...39. Name the specific type of plant tissue or cell that performs the following functions: a) waterproofing the surface layer: Epidermis » it produces cutin b) rapidly dividing into new cells: meristematic cells c) transporting sugars throughout the plant: phloem 40. Maple syrup is produced from the sap moving in the xylem of maple trees in the early spring. How would taking too much sap in the spring harm the maple tree? A: Sapwood is xylem, which is food for the tree. It is the stored sugar, and it is necessary for the tree to have energy. In the spring time, the tree is actively growing, therefore it would starve if the sap was taken out too early, and could cause it to die. 41. A number of plants are currently being studied for use...
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...Japanese Red Maple is a beautiful and breathtaking tree. They are commonly a very short tree but can reach heights of up to 20 feet in the correct environment. The Japanese Red Maple is not a native to America, where it is so commonly known today, but was brought to the U.S before World War II. (Bellarmine.edu) In Japan, the tree can grow very wide and be much fuller than it is here in America. The Japanese Red Maple, used most commonly as a yard decoration, is also (as all plants are) a great source of oxygen. Even though they can be small as bonsai trees, Japanese Red Maples are beautiful trees that help enrich the surrounding environment with oxygen and rich beautiful color. A Japanese Red Maple can grow in many different environments. With the ability of living in USDA zones 5 through 8, this Japan native has become a popular plant in America. The bending and winding branches, even on the shorter trees, give this tree a different look that many consider attractive. This tree grows very slow, on average 2 to 3 feet per year. It does not require many nutrients so it does not need much upkeep. Just enough water to keep it feed. The Japanese Red Maple needs both sunlight and shade in order to properly grow, if kept in too much sun, the tree can be damaged and burned. ( (Roy, 2006)) The Japanese Red Maple “has a strong fibrous root system, multiple stems, and slender shoots that end in small paired buds.”( (Roy, 2006)) In North Carolina, where I live, the Japanese Maples, do not...
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...ENVS 1500 – Assignment #1 Leaf Decomposition Working Hypothesis: Different tree species leaves will not decompose at different rates. AND Different tree species will not harbour different soil animals. Decomposition Rates: ln (Mo÷Mt) = k × t Maple: t = 42/365 = 0.11506849 Mo = 0.780769231 Mt = 0.569230769 Isolate for k. ln (0.780769231 ÷ 0.569230769) = k × 0.11506849 ln (1.37162162258309) = k × 0.11506849 0.315993705978644 ÷ 0.11506849 = k k = 2.746135853339551 European Buckthorne: t = 42/365 = 0.11506849 Mo = 0.418181818 Mt = 0.154545455 Isolate for k. ln (0.418181818 ÷ 0.154545455) = k × 0.11506849 ln (2.705882343806228) = k × 0.11506849 0.99542804905692 ÷ 0.11506849 = k k = 8.650743996526937 Figure 1.1: Organisms Observed (Maple Leaves): Species Name | Taxonomic Category | Role in Food Webs | Fire Ant | Hymenoptera | Omnivore | Common Centipede | Scutigeromorpha Pocock | Carnivore | Earth Worm | Megadrilacea | Decomposer | Earwig | Dermaptera | Carnivore / Herbivore (less common species) | Sow bug (Woodlouse) | Isopoda | Decomposer | Termite | Isoptera | Herbivore / Decomposer | Daddy Long Leg | Pholcidae (Araneae) | Carnivore | Common Ant | Formicidae | Herbivore | Millipede | Diplopoda | Herbivore / Decomposer | Aphids | Hemiptera | Herbivore | Garden Spider | Araneae | Carnivore | (ITIS, 2013) (Evans, 2007) (CISEO, 1997) (Meyer, 2007) Figure 1.2: Organisms...
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...Maple syrup, a delicacy across much of the northern United States in late spring. Maple syrup does not simply come off of the store shelves, nor is it made in a large factory. In fact many steps take place before the syrup is at the table. Late Spring, the start of the syruping season, nights are cold and days warm perfect for the sap, sugar rich water, to start moving throughout the trees. The opportunity to collect sap varies every year because it relies on the temperature, specifically when the mercury falls below freezing at night and rises to about 50 degrees during the day. The reason for this is in the fall the tree stores all of its sap in its roots for winter. New warmth after a long winter signals the tree to send the sap backup to the branches, for the formation new leaves. The perfect conditions allow for the sap to move throughout the tree during the night and day allowing people to collect it. The first step, finding the right tree Sugar maples followed by silver maples are...
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...MAPLE SYRUP When I think about maple syrup one of the first thoughts that comes to mind is a huge maple tree trunk with a metal buckets hanging on it. The age old tradition of “sugar bushing” (maple trees used to be referred to as sugar bushes) is a little foggy. It has been said that early settlers in the United States learned about sugar maples from Native Americans Indians. No one is exactly sure how it all began but it is rumored that an Indian Chief of a tribe threw a tomahawk at a tree and when sap ran out of the tree his wife used the liquid to boil venison. Another story holds that American Indians stumbled on sap running from a broken maple branch. Maple Sap typically runs out of maple trees on days when the temperature is around 40 degrees following a night when the temperature dropped below freezing. Farmers would drill holes into the trees to allow the sap to drain. Every day or two the farmers would empty the buckets into larger containers and haul the watery substance to a "sugar house". The sap is about 98% water and it takes about 40 gallons of sap to make one gallon of maple syrup. The sugar makers would boil off most of the water over a wood fire and what remained was sweet brown syrup. Other sugar makers would heat the sap down even more turning it into crystallized sugar. In the modern era the process has developed to the point that the sugar industry produced evaporators that were in essence giant frying pans with fire boxes built underneath. Most serious...
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...1. Executive Summary Ahorn is a maple syrup company that targets mainly middle and higher class customers around the Finger Lakes region in and New York City. Our company offers the best quality, pure, organic maple syrup that is made from Dutch trees, which are planted on our local farm in Elmira, NY. The maple syrup market is currently fluctuating due to the availability of other sweeteners and the sustainability of production along with the technological changes. However, with the different grades and quality of maple syrup the market has become very competitive. Ahorn, as an organic and the purest maple syrup, has a chance to succeed, especially when consumers tend to care about their health and the environment much more than they used to. This trend has created an industry, in which the demand for maple syrup is increasing but unfortunately the weather conditions and the long growth of maple trees go against the trend. Ahorn will therefore take an advantage of this large demand for maple syrup by positioning itself in the higher end of the market where many consumers look for healthy and environment friendly products. Ahorn Maple Syrup can be consumed by people of all ages because the majority of people enjoy having pancakes for breakfast with a great tasting maple syrup. Our product offers not only a great taste, but also great quality and is a 100% organic product. Our company’s largest competitions in the maple syrup market are Aunt Jemima, Mrs. Butterworth, Eggo and...
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...SPECIES DESCRIPTION SIZE €PRICE(PER TREE) Bare Rooted Our trees are quoted for bare rooted unless otherwise stated. Alders Common Alder Quick growing up to 20m, for shelter. Grows well in heavy or wet soils. Wind resistant. Suitable for costal locations. 1-2ft 5ft 10ft 10ft €1-2 €8 €30 €50 (potted) (Alnus glutinosa) Italian Alder Quick growing up to 20m. More decorative than other alders; tolerating drier and limey soil, wind resistant; For shelter and avenue planting. (Alnus cordata). 1-2ft 5ft 10-14ft 10-14ft 15-20ft - €1-2 €10 €25 €40-50 (potted) €75-125 Red Alder Initially very quick growing up to 20m; withstands wind and coastal conditions; for shelter belts, copses etc. (Alnus rubra) 9ft 9ft 15-20ft 15-20ft - €18 €30 (potted) €75 €130-140 (potted) Ashes Common Ash Grows up to 30m, on most soils even limey; vigorous root system, withstands wind and coastal conditions. 2-3ft 3-5ft 9ft 10-14ft 10-14ft €2-3 €6 €18 €30 €40-50 (potted) (Fraxinus excelsior) Fine Leaved Ash Grows quickly up to 25m. Decorative foliage, wind resistant, grows anywhere. 12ft+ 12ft+ €30 €40-50 (potted) (Fraxinus angustifolia) Manna Ash Grows up to 15m in most soils; decorative, snowy white flowers in May. 8-9ft €30 (Fraxinus ornus) Beeches Copper Beech Up to 30m. Very decorative, needs some shelter; good growing, used as specimen and hedging. . 3ft €3 3ft €8-9 (potted) 5ft €15 5ft €20 (potted) 8ft €20-25 8ft €30-35 (potted) 9ft €25-30 9ft €35-40...
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...the Appalachian Mountains, in a town named Pikeville. Pikeville is a polluted town because of the coal industry. People live in apartment or condominium buildings because of its little space available. I grew up in one of the many buildings in Pikeville admiring from my bedroom window the beauty of the mountains, always exploring with my eyes the forest or the meadows, looking for a clean and quiet place. And, I found one on a hill in the back of the town. It is about 100 feet square, it has seven old trees, wild flowers and a lot of bugs and ants during summer time. I used to go there to sit down on a rock and watch the town and my trees. There was a very old tree, a maple tree, with a huge trunk. The others were smaller, three in the back, three on my left side and the old maple tree on my right. There were flowers, many kinds, white, yellow, purple and blue. It was nobody's place. Nobody owned that hill, but it was beautiful and peaceful and I dreamed many times about a white house over there. I think that, these kinds of places are meaningful to people because they are natural and people can be there alone, away from their everyday life. I used to go there to be alone or to dream with my eyes open admiring the blue sky or the...
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...transformation of M sap into maple syrup and sugar. This process, passed on from the Native Americans to the early settlers, is still quite popular today, and is responsible for one of the few wild foods that can be purchased commercially in most supermarkets. Most people associate syrup with the maple tree, and although much of today’s syrup does originate from the sugar maple, all species of maple can be tapped. Even better, many other trees from other genera can be tapped to extract sap, which ultimately can be turned into delicious syrup. In this post, I won’t be discussing the methods involved in tapping for sugar production. If you are unfamiliar with the process, there are a variety of great websites, videos, and...
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...Autumn ending later in north hemisphere, research shows Rebecca Tackett Union Institute and University March 30, 2014 Autumn ending later in north hemisphere, research shows Researchers from the University of Southampton are saying that study are showing that autumn is taking place later in the years and spring is starting earlier. Satellites were used over a 25 years period to identify changing patterns in vegetation. They were looking for changes in leaf cover, color and growth. The study was led by Professor of geography Peter Atkinson who says that there is much speculation about whether climate change is related to the seasonal changes. He believes this study is a significant piece of the puzzle. They believe that the climate change does have an effect of the change in vegetation growth cycles types of vegetation. The studies looked at several types of vegetation such as mosaic vegetation, broad-leaved deciduous forests, and mixed leaved forests. They analyzed groups of vegetation in which the size has not been affected by human intervention. The biggest change was shown in the broad-leaved deciduous forest and the needle-leaved deciduous forest. This showed that autumn is happening significantly later in the year. The evidence was more pronounced for a later autumn than the evidence for the earlier spring. Professor Atkinson also says that there have been similar studies done in the past but that have not been as rigorous or accurate as this one. The research...
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...from very early on Maloof has been exploring forests all over the eastern United States. She puts a lot of focus on the intertwined connections between specific tree species and the specific animals and insects that need to tree to live and in turn the tree needs them as well. Maloof possesses great enthusiasm for the woods and everything that they contain and is working on developing networking old growth forests across the United States. Teaching the Trees starts out with Joan Maloof saying how we would lose the “Magical Web” of relationships between organisms and trees (Maloof xiii). She begins talking about the services that trees provide for us. She also talks about how the benefits of trees equal healthier air for us to breathe. Japanese researchers have even found that there are 120 chemical compounds in mountain forest air that are good for us (Maloof 3). Inhaling this air can even be cancer preventing. Perhaps by trying to save the forests we are actually trying to save ourselves (Maloof 5). There are so many invisible connections between the health of ourselves and the earth. This is what Maloof means by the living web of connections. Maloof talks about a bunch of different species throughout her book, starting off with the tulip poplar tree since it is her personal favorite type of tree. The tulip poplar tree provides many services such as food for bees,...
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...Tree Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), a broad-leaved tree European larch (Larix decidua), a coniferous tree Lepidodendron, an extinct lycophyte tree In botany, a tree is a plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting leaves or branches. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants, only plants that are usable as lumber, only plants above a specified height or only perennial species. At its broadest, trees include the taller palms, the tree ferns, bananas and bamboo. A tree typically has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground by the trunk. This trunk typically contains woody tissue for strength, and vascular tissue to carry materials from one part of the tree to another. For most trees it is surrounded by a layer of bark which serves as a protective barrier. Below the ground, the roots branch and spread out widely; they serve to anchor the tree and extract moisture and nutrients from the soil. Above ground, the branches divide into smaller branches and shoots. The shoots typically bear leaves, which capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy by photosynthesis, providing the food needed by the tree for its growth and development. Flowers and fruit may also be present, but some trees such as conifers instead have pollen cones and seed cones, and others such as tree ferns produce spores instead. Trees tend to be long-lived,[1] some reaching several thousand years old. The tallest known specimen on Earth...
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...Introduction The American Basswood tree, Tilia americana, has become a staple in both urban and forested areas from Missouri to Maine. Also referred to as the American Linden, the tree has both historical and ecological significance. In the Northeast, Native Americans used the fibrous Basswood for rope, mats, nets, and baskets. The sap of the tree as well as the leaves and cambium were consumed in various ways. The Iroquois in particular used the bark of the tree for bandages and other medicinal purposes (Nesom, 2003). Ecologically, the tree provides ample resources for birds and other animals, especially during winter. Decaying older trees function as autogenic engineers by providing habitats for cavity-nesting animals. Basswoods also enrich...
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...ABSTRACT Trees are an important part of every community. Trees increase our quality of life by bringing natural elements and wildlife habitats into urban settings. Many neighborhoods are also the home of old trees that serve as historic landmarks. The tree observations goal is to help people maintain the health of their community and their state’s trees and forest. INTRODUCTION Trees have supported and sustained life throughout our existence. Different species display an endless variety of shapes and forms. In this experiment I had tested the ability to present information about factors affecting the health and measurements of trees. METHODS I used a Biltmore stick to measure the diameter (DBH) of the tree. I also had to find an area with at least twenty trees for measurements, recorded the information I obtain on a tree observation sheet. MATERIALS Biltmore stick, tree observation sheets, an area with twenty trees, pencil RESULTS The species of trees was from a neighborhood called Green Acres. Measurements taken at the site; shown that Maple/Boxelder trees in the site was identified as a more common species in the area and illustrated in good health with minor problems. For the other selected trees, no significant difference in circumference was found between all other trees because of the weather. DISCUSSION Overall the best time to measure trees is between June and September other observations can be made anytime during...
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...In this lesson, the resulting layout allows the user to compare the differences between the changes in vegetation and invasives over time. The maps on the left side of the layout display the vegetation groups found inside of the study area located within the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge. The maps on the right side of the layout, contain data of the same study area but show how invasive species community has changed. To show changes over time, the maps were digitized from 3 different decades 1962, 1973, and 2005, respectively. The map also displays the annual average depth of Lake Eerie for each year. Included at the bottom of the layout, is a reference map to show the study site in relation to the state of Ohio. This map can be effective because the user can study the map and take away a basic understanding about how the water levels have had an impact on the vegetation groups throughout the study area. It can also be determined from the 2005 Invasive map that the invasive species have increased throughout the study area compared to the previous decades. Although this layout style can communicate a basic message, it lacks real depth. While this may be a visual aid to some, having real data and numbers would allow the user to make many more inferences about the study area's vegetative community. I find this layout to be very busy, and I suspect it could be overwhelming to anyone unfamiliar with the study. Another challenge was turning on the OpenStreetMap layer for all 7 maps...
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