Management by objectives.
MBO strategy has three basic parts:

1. All individuals within an organization are assigned a special set of objectives that they try to reach during a normal operating period. These objectives are mutually set and agreed upon by individuals and their managers.

2. Performance reviews are conducted periodically to determine how close individuals are to attaining their objectives.

3. Rewards are given to individuals on the basis of how close they come to reaching their goals.

MBO has six stages:

1. Define corporate objectives at broad level.

2. Analyze management tasks and devise formal job specifications, which allocate responsibilities and decisions to individual managers. 3. Set performance standards.

4. Agree and set specific objectives.

5. Align individual targets with corporate objectives.

6. Establish a management information system to monitor achievements against objectives.

The 8 key result areas where managers must pursue clear objectives are: • Marketing. • Innovation. • Human organization. • Financial resources. • Physical resources.

• Productivity. • Social responsibility. • Profit requirement.

MBO Key Advantages and Disadvantages:

Advantages

- MBO programs continually emphasize what should be done in an organization to achieve organizational goals.

- MBO process secures employee commitment to attaining organizational goals. Disadvantages

- The development of objectives can be time consuming, leaving both managers and employees less time in which to do their actual work.

- The elaborate written goals, careful communication of goals, and detailed performance evaluation required in an MBO program increase the volume of paperwork in an organization.

Managing for Results: The Eight Perceptions:

• Resources and