...Martin Luther born in 1483 in germany was a christian theologian and monk. his contributions to the christian religion were revolutionary and the impacts have shaped doctrines and structures present today in the religion. His interpretation of the bible resulted in controversial insights which challenged roman catholic traditions and the papal power which influenced europe in the middle ages. he initiated the protestant reformation which was hugely significant in the history of christianity. deep study of the scriptures gave way to many revelations for Luther. He believed and preached that salvation and subsequently eternity in heaven could not be simply earned through the doing of good deeds, but can only be received as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as a redeemer from sin and subsequently eternity in Hell. At the time, the roman catholic church was selling 'indulgences' which were then believed to ensure acceptance to heaven and release from purgatory for those who bought them, regardless of sin, thus allowing people to think they could buy their way into heaven. The money was then used to construct cathedrals and monuments. Luther challenged the church on the corrupt nature of these promises they made to the public and endeavoured to expose the truths of the bible. As many germans were unable to read and understand the bible, they relied heavily on the word of the pope and the church, however Luther preached that ones faith and belief in Jesus...
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...The Two Most Significant Social or Political Changes by Martin Luther Nefertiti Aziz GKE TASK 2A Western Governors University There are many great reformers of history like Mohandas Gandhi, Nelson Mandela and Benazir Bhutto but I chose to write my essay on Martin Luther who in my opinion one of the greatest reformers of all time . Without even planning to Martin Luther would become one of the great reformers of Christianity and alter the course of Christianity and Western past forever. To me the two most significant social or political changes that occurred as a result of the actions of Martin Luther was the writing of the “Ninety-Nine Theses” with led to the protestant reformation and the translation of the bible in Germany Born to father Hans and mother Margaretta in Eisleben, Germany, in 1483, Martin Luther was one of a family of ten. Although Martin was born in Eisleben his father Hans a prominent business moved his family to Mansfeld and from there Martin went on to become one of the most significant figures in history. In his younger year Martin Luther spent his time as monk and scholar but in 1517 Martin Luther produced a document condemning the Catholic Church's unethical customs of retailing “pleasures” to pardon wickedness. His “Ninety-Five Theses”, which promoted two central beliefs, the first belief is that the Bible is the fundamental religious authority and the second was that individuals may grasp...
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...Caused by the 95 theses written by Martin Luther in 1517, the Protestant Reformation made significant changes on Western civilization. It altered the way people worshipped God and allowed for people to establish their own belief system. The Protestant Reformation allowed for a new definition of what it means to be civilized in Europe. People discovered, and took advantage of their freedom of religion. The Reformation did in fact contribute to a more civilized society because of its development of religious diversity, and its gradual separation between church and state. One of Martin Luther’s teachings states “On the matter of religious practice, is it better to follow one’s conscience?” (Notes Packet - The Reformation Begins; Mr. Johnson) Obviously,...
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...Reformation was the 16th century religious and political revolution that disintegrated the Catholic Church. This reformation would define Europe in the modern era. Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII contested the Church’s power and its faculty to divide Christian religion. On October 31, 1517 Martin Luther published his “95 Theses” which led to start the Protestant Reformation, in which it stated Luther’s terms of his protest against the Catholic Church. Martin Luther argued that Jesus died on the cross for our salvation; therefore, there was no need for lavish cathedrals and offerings that the Catholic Church was accustomed to. Also, he was opposed to the practice of the church collecting indulgences in order to shorten ones stay in purgatory. These indulgences were said to pave the way to heaven for any sinner. In Martin Luther’s 95 Theses the mentions the following: “Those who believe that, through letters of pardon, they are made sure of their own salvation will be eternally dammed along with their teacher”. After the Church’s unsuccessful rebuttal, they ended up excommunicating Luther in 1521. Luther went on to translating the bible into vernacular German, which up to this point was only in Latin and only available to priests who were they only ones who read and interpreted the bible to the masses. Luther’s translation was not word for word but rather sense for sense, which would help ordinary people, read the bible. Thanks to the printing press, the bible was published...
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...in a new light. Multiple new religions were brought up and new philosophical thoughts were spawned. Then, along came the Peasants’ Revolt of 1524-1526 in Germany. This savage war was not only sprung up from the religious ideas of Martin Luther, but also from the dissatisfaction of peasants about their poor working conditions and the unfair treatment from their lords. German peasants had been displeased of their living conditions with being continuously faced with ludicrous feudal dues and state taxes. Upon hearing Martin Luther’s remarks, the peasants’ economic troubles and religious beliefs? combined to be the sparks that were...
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...Martin Luther and the Ninety Five Theses Outline I. Introduction II. Who was Martin Luther? III. Martin Luther Calls for Reformation IV. A Short synopsis of the Ninety Five Theses V. Result of the Theses VI. Sources Consulted Introduction Martin Luther was the first person to translate and publish the Bible in the commonly-spoken dialect of the German people. Luther's hymns sparked the development of congregational singing in Christianity. His marriage, on June 13, 1525, to Katharina von Bora, a former nun, began the tradition of clerical marriage within several Christian traditions. Martin Luther was one of the most influential and compelling figures of Church history. Some of the most fundamental tenets of the Catholic Church were called into question by Luther, and lead to the greatest religious revolt in Church history, now known as the Protestant Reformation. Who Was Martin Luther? Martin Luther was born to Hans and Margaretta Luther on November 10, 1483 in Eisleben, Germany. He was baptized on the feast day of St. Martin of Tours, for whom he was named. Martin’s childhood was one of abuse and uncompromising cruelty, “His father once beat him so mercilessly that he ran away from home …His mother, "on account of an insignificant nut, beat me till the blood flowed, and it was this harshness and severity of the life I led with them that forced me subsequently to run away to a monastery and become a monk." His...
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...To what extent could Luther be called a revolutionary? A revolutionary is someone who desires or causes a complete or dramatic change, in this case a change in religion, whereas a radical is someone who wants to bring something back to its roots and return it to how it had been. Whilst it can be argued that Luther was a revolutionary because he ultimately caused a revolution to occur, it can also be argued that he was not a revolutionary because he never intended for that to happen and he only had the basic idea to bring Christianity back to its roots, making him a radical. One way in which it can be argued that Luther was not a revolutionary was because he did not intend for a revolution to happen. This is apparent because when Luther wrote his 95 Theses, he sent them to the Archbishop (and elector) Albert of Mainz on the 31st of October 1517, which is when he pinned them up in the University of Wittenberg. This shows that he had not planned a revolution because it would not have made any sense if Luther had sent the 95 Theses to Albert to warn him in advance of a revolution, as revolutions work better when powerful people are not aware of them before they begin. Another piece of evidence that suggests that Luther had no intention to start a revolution is that the 95 Theses were written in Latin. This shows that they were written to be read by scholars of a university, not peasants. If Luther had really intended a revolution then he would have written the Theses in the vernacular...
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...CHAPTER 24 TEST QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Luther’s initial stimulus for formulating the Ninety-Five Theses was a. his excommunication from the Roman Catholic church. b. the sale of indulgences. c. his time spent in England during the English Reformation. d. the turmoil caused by having two popes during the Great Schism. e. the influence of John Calvin. 2. The author of the Ninety-Five Theses was a. John Calvin. b. Erasmus. c. Voltaire. d. Martin Luther. e. Henry VIII. 3. The Catholic church dramatically pushed the sale of indulgences in the sixteenth century because of the a. need to match the resurgence of the Byzantine empire. b. threat posed by Islam. c. need for Henry VIII to pay off the national debt. d. expense associated with translating original Greek classics. e. need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter’s basilica. 4. Which one of the following was not one of Luther’s problems with the Roman Catholic church? a. the selling of indulgences b. pluralism c. absenteeism d. the immense wealth of the Catholic church e. the church’s decision to translate the Bible into vernacular languages 5. Who said, “I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one’s conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other.”? a. Martin Luther b. Jesus c. John Calvin d. Sima Qian e. Henry VIII 6. In the centuries following the fall of Rome, the only unifying...
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...On the 7 of January 1527, Felix Mainz was the first Anabaptist execution in Zurich. His death would be the first casualty in the executions against Anabaptism and adult baptism in that religion but would not be the last. This may not come as quite a shock; there was major religious turmoil during the sixteenth century in Europe, the time of martyrs and burnings. Several new ideas about theology and criticisms of the dominant medieval Catholic religion were consuming Europe. This time period of reformations would be the beginning of the many of the faiths still practiced today such as Calvinism, Lutheranism and the ‘radical ‘Anabaptist religion. However, one must wonder where did this idea of ‘radical’ Anabaptism come from? Around seventy years...
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...change personal views of one’s self and the world. The Renaissance is portrayed by a number of different ideas about Life and humanity, some of which are Individualism, secularism, and humanism. Individualism was a noteworthy concept that came about during the Renaissance era. It put emphasis on personality, uniqueness, genius, and developing one’s capabilities and talents. Recognizing individual efforts and then becoming known beyond the local areas began to grow during the renaissance. Artist started to sign their work so they could gain fame far from their own areas. This was different because in the middle Ages artist painted to glorify God, so that did not require an artist to sign their work. During the Renaissance the artist wanted to be known for being an individual and not to just contribute to a group (religion). Also during the Renaissance there was more attention to the development of the individual where education was concerned. The Importance of learning all intellectual areas as well as becoming knowledgeable about physical actions was a new development during the Renaissance. During the Renaissance you could become educated in many different areas this was the complete opposite for the belief of the middle Ages, where your education would have been structured to one field. During the Renaissance they wanted you to study as many different subjects as possible, and become as educated in those subjects as possible. Secularism refers to the view that the activities...
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...The europeans wanted to come to america so they have freedom to worship as they wanted to. Europeans also discovered America. People wanted to find a way to Asia, the people wanted to be famous and rich they looked to do spices, get silk, precious metals wanted gold and riches and also wanted new materials. The people wanted to discover new routes.9/10 americans died. Europeans exploration impacted many changes in the Americas from the late 1400s to 1776. They gave the Native Americans metal tools. Lots land disease, enforced laws which violated their culture and much more. Guns, alcohol and horses. It changed their way of hunting for food because they didn’t know how to use guns they were heavy to hold and it also changed the groupings....
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...Age of Discovery People Bartolomeu Dias – A Portuguese explorer who’s motives were “to serve God and his Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do”. Anne Boleyn – The second wife of Henry VII, she promised Henry that if he married her she would produce a son. Instead she gave birth to Elizabeth I, she was soon beheaded by Henry. Catherine of Aragon – Henry VII first wife who gave birth to a daughter, Mary. She was divorced and replaced by Anne Boleyn. Charles V – The Holy Roman Emperor who was a devoted Catholic, he opposed to Luther’s teachings. He summoned Luther to the town of Worms in 1521 to stand trial so he could take back statements. Yet Luther refused, Charles issued the Edict of Worms and declared Luther an outlaw. Charles went to war with the Protestant princesses who followed Luther, ordering all the princesses to the city of Augsburg. There the princesses signed the Peace of Augsburg. Christina de Pizan – One of the first European writeres to question different treatment of boys and girls. She was highly educated for her time and one of the first women to earn a living as a writer. She produced many books and manual son military techniques. Desiderius Erasmus – A Christian humanist who wrote his most famous work The Praise of Folly. Erasmus believed in Christianity from the heart, not one of ceremonies or rulers. He thought that in order to improve society, all must read the Bible. Edward VI – The son...
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...Many places began to grow and spread out. Soon many empires fell and this helped move people in the new environment. Many cultures moved and went into new land. What are the key characteristics of West African society? • Some characteristics of the West African societies are small compared to some that are humongous empires. Religion and family were a big factor in the lives of the people in the empire. Agriculture was a key-role of the means for making a living and being a craftsman was highly sought after. • Since the West African societies were smaller they all helped each other. Men were the people who worked all day to provide for their families. Religion and family helped people get by and was important to many people. Europeans began to help one another and talk and find out about the gold trade in Africa, but this wasn’t fully engaged because they weren’t in full agreement with the Europeans. How did events in Europe both shape and inspire exploration of the...
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...Reformation. Some of the contributing factors included criticism of the church, the teachings of Martin Luther, England’s shift towards Protestantism, and Calvinism. As stated earlier the growing resentment towards the basic tenants of Catholicism helped Protestant Reformation appeal to various groups across Europe. We will examine the contributing factors and how the led to mass appeal across Europe in a more exhaustive manner in the paragraphs...
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...Jewish History Notes * Sept. 4 * * Three Ways to Look at History: * These are three different ways of interpreting historical events: * 1) Divine Causation (hasgachah pratit) is a theological term which refers to the sovereignty, superintendence, or agency of God over events in people’s lives * 2) Human Causation suggests that events in people’s lives are a result of the outcome of human involvement, i.e., God either does not exist or does not involve himself in the affairs of humans. * 3) Chronologically suggests no causation of any kind. Events take place divorced from each other, i.e., there is no cause and effect. * * * * How do we know if an event really took place? * Here is the criterion often used to determine if an event really took place. Note: If this criterion is not met it does not mean that the historical claim is false. * * 1) Multiple Attestation rests on the premise that, the more independent testimonies to a tradition there are, the greater is the probability that it is authentic i.e., more than one independent source refers to the same person, place or thing. 2) Contradiction is when a source mentions a person, place or thing in a way that serves not to benefit the author in any way Sept. 7 What is a fact? 1. Something demonstrated to exist or known to have existed: Genetic engineering is now a fact. That Chaucer was a real person is an undisputed fact. 2. A real occurrence;...
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