecticide, cost about thirty seven dollars for infected zones. Both of these strategies are very cost-effective for a large range of affected population. There are current and ongoing research of cost-effective ways for both Chagas and Trachoma...
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...Millennium Village’s Project. 2006 Nobel Peace prize winner Mohammed Yunus has come up with an idea known as the Grameen Bank. Both men’s ideas have shown positive changes in the communities in which these solutions have been implemented. After researching both of these topics extensively the Grameen Bank solution seems to be the least complex, most sustainable and most rewarding solution. This essay will expand into why the Grameen Bank solution is superior to the Millennium Village’s Project. Jeffery Sachs Millennium Villages Project focuses on a holistic approach to elimination poverty. Some of the things that the Millennium Villages Project focuses on is community health workers, diversified local food production, commercial farming, malaria control, piped water, solar electricity, and connectivity to name a few. These multiple tools are synergistic—while each has been proven to support its main target, each also contributes to progress on several or all of the goals. (Millennium Villages, 2012) Sachs believes that if you focus on these key topics that the quality of life in these countries will improve. The cost of this program is rather efficient as it is believed that it would cost the average citizen 60-80$ per year. The Millennium Villages Project has created much success, for example 1500 households in Malawi supply tomatoes for the local market (Millennium Villages,2012) and enrollment rates in school for children has increased from 56% in 1999 to 73% in 2007 (Millennium...
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...What is dengue fever? Dengue fever is flu-like illness spread by bite of an infected mosquito. What is dengue hemorrhagic fever? Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a severe, often fatal, complication of dengue fever. How is dengue spread? Dengue is spread by bite of an Aedes mosquito. The mosquitoes that transmit dengue live among humans and breed in discarded tires, flower pots, old oil drums, and water storage containers close to human dwellings. Unlike the mosquitoes that cause malaria, dengue mosquitoes bite during the day. Signs and symptoms Dengue fever usually starts suddenly with: * High fever. * Rash. * Severe headache. * Pain behind the eyes. * Muscle and joint pain; the severity pf the joint pain has given dengue the name "break bone fever" * Nausea, vomiting. * Loss of appetite is common. * A rash usually appears 3 to 4 days after the start of the fever. Who is at risk for dengue? Anyone who is bitten by an infected mosquito can get dengue fever. Risk factors for dengue hemorrhagic fever include a person's age and immune status, as well as the type on infecting virus. Persons who were previously infected with one or more types of dengue virus are thought to be at greater risk for developing dengue hemorrhagic fever if infected again. Treatment There is no specific treatment for dengue. Persons with dengue fever should rest and drink plenty of fluids. They should be kept away from mosquitoes for the protection of others. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is treated...
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...WESTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY CAN EXTREME POVERTY BE ELIMINATED A REACTION PAPER #3 SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF SSED 495: METHODS OF ELEMENTARY AND MIDDLE SCHOOL SOCIAL STUDIES; TEACHING WITH GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES DEPARTMENT OF CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION BY JEFF KEITH MOLINE, ILLINOIS FEBRUARY 28, 2012 In Jeffrey Sachs article: Can Extreme Poverty Be Eliminated, he discusses how extreme world poverty affects about one-sixth of the world's 6.5 billion people, can be practically eliminated by 2025 at a cost much lower than most people realize. “Famine, death from childbirth, infectious disease and countless other hazards were the norm for most of history," Sachs writes that the application of scientific advances beginning around 1750 (Industrial Revolution) enabled most of the world to escape poverty. Yet in spite of known solutions to its causes, poverty still claims 20,000 lives daily due to lack of food, safe water, medicine or other essentials. Dramatic improvement in economic conditions in much of Asia in the past 25 years shows that ending poverty is an attainable goal, according to Sachs. If donor nations would fulfill their promise to contribute about 0.7 percent of their gross national product to the effort, Sachs thinks famine, epidemics, regional conflicts and poverty could be successfully combated. Americans overestimate the amount of U.S. foreign aid by as much as 30 times, he writes. Therefore...
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