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MALAWI
1 INTRODUCTIONLe Malawi est un petit pays dont la superficie est estimée à 11,8 millions d’hectares, dont un cinquième est occupé par le lac Malawi. Sur 9,4 millions d’hectares de terres, environ 5,3 millions d’hectares, soit 56 pour cent sont cultivables. L’économie du Malawi est caractérisée par un important secteur agricole, un secteur industriel réduit et de faibles liens intersectoriels. Le secteur agricole représente actuellement environ 42 pour cent du PIB (12 pour cent du PIB pour le secteur manufacturier) et 81 pour cent des recettes.
Environ trente cinq ans après l’indépendance, l’économie du Malawi est encore fragile, axée sur la subsistance et non concurrentielle. Le pays, dont la balance des paiements est négative en raison d’échanges médiocres, est aussi entravé par une dette importante, comme l’indique la progression du taux du service de la dette (14,7 pour cent en 1994, 20,6 pour cent en 1998). Le recul de la productivité agricole s’est traduite ces dernières années par une hausse des importations de maïs, principale denrée de base (sauf en 1999 et en l’an 2000).
Le déclin de l’économie s’est traduit par une détérioration des conditions d’existence des habitants qui pour l’essentiel (85 pour cent) vivent dans des communautés rurales. Le PIB du pays par habitant a diminué (210 dollars E.-U. en 1992, 200 dollars E.-U. en 1997, et 160 dollars en 1999) et parallèlement les écarts de revenus se sont dégradés comme l’indique le coefficient de Gini (0,48 pour cent en 1968; à 0,62 pour cent en 1995). Les disparités des revenus, associée à la hausse de l’inflation a provoqué une aggravation de l’insécurité alimentaire. Le coût plus élevé des capitaux, en raison du taux d’intérêt influencé par l’inflation, fait que l’agriculture (petites et grandes exploitations) n’est pas concurrentielle au Malawi. La situation a encore empiré car des intrants importants comme les engrais, les aliments pour le bétail et les produits chimiques destinés à l’agriculture, ne sont pas fabriqués dans le pays.
1.1 Structure du secteur agricole et résultats obtenusLe maïs, qui a été la principale culture vivrière, a bénéficié d’une attention prioritaire et il occupe la plus grande superficie cultivée. Le tabac reste la culture commerciale dominante dans l’économie et représente approximativement 63 pour cent des recettes d’exportation totales du pays. La part du thé et du sucre, deux autres cultures commerciales, est respectivement de 8 pour cent et de 7 pour 7 pour cent des recettes d’exportation. L’élevage, qui contribue à hauteur d’un cinquième à la valeur de la production agricole totale repose pour l’essentiel sur un pacage de subsistance (ovins, bovins, caprins, porcins et volailles) (OMC, 2002).
L’agriculture du Malawi est composée de deux sous-secteurs principaux: les petites exploitations et les grandes propriétés. Les petits agriculteurs (selon les estimations, 2 millions de familles d’agriculteurs) cultivent environ 4,5 millions d’hectares de terres. La production sert pour l’essentiel à la subsistance: faibles niveaux d’intrants et faibles niveaux de production. Environ 25 pour cent des petits exploitants cultivent moins de 0,5 ha en moyenne; 55 pour cent cultivent moins de 1 ha; 31 pour cent cultivent de 1 à 2 ha et 14 pour cent cultivent plus de 2 ha. Les petits agriculteurs sont démunis mais produisent environ 80 pour cent des denrées alimentaires du Malawi et 20 pour cent de ses exportations agricoles.
Le sous-secteur des grandes exploitations est la principale source de devises du pays. Bien qu’il ne contribue que pour environ 20 pour cent de la production totale agricole du pays, il fournit plus de 80 pour cent des exportations agricoles, principalement, le tabac, le sucre, le thé et, dans une moindre mesure l’huile de ton, le café et les noix de macadamia. Le sous-secteur des grandes exploitations est en tenure à bail ou en tenure franche.
1.2 Évolution récente des politiquesLe développement agricole est un élément important des "Perspectives du gouvernement: horizon 2020" et de la "Stratégie de réduction de la pauvreté et de croissance". Le Plan d’action du gouvernement pour l’agriculture et l’élevage de 1995 a été récemment examiné par le Ministère de l’agriculture et de l’irrigation lorsqu’il a annoncé son Programme d’investissement sectoriel en 1999. Les politiques prévoient un plus grand développement du secteur privé. Les restrictions portant sur la culture et la commercialisation des produits, comme le tabac, ont été substantiellement levées dans le cadre des politiques de libéralisation. Le monopole de l’Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation pour les achats de maïs et d’autres cultures auprès des petits agriculteurs a été supprimé, et des progrès ont été réalisés en direction de l’objectif de privatisation, pourvu qu’une solution puisse être trouvée au problème des opérations de commercialisation non rentables dans les régions isolées. Le National Food Reserve Agency (NFRA), créé en 1999, fonctionnait effectivement comme un office public de commercialisation et achète le maïs, en respectant une fourchette des prix, préalablement établie. Les fourchettes de prix ont été supprimées en l’an 2000 et remplacées par des prix conseillés. Le Special Crops Act, qui avait réservé aux grandes exploitations la production et la commercialisation des cultures à valeur élevée, et avait limité la participation des petits agriculteurs à ces activités, a été aboli en 1995. La réforme du taux de change, qui a permis la dévaluation de la monnaie nationale a aussi réduit la taux implicite, sur les exportations agricoles (OMC, 2002).
Pour tous les intrants, l’offre ne fait plus l’objet de contrôles et la plupart des subventions ont été supprimées. Cela a entraîné, notamment pour les engrais, une baisse de leur utilisation par les agriculteurs et les pouvoirs publics ont réagi avec le Starter Pack Initiative en 1998, qui a fourni une aide à la vulgarisation agricole ainsi que des engrais et des semences gratuits pour les paysans les plus démunis pour combattre la pauvreté rurale. Ce programme, qui au départ concernait tous les agriculteurs, a contribué aux récoltes exceptionnelles de maïs de 1998 et de 1999, et permis de créer des excédents importants, achetés et stockés par le National Food Reserve Agency (NFRA). Une nouvelle rédaction du Starter Pack Program a maintenant redéfini les bénéficiaires et a été dénommé Targeted Input Program (OMC, 2002).
1.3 Évolution récente des politiques commercialesMalgré quelques problèmes politiques, les autorités continuent à oeuvrer dans le sens de la libéralisation des échanges et des investissements, dans le cadre d’un programme de reprise à long terme engagé à la moitié des années 80 et renforcé à la moitié des années 90. Depuis qu’il s’est engagé sur la voie de la libéralisation des échanges, à la fin des années 80, le Malawi a rationalisé de manière importante sa structure tarifaire en abaissant et en fusionnant les taux de droit. Les taux de droits maximum de la NPF qui étaient de 70 pour cent ont baissé à 45 pour cent en 1988, et à 40 pour cent en avril 1996, lorsque le nombre de tranches a aussi été réduit. À partir d’avril 1997, le droit maximum à été encore réduit à 35 pour cent et les droits ont été supprimés sur les matières première utilisés dans l’industrie. De ce fait, les droits moyens non pondérés ont chuté très nettement à la fin des années 90, passant de 21 pour cent à la fin de 1997 à 15,8 pour cent à la fin de 1998. Le taux maximum est actuellement de 25 pour cent (OMC, 2002). D’autres mesures ont porté sur des restrictions de paiement pour les transactions courantes, sur les transferts et sur la réduction de la portée des licences d’exportation.
Le Malawi est un membre originaire de l’OMC. Il est aussi signataire et bénéficiaire d’un certain nombre d’accords commerciaux bilatéraux et multilatéraux et notamment de la SADC, du COMESA, de l’accord commercial bilatéral Malawi-Zimbabwe et de l’accord commercial bilatéral Malawi- Afrique du Sud, de l’Accord de Cotonou entre l’Union européenne et les pays ACP, et l’initiative EU-AGOA pour les exportations à des conditions de faveur vers le marché américain. La participation du Malawi à différents arrangements régionaux et bilatéraux se chevauchant et ayant une couverture géographique différente, les programmes de libéralisation des échanges et les règles de commercialisation rendent son régime commercial plus complexe (OMC, 2002). Qui plus est, en tant que pays en développement et pays membre de l’OMC, le Malawi peut avoir recours à divers Programmes de SGP offerts par les pays développés. Malgré la participation du Malawi, à ces diverses organisations, les échanges inter-régionaux ne sont pas très développés au Malawi.

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