...1a. Buckthorn will have a faster decomposition rate rather than dogwood due to earthworms have a correlation that help speed up decomposition and will add nutrients to the soil. By having the worms it helps speed up the overall process of everything. 1b. How long the leaves are on the ground, how far are the leaves decomposed, how long the leaves stay on the tree, when they blossom, the structure of the leaves, colors, pigment, location of the leaves, amount of nutrients in the leaves, nitrogen, carbon, and sunlight absorbed. 1c. None of the leaves may vary they could all be able to gain the same amount of nutrients. Leaves would all decompose at same time. In a natural forest, the leaves vary in the amount of nutrients gained, this could effect the time leaves fall off the tree and could effect how fast a leaf decomposes. Also in a natural forest there are decomposers out in there and help speed up decomposition rates, rather than being all at the same rate in a plantation. 1d. The leaves may not decompose at all and rather become preserved or they may decompose fast. Most likely the leaves will get beaten up and stuck on branches and have a slow decomposition rate. 1e. Well you would expect them to vary, due to temperature change over seasons, the nutrient levels in the soil, amount of rainfall, sunlight, moisture level, species that are present, decomposers that are present to speed up decomposition rates. I would expect places that are warmer and with more moisture such a...
Words: 598 - Pages: 3
...In this experiment, two different tree species, namely speckled alder (Alnus incana subsp. rugosa) and white birch (Betula papyrifera), were studied and observed under multiple parameters in two sites – the lowland and upland, respectively. Students were divided randomly into four groups: decomposition, leaf, arthropod, and environment, and tasked with measuring specific phenomena. The decomposition group investigated the decomposition of leaves in litter bags over time, the leaf group observed changes in leaf herbivory by insects and leaf senescence, the arthropod group investigated the diversity of arthropod communities at both sites, and the environmental group examined abiotic conditions such as soil pH and composition, temperature and...
Words: 2142 - Pages: 9
...I enjoyed everything about the criminal investigation but the three things that I enjoyed the most was looking at the stages of human decomposition it was an exciting thing to see how in different climates and areas affect the way the body decomposes over time. Also, the different ways it dries out of if worms start to form how big are the worms or how old all this can lead u to figuring out how much time a body is sitting on that place. Another way of finding how old the body is by looking at the skin texture if it was submerged under water for a while the skin is almost white soft and swelled. If the body was in the sun for a while the skin is more dry kind of mummy like. The second thing I enjoyed was the mock homicide crime scene because I learned a lot from it. I learned how to mark evidence what sorts of evidence appear in a crime scene. I got to see kind how a crime scene looks with fake dummy and evidence marks all over the room. There was blood spatter on the room floor and on the victims. This helps to see how the blood was laying and determine the way they killed the victim. Also there was a lot of fingerprint evidence and DNA we could use to see how many people were involved n who they were. Lastly the third part of this investigation was the Autopsy videos we watched in class. It was amazing to see how the dead bodies carefully opened up and analyzed to see what the cause of death was. The most interesting part of it was how they get to the brain the carefully cut...
Words: 369 - Pages: 2
...An unnamed father and his young son journey across a grim post-apocalyptic landscape, some years after an unspecified apocalypse has destroyed civilization and most life on Earth. The land is filled with ash and devoid of living animals and vegetation. Many of the remaining human survivors have resorted to cannibalism, scavenging the detritus of city and country alike for flesh. The boy's mother, pregnant with him at the time of the disaster, gave up hope and committed suicide some time before the story began, despite the father's pleas. Much of the book is written in the third person, with references to "the father" and "the son" or to "the man" and "the boy." Realizing they cannot survive the oncoming winter where they are, the father takes the boy south, along empty roads towards the sea, carrying their meager possessions in their knapsacks and in a supermarket cart. The man coughs blood from time to time and eventually realizes he is dying, yet still struggles to protect his son from the constant threats of attack, exposure, and starvation. They have a revolver, but only two rounds. The boy has been told to use the gun on himself, if necessary, to avoid falling into the hands of cannibals. During their trek, the father uses one bullet to kill a man who stumbles upon them and poses a grave threat. Fleeing from the man's companions, they have to abandon most of their possessions. As they are near death from starvation, the man finds an unlooted hidden underground bunker...
Words: 454 - Pages: 2
...all died. No apparent reason. They all just sorta' dropped dead. Kinda' like when you buy a goldfish and it dies five hours later. Damn cheap monkeys. I didn't know what to do. There were 200 dead monkeys lying all over my room, on the bed, in the dresser, hanging from my bookcase. It looked like I had 200 throw rugs. I tried to flush one down the toilet. It didn't work. It got stuck. Then I had one dead, wet monkey and 199 dead, dry monkeys. I tried pretending that they were just stuffed animals. That worked for a while, that is until they began to decompose. It started to smell real bad. I had to pee but there was a dead monkey in the toilet and I didn't want to call the plumber. I was embarrassed. I tried to slow down the decomposition by freezing them. Unfortunately there was only enough room for two monkeys at a time so I had to change them every 30 seconds. I also had to eat all the food in the freezer so it didn't all go bad. I tried burning them. Little did I know my bed was flammable. I had to extinguish the fire. Then I had one dead, wet monkey in my toilet, two dead,...
Words: 494 - Pages: 2
...photoprotection generate detectible leaf- and canopy-scale reflectance changes that are highly correlated with LUE at both the leaf and forest stand levels. Current research includes study of how these biophysical changes, with significant leaf- and forest-level reflectance correlations, can be used to quantify the degree of photosynthetic down-regulation in a spatially continuous mode. Future research directions could take the following forms. Development of a theoretical (physically based) canopy-level model to predict reflectance changes at 531 nm. One of the basic research needs identified in this article is for the development of an improved understanding of the relationship between remotely sensed photochemical reflectance spectra and canopy-level down-regulation of LUE as it varies with sensor view and solar illumination conditions, forest stand geometry, and unstressed leaf optical properties. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop physically based models that are more generally applicable than the empirical studies used to demonstrate the general relationship between LUE and spectral observations. There is as yet no physically based algorithm to robustly relate forest-level reflectance changes at 531 nm to down-regulation. Such algorithms need to be based on canopy reflectance models that account for the leaf-level reflectance changes as a function of photosynthetic down-regulation and that can scale these variations from the leaf up to the canopy level. Down-regulation...
Words: 1515 - Pages: 7
...Temperate Deciduous Woodland Biome Deciduous tree: a tree that sheds its leaves in the autumn months, when water supply is limited. By losing its leaves, trees will prevent water loss through transpiration. Also they will have more energy to grow upwards, to reach the limited amounts of sunlight in the winter, instead of through photosynthesis. The leaves of deciduous trees are broad and thin so that there is a larger surface area for maximum photosynthesis in the summer when there are long days of sunlight.. Temperate deciduous woodland areas are located in the climatic climax of countries with temperate climates, for example the UK. In the UK the climate in the summer is between 15°C and 20°C, whereas in the winter temperatures rarely fall below 0°C. There is around 1000 to 1500mm of rainfall each year. An example of temperate deciduous woodland is Salcey Forest, UK. The climate of a temperate biome is between 15°C and 25°C in the summer but between 0°C and 5°C in the winter. There is rainfall all year round, with between 500 and 1500mm a year. This climate allows deciduous woodlands to develop as they shed their leaves in the winter when temperatures are lower, so they conserve their energy, allowing them to grow upwards rather than photosynthesise. Dynamic equilibrium: is when the diversity of species/vegetation is balanced with the abiotic factors of the environment, eg. climate and soil. An ecosystem is in dynamic equilibrium with its environment when it is in natural...
Words: 732 - Pages: 3
...How to Prevent Perishable Shrinkage Visit any large supermarket in the morning, the aroma in the air is always that of fresh baked bread. Customers will frequent a particular supermarket over others because of its perishable department. Therefore it is vital that the ‘fresh & friendly’ philosophy becomes the operational standard of any retail organisation that wants to remain profitable. A produce department accurately merchandised is a sight to behold; it is a symbol of beauty and magnificence. It conveys a message of freshness to customer that creates customer loyalty and develops a satisfying perception about your store. It is the perishable department that distinguishes one supermarket from another. Product availability, freshness and quality all contributes to the competitive edge one supermarket has over another. Four essential facts about perishable department: • Fuels sales & profit • Stores lose 20% of available perishable profit to shrinkage • Reducing perishable shrinkage by 20% will increase total store profit by 33% • The perishable department contributes the highest income; ironically it is also responsible for the highest level of shrinkage. Causes of Perishable Shrinkage There are numerous causes of perishable shrinkage, but the main causes are Product receiving and handling practices Spoilage due to over stacking products Mistakes that allow stock to overstay in the backroom Theft by customers and employees The ultimate challenge is to determine...
Words: 917 - Pages: 4
...KOH YEN SIN/ A8/ A0094399J My hightlights of the Kent Ridge practical My perceptions of forests used to be being green, creepy and dark. Their only function I know is to act as “lungs of Earth”, to photosynthesize and make food. Before my Kent Ridge practical, I wondered why I have to step into the forest and get bitten by insects and mosquitoes, just to see plants and animals, some of which were boring and insignificant to look at. This practical has proven to me that forests are more than what they appear to be and certainly broadened up my understanding of plants as more than just a tool for photosynthesis. Before the trip to the forest, each person in my group was asked to randomly choose a plant presented on the table and explained about the main characteristics of the chosen plant to the rest of the group members. I picked the plant that was nearest to me. At first glance, the plant looked dull. Referring to the notes, I have matched the features of the plant to Sendudok (Melastoma malabathricum), which is a native shrub of about three metres tall. Its leaves are not the conventional simple, broad leaves with one primary vein. Instead, the leaves are rough and narrowly elliptic, with three prominent primary veins. The flowers are made up of five purple petals and two types of stamens, yellow and purple, are present. The purple stamens form an outer ring, while the yellow stamens form an inner ring. The fruits are oval and when split; reveal a black pulp with numerous...
Words: 1296 - Pages: 6
...Bog bodies, quite literally, have the world on their shoulders for hundreds to thousands of years. Bog bodies are found buried in peat and many internal organs, skin and facial features are still intact due to the incredible conditions of the bog, which include: highly acidic water, low temperature and little oxygen. There are many theories concerning reasons for these bodies in the bog, and much evidence to support them. Some of the ancient remains have been religiously/politically sacrificed, through which has been discovered by various archaeological investigations and also, the amazing environment and amount of preservation of the bogs themselves. When Cashel man was first discovered it was difficult for the archaeologists to be tell that he was human. The leading researcher Carol Smith said that it was difficult at first to be able to distinguish the body from the peat it was buried in, but when the body was sprayed with ionised water, the body began to take on human qualities. Cashel man was found in a bog near Cashel in Ireland (hence his name) but was damaged due to a milling machine, however the body was extremely well preserved. Radiocarbon suggests that he is the oldest bog body with intact skin in the world. Post-mortem, Cashel man had a broken arm, caused by a sharp object and had his back broken into two places. He also had a deep cut on his back, perhaps by the same sharp object that was used to break his arm. Cashel man encountered a horrific death, highlighted...
Words: 844 - Pages: 4
..."I Have a Rendezvous with Death" Alan Seeger was an American poet. He lived during what is known to us as the most crucial time in man's history. The poem "I Have a Rendezvous with Death," was actually written during world war one. Without a doubt, this poem made me give death many divers thoughts. What I conclude after reading this poem is that Alan Seeger wanted people to know that dying for your country was the noblest attempt in which death takes place. All this to say that being a patriot is far more than just a privilege. The first stanza is the most striking of the three it makes a great relation between, spring, blossoms, and birth. Of course, we must not forget that at some point or another it is inevitable to escape death. All this makes a link with war, all the tons of people that died in war have them too meet death. Just as spring come around every year, it also brings about new faces and new challenges to life. These new people are probably the ones that were much to young to take part in it previously. Stanza two, takes you through the stages of death. With the angel of death, nearly holding you hand all along the way and reassuring you that everything will be fine. That you are of course doing this for your land and people. This too made me have a visual image of dead people scattered around on the fields, up on the hills. So helpless, dead and left all alone for the winter's cold. Yet, come spring their bodies no long their, probably decomposed and the first...
Words: 345 - Pages: 2
...Anne Marie Brnardic April 12, 2013 Estimating the time of death is critical to any crime scene cases. The different stages of death can be very important especially when you find a body that has been dead for days. Knowing the stages of death gives a good determination of when a crime was committed. When finding a body or crime, there are normally two different known points for when determining a crime, that is to find the time the body was found and to figure out the last time that person were actually known to still be living. (M. Lee Goff. 2010) As soon as death occurs, there are different changes that the body goes through to change it. When this happens, it can effect a the physical makeup and image of the body before the decomposition changes occur. (M. Lee Goff. 2010) There are many stages of death that someone can go through that can happen relatively fast. The three early postmortem changes of death are called Algor Mortis, Rigor Mortis, and Livor Mortis. Each of these stages affect the body differently that cause certain actions to occur on the body after post mortem starts to happen. Algor Mortis is the state when death has happened and the body stops the regulation of its normal temperature. This means the normal temperature of the body begins to cool until the entire body is cooled to a non-existent temperature. This can take place right away and last up to 18 hours. (M. Lee Goff. 2010) Rigor Mortis is the state of death when a chemical change happens...
Words: 1468 - Pages: 6
...SEATWORK NO. 2 SS13: ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY Name: Madamba, Kamil Gemar S. Date: 09/13/12 SCORE COURSE/YEAR & SECTION: - BY01 PROFESSOR: DR. REYNALDO A. PADILLA Plastic or paper bag The never ending debate There’s a never ending debate on whether or not everyone ought to really stop utilizing plastic bags and instead, only make use of the numerous paper bags types that are produced these days by all the paper bags manufacturers. These reusable paper bags, as we all understand, are friendly to the environment. Unlike plastic bags that takes so many of years for plastic bags to obtain decomposed, it will only take a couple of days for these environment-friendly paper bags to obtain decayed. And simply because it takes so many years for plastic bags to decompose itself, it will trigger a lot of environmental issues like clogging the drainage system methods and polluting bodies of water like lakes and oceans. Plastic bags may also harm all of the living things that reside on the various bodies of water. Which makes these environment-friendly paper bags a much better choice because, because it decomposes effortlessly, it does not trigger as a lot issues towards the environment as much as plastic bags do. When looking at paper vs. plastic and the impact on the environment, it is important to take all aspects into account. This does not simply mean looking at how the bags are disposed of or how long they take to decompose. Instead, the entire lifecycle of the...
Words: 322 - Pages: 2
...It was all in ruins. The ancient ruins that have left the world of human civilization was once called Honolulu. It is June 27th, 2021, and the weather is sunny and hot. It is noon and everything around is in ruins. Car wrecks and old military outposts scatter throughout the entire city, revealing a horrible and desolate war zone rather than a beautiful and prosperous city that it once was. Then there are footsteps approaching close by. A young woman is walking through the ruins, scavenging for materials and any other useful thing that she can find. As she looks around there is no one else in sight for miles. It is just her and against the world. Even though there are no humans left, there are other... inhabitants that roam the ruins of Honolulu. From the experience that she has with them... they don't like humans. Around three in the afternoon while she was scavenging for supplies, she caused a loud noise that caused the wreckage to scatter all over the ground. It may seem like a simple blunder, but what she did right there was essentially signing her own death warrant. The so called "residents" were attracted by the noise and soon began to "meet" her. Their skin was grey, eyes were yellow as lemons, and their flesh was rotting away. Others would call them abominations, which they were, but they bear the name most people know them as zombies. Worst part is, there are literally thousands of them scattered all over the island, always searching for new food and people to...
Words: 2725 - Pages: 11
...For the past three weeks I have been involved in a body farm. We had 10 piglets in different situations. We had to observe them to see what ones decomposed the fastest. For example, we had a piglet in its natural state in the grass, we had a piglet in its natural state on the concrete, a piglet in its natural state with clothes on laying in the grass, a piglet in its natural state with clothes on laying on the concrete. A piglet that had been burned, a piglet that had been shot, a piglet halfway buried in a box, a piglet that was suspended In its natural state, and a piglet that was suspended with clothes on. We have been asked to answer some theory questions. Which decomposes faster, a piglet that is in its natural state, one that is burnt, one that is buried? My initial theory was that, the piglet with the burn on it will decompose faster because its skin will not be able to survive the elements. What I have found out is that the piglet in its natural state decomposed faster than the piglet that was burnt. Which decomposes faster, a “naked” piglet or one that is clothed? My initial theory was that the piglet with the gunshot wound will decompose faster than the knife wound because it will have more contact with the ground below it. What I found was that my initial theory was correct the one gunshot wound decomposed faster because it was eaten out by maggots before the one with the knife wound was that the...
Words: 833 - Pages: 4
