...The internal factors of educational underachievement refers to factors within the school that affect how pupils academically succeed, for example; interactions between pupils and teachers and inequalities between schools. Sociologists can suggest the reasons why these internal factors occur through a child's class, ethnicity and gender; such as the labelling theory, the self-fulfilling prophecy, pupils subcultures and institutional racism. Despite judging or stereotyping a person based on their class, ethnicity or gender being widely condemned in our modern society, it is clear from research that it still occurs in schools, however it is not necessarily intentional. The labelling theory suggests that teachers label pupils depending on how well they fit their idea of an 'ideal pupil'. These labels do not often reflect the pupil's actual ability or attitude, but they are based on stereotypical assumptions from a pupil's class background, ethnicity or potentially their gender. Ray Rist's study in 1970 of an American kindergarten showed that a child's home background and appearance determined what groups they were separated into on each table, not the child's ability. 'Ideal pupils' were commonly found to be middle-class children of whom had a clean and neat appearance. These children were seated closest to the teacher being given the most encouragement. The remaining groups labelled 'clowns' and were seated furthest from the teacher. Children in these 'clown' groups were likely...
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...educational under-achievement of some pupils. Ethnicity refers to a shared culture, religion, language or geography. At GCSE level, students that received their average 5 A*-C grades showed that it was Chinese students that are the most successful, followed by Indian, White, Pakistani/Bangladeshi students and then lastly Afro-Caribbean origin students. Another factor I studied in the past was whether gender has an effect on educational achievement and to my surprise it links to this category of explanation as in every social group (expect Asian pupils) females perform better then males. However it is clear that Afro-Caribbean, Pakistani, Gypsy and Bangladeshi students are less likely to gain A-levels and then go on to attend university. Lastly there is evidence suggesting that gypsy students are by far the lowest achievers in the education system. Cultural deprivation theory claims that the underachievement of some ethnic groups is caused by inadequate socialisation in the home. This consists of two main aspects; these are intellectual and language skills and attitudes, values and family structure. This theory claims that children from low-income black families’ lack intellectual stimulation. This means that overall they tend to fail when developing reasoning and problem-solving skills. An obvious problem when it comes to failure in schools from different ethnic children is language. A fair amount of ethnic groups speak their own personal language in the household and this could...
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...states, since the 1980’s. In Key Stages 1-3, girls consistently do better than boys in writing subjects such as English; at GCSE, girls are 10 percentage more likely than boys to achieve five or more A*-C grades; at AS/A-level, girls are more likely to get higher grades. Additionally, at each stage of a pupil’s education, the gap gets narrower. Therefore, more girls go into higher education. However, this is not the case for boys as there are in changes in the both the education system and wider society. As item A suggests, there are many external factors resulting in gender differences in educational achievement. One factor is the impact of Feminism. Since the 1960’s, feminists have challenged patriarchy by creating the ‘Feminist Movement’. This has help to improve the rights of women, as well as raise expectations and the self-esteem of women. Although many would agree that true equality with males has not yet been achieved, women have now started to reject the traditional stereotypes of women such as the ‘mother and housewife role’. For example, in McRobbie’s study of girls’ magazines shows how girls view of themselves have changed. She found that in the 1970’s, girls emphasised the importance of getting married and being ‘left on the shelf’. However, nowadays, they contain images of assertive, independent women such as Oprah Winfrey. As a result, girls are motivated to do well in education in order to gain the appropriate qualifications of well-paid jobs to move out of roles...
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...Asses the strengths and limitations of unstructured interviews for the study of boys underachievement at school Unstructured interviews have advantages and disadvantages and as a qualitative method they are expressed through words and relay people’s thoughts, feelings and motivations. Unstructured interviews are interviews that don’t have certain questions meaning it’s more free and relaxed. They give us a deep understanding of the interviewee’s world because we can use the answers they give to shape our questions so that they are appropriate and relevant. However, using unstructured interviews can also cause problems, for example they take a long time to conduct. When looking at the advantages and disadvantages we need to look at how this effects what we are trying to research boys underachievement at school as this will affect whether the advantages and limitations are relevant to the study. A few advantages of using unstructured interviews when studying the underachievement of boys are that the informality of the interview allows the interviewer to gain the trust of the interviewee which is important in this example. Boys at school will not feel comfortable explaining their time at school and why they do/don’t enjoy school if the interviewer is very formal and makes them feel intimidated whereas by using an unstructured interview it allows the boys being interviewed and the interviewee feel more comfortable around each other meaning the boys will be more open and truthful...
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...Education inequalities and achievements In this essay different in educational achievements of social groups including class, gender and ethnicity as well as difference in achievement caused by out of school factors and in school factors will be discussed. Education has had a huge impact to peoples lives and there is a significant difference in the educational achievement based class, ethnicity and gender. A child`s social background has a huge impact on the success in education and their life in future. On average children from middle class families perform well in school, get better GCSE results, stay longer in full time education than children from the working class families. Majority of children from middle class families will go to university compared to the children from working class families. Statistics show that 77% of students from parents with higher professional jobs will achieve 5 or more GCSE, 66% from parents with lower professional, 40% from parents with intermediate jobs and 33% from parents with routine jobs or unemployed, reason being that most middle class parents will afford to take children to private schools or pay for private tuition (webb, r etal2008). We operationalize the concept of class in school by using the access of free school meals (FSM), which is offered to children whose parents get unemployment benefit and come from deprived areas. There is a huge difference in education attainment between pupil receiving FSM and not receiving FSM, Statistics...
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...THE ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENDAINES COMMUNITY COLLEGE DIVISION OF TEACHER EDUCATION PHILOSPHY AND SOCIAL FOUNDATION IN EDUCATION JBTE/EDSF MRS. FRANCES WILLIAMS THE FEMINIZATION OF THE TEACHING PROFESSION JONATHAN ROBERTS 22 NOVEMBER, 2012 CONTENTS Content Page Course Work 3 Discussion 4 Bibliography 11 COURSE WORK Discuss the causes and impact of the following on education in the Caribbean: Either: * The feminization of the teaching profession; Or: * Differences between male and female achievement in the education system. Include discussion on the causes/development and the consequences of the issues and make suggestions on how to solve these problems. Length of essay 2000 words (7 pages, line space of 1.5). References must be included and are not part of the word count. This is an individual effort. Date due: 20 November, 2012. (TOTAL: 25 MARKS) Discussion The feminization of the teaching profession For over a century, women and the ‘feminization’ of the teaching profession have been debated in most developed and newly-developing countries the world over. According to Bank (2007), an occupation that is predominantly made up of women is said to be ‘feminized’. However, when sociologists and educators refer to feminization they are referring to labour market tendencies where the participation of women in various occupations is increasing. (Drudy et al, 2005). The Working Group of the European Trade Union...
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...success’ because they were not encourage to achieve because there was this idea that a girls future laid in domestic labour. Fontana argues that girls had lower self-esteem as it was constantly reinforced in the home and wider society that boys were superior to boys thus causing them to underachieve in the education system. Feminists argue due to early socialisation this idea that they had hardly no control over their own lives were fabricated form the roots. Therefore they were more likely to view their success down to luck and fate whereas boys saw their success was down to their ability. Feminists argue that female s are likely to suffer from material deprivation then males from a very early age which yet again reinforces this inequality within the home and later in the school. However this is not the case anymore as evidence has shown that girls are doing beret then boys. One main reason in which this change has occurred is due to impact of feminism. Feminism is a social movement which strives for equal rights for women in all areas of life. Since the 1960’s, the feminist movement has challenged traditional roles which is associated with...
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...Sociology revision Education School factors [Cultural:] • Labelling theory / self-fulfilling prophecy • Streaming / Banding / Setting • Class, gender, ethnic background • Formal Curriculum (middle class knowledge) • Hidden curriculum • Anti-school subcultures (Male: Willis / Female: Lees) • Language and textbooks (anti-female / black bias) • Gender relationships (teacher -pupil / pupil-pupil) • Gendered curriculum (patriarchal) • Teacher expectations, attitudes and behaviour (Nash) • Single / Dual sex schooling • Examination and skill changes (GCSE, A-level, Coursework) • Changing attitudes to / expectations of work (males and females) Functionalist approach to education Meritocracy- System where people are rewarded on the basis of ability and talent 1. Socialisation- education helps to maintain society by socializing young people into the norms and values. Durkheim argued that education was promoting individualism and that it could lead to social solidarity ( a state with of lack of shared norms) 2. Parsons suggested that educations form a bridge between the family and the wider society by socializing children to adapt a meritocratic view. 3. Davis and Moore – role allocation, Education allocates people to the most appropriate job for their talents 4. Skills provision- education teaches the skills requires by the modern industrial society. 5. Durkheim says that education passes on norms...
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... high rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), teenage pregnancy and behavioral disorders and it is vital that children have a father proactively involved in their lives wherever possible. Arguably the most desperate reason for fathers to engage in a positive way in their children’s lives is reflected in the statistics of violent crime. The young men of society today are growing up without fathers to guide them and teach them right from wrong. This has produced a generation of young men who are astonishingly angry. According to a report by Criminal Justice and Behavior, “Eighty percent of rapists motivated by displaced anger come from fatherless homes” (Children of Divorce and Separation – Statistics, 2001). This means that a male growing up in a fatherless home is ten times more likely to commit rape. Obviously there are copious other factors that play into this extreme level of violent behavior, but it is no coincidence that where fathers have taken perpetually diminished roles in their son’s...
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...amendments made at the standardisation meeting attended by all examiners and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation meeting ensures that the mark scheme covers the students‟ responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for the standardisation meeting each examiner analyses a number of students‟ scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed at the meeting and legislated for. If, after this meeting, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been discussed at the meeting they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of students‟ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year‟s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available to download from the AQA Website: www.aqa.org.uk Copyright © 2013 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered centres for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to centres to photocopy...
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...Names and Education – there will be 4 questions on Education. These are simply names – you do not need to remember them all – you need to choose which ones you want to remember. Cut and paste to reduce. It is vital that you also have a generaloverview of the key ideas so do the same for key concepts / theories 1. Theories of Education – What is the role and purpose of education? |Functionalism | | |E.Durkheim and T.Parsons |Passing on society’s culture: this then unites people together by giving them shared values (value consensus). | | |According to Durkheim schools are societies in miniature - he argues that the key role of education was to teach | | |children moral responsibilities in order to promote social solidarity. Education provides secondary socialisation. | | |(Meaning the teaching of norms and values of society) to add to the primary socialisation provided by the family. | | |Examples of the values that education teaches to children include the importance of achievement, meritocracy and | | |competition. ...
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...Over time there has been a switch in gender success throughout education; coming into the late 1980’s underachievement by girls was common; girls were less likely than boys to obtain one or more A-levels and were less likely to go on to higher education. Coming in to the next decade of the 1990’s there was a sudden reversal; girls were now doing better than boys who were now underachieving. In 2006 10% more females were obtaining 2 or more A-levels than males. Women are now getting better degrees than men. Sociologists have looked into this gender diversion from a social perspective. What made this reversal so sudden and why did it occur? Feminists believe that the education system is patriarchal and dominated by men, just like the work force is. Feminists argue that the education system is just a primary preparation for leading into the future work force. They believe there are still gender differences in subject choice in schools. Sociologists Heaton and Lawson (1996) argue that the ‘hidden’ curriculum is a major source of gender socialisation; within education, various subjects are aimed at a certain gender group; for example cooking would be aimed at girls doing house work and cooking. While most schools now title this course, Food Technology, feminists believe that the subject is still designed to 'snare' girls into adopting a mode of behaviour a patriarchal society accept and that the gap between girls and boys is still there in today’s society. Feminists also believe that...
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...stereotype and circum to it simply without even trying, that is the self -fulfilling prophecy that is placed on oneself. Stereotype threat can be implanted in us by certain words and attitudes that are associated with certain groups of people. It has been studied more over the years of the different ways that stereotype threat plays a role in certain groups and the consequences that it has. Research was originally centered on race and how it has caused underachievement among African Americans. In recent research it has been broadened to show this threat in many different areas that can affect almost all people in some way. Options that can be used to minimize the stereotype threat are by eliminating the internal fear that is the threat itself. By eliminating the fear of failure or the uncertainty that one cannot perform to the best of their ability, this can help to remove that threat. There have been studies done on Stereotype threat by a professor at Stanford University named Claude Steele a Social psychologist, has done many studies on...
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...educational background revealed she was promoted to a higher level in the second grade. This caused her to be a young middle school student. She is the youngest child of four children. Her father was murdered which caused her to be the product of a single family home. She attended a school that appeared to be aged and had a history of low academic achievement. She was invited to participate in her schools spelling bee where she became the winner for the school. This movie was a depiction of her journey to a national title. While Akeelah demonstrated many gifted characteristics. Research indicates that culturally different learner’s score on average lower than middle-class students on standardize intelligence tests. This may have been the case for Akeelah. According to Frasier & Garcia, (1995) test bias, selective referrals and reliance on deficit-based paradigms cause underrepresentation and identification of minority students in gifted programs. These children are not easily identified and remain invisible (Davis, Rimm, & Siegle, 2011, p. 328). Current research also reflects concerns over recruiting and maintaining minority students in gifted education programs (Ford, 1998, p. 4). These concerns of identification call for the use of a multidimensional approach when identifying these individuals. However, this character had a teacher who was knowledgeable of gifted traits. She exhibited the ability to recognize the strengths of a student who is...
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...Uni Name | Youth Labour Segmented Market Theories | Essay | | Client Name | @XXXXXXXX | | Contents Introduction 2 Segmentation of the Labour Market 3 Theories about Segmented Labour Markets 3 The Dual Labour Market Theory 6 Summary 9 References 10 Introduction The behaviour and life experiences of young people have vastly evolved throughout the past few decades. These changes impact on their relationships between family and friends, their experience of the job market, as well as the educational system and of course, their ability to establish themselves as an individual. According to Furlong and Cartmel (1997), many of these changes are due to the structural changes in the job/labour market. Further, the social organisation of taking different career paths in life has been replaced with more discrete variation (Haaland, 1991). Making that shift from school life to working life tend to be less determined, more flexible, and above all daunting (Ellingsæter, 1995). Beck (1997) and Giddens (1991) claim that the terms “individualisation” and “risk” are often associated with younger people’s behaviour and conditions within a labour society. Individualisation denotes the traditional social groups or segments that are of importance like gender, ethnicity and class are branded as being fragmented and somewhat less important (Pollock, 1997). Though, Furlong and Cartmel (1997) argue that these social structures are of importance and that...
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