...is that the appraiser's intentions are helpful and constructive. In contrast, other studies have reported that "destructive criticism" - which is vague, ill- informed, unfair or harshly presented - will lead to problems such as anger, resentment, tension and workplace conflict, as well as increased resistance to improvement, denial of problems, and poorer performance. Set Performance Goals It has been shown in numerous studies that goal-setting is an important element in employee motivation. Goals can stimulate employee effort, focus attention, increase persistence, and encourage employees to find new and better ways to work. The useful of goals as a stimulus to human motivation is one of the best supported theories in management. It is also quite clear that goals which are "...specific, difficult and accepted by employees will lead to higher levels of performance than easy, vague goals (such as do your best) or no goals at all." Appraiser Credibility It is...
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...| Peter F. Drucker is the management scholar. He is thought to be the establishing father of current management. Peter Drucker, whose life crossed the previous century (1909 – 2005), was an exceedingly instructed native of the world: an innovative soul who composed thirty-nine books including numerous fantastic chips away at business management. He was a man of numerous parts: a sharp eyewitness, a long lasting understudy, an educator, mentor of eminent corporate pioneers, and the organizer of an official school in Claremont, California, that bears his name. Peter Ferdinand Drucker was an author, management advisor and college teacher. His written work concentrated on management related writing. Peter Drucker made well known the term information specialist and is thought to have unknowingly introduced the learning economy, which viably challenges Karl Marx's reality perspective of the political economy. George Orwell credits Peter Drucker as one of the main journalists to foresee the German-Soviet Pact of 1939. Much has been said and composed of his accomplishments, but then there is a lesser-known side to Peter Drucker; that other side is the subject of this paper. He was hesitant about his own reasoning of life. He additionally emphatically protested being known as a ‘management master’ – a sobriquet frequently attached to him. As opposed to being a supplier of answers, Drucker constantly remained an examiner: his showing strategy was Socratic. What mattered most was the...
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...a manager, however in certain cases it is difficult to make it operational. A more systematic way to utilize goal setting is with the management by objectives program (MBO), which introduced the system of SMART method of goals that are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and tangible. MBO itself was first outlined by Peter Drucker in 1954 in his book “The Practice of Management”, in which he highlighted the principles of MBO: cascading of organizational goals and objectives, specific objectives for each member, participative decision making, explicit time period, performance evaluation and feedback. The concept by Peter Drucker can be seen on diagram 1. Diagram 1 – The 5 step MBO process (Drucker, 1954, The Practice of Management) As further detailed by Robbins (Robbins, 2009, p187-188) the organization’s overall objectives are translated into specific objectives for each succeeding level (divisional, departmental, individual) in the organization (as shown in diagram 2, Robbins, 2009, p188). Because all levels participate in setting their own goals this program can work both from the “top down” and also from the “bottom up”, which at the end results in a hierarchy of goals and objectives among the different levels. Diagram 2 – Cascading of objectives (Robbins, 2009, Organizational Behavior, p188) Indeed, Management by Objectives can be a very efficient tool for...
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...Management by Objectives (MBO) is a personnel management technique where managers and employees work together to set, record and monitor goals for a specific period of time. Organizational goals and planning flow top-down through the organization and are translated into personal goals for organizational members. The technique was first championed by management expert Peter Drucker and became commonly used in the 1960s.\ The core concept of MBO is planning, which means that an organization and its members are not merely reacting to events and problems but are instead being proactive. MBO requires that employees set measurable personal goals based upon the organizational goals. For example, a goal for a civil engineer may be to complete the infrastructure of a housing division within the next twelve months. The personal goal aligns with the organizational goal of completing the subdivision. MBO is a supervised and managed activity so that all of the individual goals can be coordinated to work towards the overall organizational goal. You can think of an individual, personal goal as one piece of a puzzle that must fit together with all of the other pieces to form the complete puzzle: the organizational goal. Goals are set down in writing annually and are continually monitored by managers to check progress. Rewards are based upon goal achievement. MBO has some distinct advantages. It provides a means to identify and plan for achievement of goals. If you don't know what your...
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...Plant ALPHA team. They manufacture cardboard boxes as defined by executive leadership. Team does their own work scheduling, training, rewards and recognition, etc. Minnesota-based 3M is among an increasing number of companies that involve employees in the daily management of their business through work teams. These teams are empowered to take corrective actions to resolve day-to-day problems. They also have direct access to information that allows them to plan, control and improve their operations. In short, employees that comprise work teams manage themselves. At 3M, the movement toward self-managed or directed work teams has been driven more by initiative and need than by corporate directive. Now most of 3M's manufacturing facilities, while at different levels of empowerment and different degrees of involvement, employ a team-based approach. In 1994, 3M's new Brockville, Ontario, facility came on-line as the organization's first "greenfield" site. It was designed and built to operate with self-directed work teams. Many work groups in line divisions and staff groups are moving more and more into self-direction. 3M's commercial office supply division, dental products division, finance, logistics and quality management services are becoming increasingly team-based and self-directed. Business Week recently reported that self-managed/directed work teams are, on average, 30 to 50 percent more productive than their conventional counterparts. The following are some examples of organizations...
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...MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES (MBO) What is Management by objective? * Management by objectives (MBO) is a systematic and organized approach that allows management to focus on achievable goals and to attain the best possible results from available resources. It aims to increase organizational performance by aligning goals and subordinate objectives throughout the organization. Ideally, employees get strong input to identify their objectives, time lines for completion, etc. MBO includes ongoing tracking and feedback in the process to reach objectives. * Management by Objectives (MBO) was first outlined by Peter Drucker in 1954 in his book 'The Practice of Management'. In the 90s, Peter Drucker himself decreased the significance of this organization management method, when he said: "It's just another tool. It is not the great cure for management inefficiency... Management by Objectives works if you know the objectives, 90% of the time you don't." Core Concepts of MBO * According to Drucker managers should "avoid the activity trap", get so involved in their day to day activities that they forget their main purpose or objective. Instead of just a few top-managers, all managers should: * participate in the strategic planning process, in order to improve the implement ability of the plan, and * Implement a range of performance systems, designed to help the organization stay on the right track. Managerial Focus * MBO managers focus on the result, not the activity...
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...Definition of Management By Objectives (MBO) Management by objectives (MBO) is a comprehensive management system based on measurable and participatory set objectives. MBO is now widely practiced all over the world. Management by objectives (MBO) has been defined by Weihrich & Kooontz as “The comprehensive managerial system that integrates many key managerial activities in a systematic manner and that is consciously directed toward the effective and efficient achievement of organizational and individual objective.” MBO is a comprehensive management system based on measurable and participative set objectives. It is collaborative in nature and stresses on measurable objective that are set by participation of all concerned. Manage by objectives (MBO) has been widely used for performance, appraisal & Employee. Motivation, but it is really a system of managing. Among its benefits MBO results in the better managing often forces managers to clarity the structure of their organization’s, encourages people to commit themselves to their goals and helps to develop effective control. Benefits & Weakness of MBO. Although goal oriented management is now one of the most widely practiced managerial approaches, its effectiveness is sometime questioned. Faulty implementation is often blamed, but another reason is that MBO maybe applied as a mechanistic technique focusing on selected aspects of the mane3gerial process without integrating them into a system. Benefits of management by objectives: ...
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...Productivity: A Comparative Study Rohan Singh Madhumita Mohanty Faculty of Management Studies, Siksha O Anusandhan University Bhubaneswar, India rohansingh@khalsa.com Head of the Dept, MHRM IISWBM Kolkata, India drmadhumitamohanty@gmail.com Abstract — The paper studies the effects of training on employee productivity. This paper provides a review of the current evidence of such a relationship and offers suggestions for further investigation. An extensive review of the literature in terms of research findings from studies that have been trying to measure and understand the impact that individual HR practices like training have on employee productivity across various sectors. The focal point of our review is on training practices and employee productivity and their relationship. In conclusion, we can say that taken as a whole, the research findings are varied. Some studies have found a positive association, some negative and some no association whatsoever. The paper concludes with directions for future research by applying different level of analysis on exploring the impact of training practices on employee productivity. of these resources, training is one of the main activity in order to have qualified, flexible, and proactive employees (Bartel, 1994; Raghuram, 1994; MacDuffie and Kochan, 1995) and to achieve the correct running of each stage of the process of knowledge management (Alavi and Leidner, 2001; Bollinger and Smith, 2001). Organizations spend...
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...Performance Management Byron S. Salter HRM/531 April 26, 2015 Dr. Deborah Burgess TO: Traci Goldman, Manager, Atwood and Allen Consulting FROM: Byron S. Salter DATE: April 26, 2015 SUBJECT: Performance Management Hello Traci, I am delegated with the duty of developing a performance management plan, using the current organizational strategy to increase performance and identify performance gaps. Landslide Limousine is anticipating to have a -$50,000 revenue for the first year and expecting revenue growth of 5% each year. With 25 employees, Mr. Stonefield is estimating a 10% turnover rate annually for the business. It is essential to develop a performance plan to maximize performance and minimum the turnover rate. To develop a strategic performance plan, I will expound on the alignment of the performance management framework to the organizational business strategy and the organizational performance philosophy. I will also complete a job analysis process to identify the skills needed for the employees and define the methods for measuring the employee’s skills. Additionally, the performance management plan will include a process for addressing skill gaps and develop the approach for delivering effective performance feedback. Performance Management Framework to the Organizational Strategy According to Cascio (2013), “[p]erformance management requires willingness and a commitment to focus on improving performance at the level of the individual or team every day” (p...
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...Management by objectives. MBO strategy has three basic parts: 1. All individuals within an organization are assigned a special set of objectives that they try to reach during a normal operating period. These objectives are mutually set and agreed upon by individuals and their managers. 2. Performance reviews are conducted periodically to determine how close individuals are to attaining their objectives. 3. Rewards are given to individuals on the basis of how close they come to reaching their goals. MBO has six stages: 1. Define corporate objectives at broad level. 2. Analyze management tasks and devise formal job specifications, which allocate responsibilities and decisions to individual managers. 3. Set performance standards. 4. Agree and set specific objectives. 5. Align individual targets with corporate objectives. 6. Establish a management information system to monitor achievements against objectives. The 8 key result areas where managers must pursue clear objectives are: • Marketing. • Innovation. • Human organization. • Financial resources. • Physical resources. • Productivity. • Social responsibility. • Profit requirement. MBO Key Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages - MBO programs continually emphasize what should be done in an organization to achieve organizational goals. - MBO process secures employee commitment to attaining organizational goals. Disadvantages...
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...Peter Drucker is generally regarded as the godfather of modern management. Drucker’s major contribution to management is not a single idea, but rather an entire body of work that has one massive advantage: virtually all of it is fundamentally right. The third question in “The Five Most Important Questions by Peter Drucker” is ‘What Does Your Customer Value?’ You cannot arrive at the right definition of results without significant input from your customers. (Drucker, 1998) What satisfies their needs, wants and aspirations is so complicated that it can only be answered by customers themselves. (Economy, 2013) There are no unfair customers, at least in terms of their own reality and situation. Customer needs are material and psychological well-being. Wants are when, where and how service is supplied. Aspirations are preferred long-term outcomes. What does the customer value, is the least often asked question yet it is most important to know. Providing value to the customers includes making products or delivering services that offer solutions to their problems. The better the solution is the more value that can be produced. (Kloeber, 2011) People are so convinced that they are doing the right things. Instead of asking ‘Does it deliver value to our customers?’ they ask, ‘Does it fit our rules?’ And that not only reduces performance but also destroys vision and dedication. Methods of understanding what customers value involve collecting or analyzing customer information, gathering...
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...Inventory Management must be designed to meet the dictates of market place and support the company’s Strategic Plan. The many changes in the market demand, new opportunities due to worldwide marketing, global sourcing of materials and new manufacturing technology means many companies need to change their Inventory Management approach and change the process for Inventory Control. Inventory Management system provides information to efficiently manage the flow of materials, effectively utilize people and equipment, coordinate internal activities and communicate with customers . Inventory Management does not make decisions or manage operations, they provide the information to managers who make more accurate and timely decisions to manage their...
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...acknowledged that project management guides and dominates the achievement of a project and the operation of an organisation. Projects, as the familiar concepts, have aroused infinite attention as the consequence of the increasing market pressure, improvement of technology and the needs for innovation. Concurrently, the existence of a series of variables, which relate to the project constraints, is what the project management should deal with and can be also regarded as the objective of project management. In this case, the objective of project management and the major variables will be described and analysed in this article. Objectives of project management In terms of the results of projects, achieving those outcomes ought to be the destination of the objectives. The target of the establishment of a project is to achieve what the project expects to succeed, which refers to a process from a concept of an expectation to a realistic outcome. The achievement of project relates to the project outcomes which depend on the explicit identification and definition of both tangible and intangible outcomes; meanwhile, tangible outcomes ought to be transferred from intangible to tangible (Nogeste & Derek 2005, p.56). Taking the roles of project managers into consideration, they should identify the responsibility and the ability to manage the operation of the project in order to realising the achievement. Vaagaasar (2011, p.294) stated that the process of management, that how knowledge...
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...Ritz Carlton Management Objectives & Goals Dwight Torres American Military University Abstract Ritz Carlton hotels are considered to be the leader in the luxury line of fine hotel accommodations. We will use online and offline references to explore and research how this came to be. We will consider the history, leadership, and management of the hotel brand in order to better understand their current position in the industry. In addition, we will focus on the employee recruitment process and the extensive training required to sustain the Gold Standard in this very competitive and sophisticated market. The Ritz Carlton’s Credo, Motto, and Three Basic Steps are the highlight of their success. Everyone at the Ritz is focused on ensuring his or her guests have a memorable experience. Keywords: Gold Standard, Credo, Motto, and Three Basic Steps In order to understand how the Ritz Carlton Hotel became known as a world-class hotel, first we must understand the history of the Ritz. Established by Cesar Ritz who was known in Europe as the "king of hoteliers and hotelier to kings", he redefined luxury accommodations with his management of The Ritz in Paris and the Carlton Hotel in London. Between 1905 and 1914, he and Auguste Escoffier opened several a la carte restaurants known as Ritz Carlton aboard well-known luxury ships. Unfortunately, as a result of World War I the Ritz Carlton chain or luxury restaurants ceased operating in 1914. Cesar Ritz died shortly after...
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...AIDA objective management Ultimately, the goals and objectives of any promotional campaign culminate in the purchase of goods or services by the target market. The classic model for outlining promotional goals and achieving this ultimate outcome is the AIDA model—attention, interest, desire, and action. Awareness Firms cannot sell products if the members of the target market do not know they exist. As a result, the first major goal of any promotional campaign is to attract the attention of potential customers. FreeCigs will use three forms of advertising (TV, Billboards, and online Social media to promote brand awareness. The strategies and objectives of the brand awareness are the following. Objective: Increase brand awareness by up to 80% within 2 months of the campaign among 20 to 35 years ABC1. Communication mediums Event Sponsorship Mass-communication and non-personal elements, such as advertising and sponsorships tend to be used more heavily to stimulate awareness and lead to brand exposure and brand recognition. This happens due to their efficiency in reaching large numbers of potential customers. Freedomciggs will be sponsoring events such as extreme sports, rally races, and fashion shows where one of the main audience is the young target market and where fashion, exuberance, and self-expression are the main theme. Booths will be set up in each event accompanied by interactive visual displays showing the slique design and packaging of the e-ciagretts. Also, on...
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