...ABSTRACT. The notion social class attains a well-defined theoretical content in the works of the classical political economists, who defined classes on the basis of the specific income form that each category of people (class) obtains. This approach to class constitutes a first form of a "friendly merger" between political economy and sociology. When combined with the classical labor value theory, it has led to a theory of class exploitation of the laboring class by the capitalist class. As economic theory became increasingly apologetic after the "Marginalist Revolution" (setting itself the aim of justifying capitalism), the theory of class has been totally banished from the corpus of "modern (neoclassical) economic science." This paper claims that the scientific elements inherent in classical political economy's class theory were preserved by the Marxist class theory, which further revolutionized the classical approach, creating a new, purely non-economistic and non-mechanistic "relationist" class theory, an d forming thus a vivid economic-sociological approach to social classes. On the basis of the Marxist approach, complex problems concerning the class structure of contemporary societies can be tackled. I Introduction THE THEORY OF CLASSES MAKES UP one of the most controversial chapters of the social sciences, in the sense that it comprises a forefront of confrontation between the different theoretical schools that are formulated within the field. To clarify what is to...
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...Marxist feminist Michelle Barrett (1980) argues that the role ideology plays in convincing women that unpaid domestic labour is fulfilling is important. Barrett discusses the ideology of ‘familism’ the notion that female fulfillment lies in the family. For Marxist feminists, the cause of female oppression is rooted in capitalism. They argue that although individual men benefit from women’s subordination, the main beneficiary is capitalism. Women are an unpaid labour force, as unpaid housewives, and have been used in WW1 as a reserve army of labour. This oppression is believed to be maintained by the role women adopt within the capitalist’s system as the unpaid homemaker in the family. Women are conceived that this unpaid role is natural and normal, through the ideology of ‘familism’ that promotes female fulfillment as achieved through motherhood intimacy and sexual satisfaction. Marxist feminists believe that in order to end female subordination, we must overthrow capitalism as well as the ideology of familism. This would free the sexes from restrictive family roles and ensure that domestic labour was shared equally. Strengths of Marxist feminists include the fact that they have demonstrated the power of structural factors, such as capitalism and ideology in constructing an explanation for women’s subordination. However, Marxist feminists have been criticised for failing to explain women’s subordination in non-capitalist societies. Marxist feminism also places insufficient emphasis...
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...Capitalism acts to constrain the forces of production. The notion of free and competitive market penalizes inefficiency and redistributes the surplus to the more efficient enterprises. Adam Smith’s idea of invisible hand promotes rivalries. Therefore the majority of petty owners is pushed out of the market and forced to sell labor power. The surplus value is derived from exploiting these workers. The rate of exploitation is surplus value divided by the labor value. Laborers produce a use value but get paid only for their labor value. The left-over surplus value becomes profit for the capitalist. This wealth can be use for investment, mechanization, research development, management and etc. Industrial enterprises spend money on capital and labor to produce a product. Rate of profit is calculated from surplus value divided by capital and labor cost. Therefore the rate has an inverse relationship with labor and capital cost. As they fall, rate of profit rise. The average cost is total spent divided by output. By mechanizing, it allows companies to produce more resulting in cheaper price per unit For example, say three companies produce the same amount of goods using identical labor and capital cost structure. When one company mechanizes, it can produce more goods by only increasing capital and not labor cost. It can also produce more merchandise with same amount of capital and labor. These two scenarios are both forms of increase efficiency. They also are forms of labor exploitation...
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...underdevelopment: The politics of the north-south divide is written specifically to keep the students and the general public abreast of the causes and reasons for Africa, Asia and Latin America Perpetual underdevelopment despite the enormous human and materials resources God deposited in the continent. According to the author of the book, development and underdevelopment: Politics of the north-south divide was written with the intention to familiarize the readers with exciting and challenging subject of political economy of development and underdevelopment. It endeavour to expose the students to various strands of perspectives that are inherent in the study of politics of development and underdevelopment- it is the anticipation of the author that the book would be a good resource material for the researchers and the students of the social sciences as a whole. The students of politics of development and underdevelopment, state and economy, third world and dependency, international economy relations as well as those studying political...
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...is to move beyond this narrow focus at the enterprise level and situate HRM within wider economic, organizational, political and institutional contexts. HRM differs across countries but to date the comparative literature has tended to focus on cultural issues. Research that systematically analyzes socio-economic, institutional and societal contexts and their impact on HRM remains underdeveloped and there is a significant opportunity for work which draws on theory from adjacent fields - e.g. the varieties of capitalism literature, theories of cross-national organization and research in comparative political studies and economic geography all offer potentially useful frameworks. Companies are socially embedded on different levels; local economies, regional districts, national institutions, international networks and transnational regulation are all aspects of the social, organizational and economic structures in which companies are situated. Despite the all-pervasive talk of globalization, the seasoned international business traveller will be acutely aware of differences in the ‘way of doing things’from country to country and from region to region. Such differences are seldom more apparent than in the field of organization and management. Not only will the traveller be aware that conventions for doing business are culturebound, but also that systems and structures for ‘the management of people’are uniquely determined by forces of tradition. If the business traveller...
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...manufacturing a usable product always cost more than the primary products used to create those products. Therefore, poorer countries would never be earning enough from their export earnings to pay for their imports. Prebisch's solution was similarly straightforward: poorer countries should embark on programs of import substitution so that they need not purchase the manufactured products from the richer countries. The poorer countries would still sell their primary products on the world market, but their foreign exchange reserves would not be used to purchase their manufactures from abroad. Three issues made this policy difficult to follow. The first is that the internal markets of the poorer countries were not large enough to support the economies of scale used by the richer countries to keep their prices low. The second issue concerned...
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...Facultad de Economia y NegociosEscuela de Ingenieria Comercial | Economic development in Panama between 1995-2010 | Taller de Economía Empresarial | | José Venegas Rojas | | Professor: John Cobin Santiago, Chile 2013 I. - Introduction. The controlling purpose of this paper is to review the academic literature about the economic development of Panama between 1995-2010 in Panama City. Panama is among the twenty economies which have grown the most in the past ten years, according to the World Bank, which curiously matches giving ones the administration of the Panama Canal by the United States to Panama in 1999. Most of the buildings in Panama City were built around 2000 and in order to observe this change, the financial statements of the country when it still belonged to the United States, will be analyzed so that it can be possible to consider a factor in the economic development in this country. On December 31, 1999, at midday the Panama Republic took administrative control of the Panama Canal after a long process of negotiation which started in 1977 with the signing of the Treaty between the President Jimmy Carter from the United States and the Panama president Omar Torrijos. This Treaty stated that it was an important issue that Panama guaranteed the neutrality of the Canal. This step of command happened after almost eighty-five years of diplomatic negotiations between the US and Panama. Many Panamanians considered the administration of the Panama...
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...Over the last few decades’ significant changes to Canada’s economy and labor force have transpired. Gone are the days where the rich owned servants and the metal smiths flourished with business. Employment became centralized around assembly lines and factory work initializing the biggest change the economy had seen and capitalists were at large with their ability to mass-produce. Post industrialism and globalism silenced the roar, leading us where we are today, with a heavily populated and unskilled service industry. This leaves society wondering, “what is the future of work”? In this written essay, we will explore the future of work by focusing on the current situations and what possibilities might transpire. The following topics will be covered: • The real reasons for precarious work popularity and it’s outcome on the labor force • The impact of unions and what their disappearance would bring • Post industrial Canada and the effects of international business on industries • Environmental threats on the primary industry • The future of technology on work As we’ve seen with pervious trends, the future of work is heavily reliant on the current situation. In today’s economy most workers are faced with inequality and job insecurity resulting in unemployment, precarious work, or furthermore dangerous jobs. The human capital theory suggests that an equal opportunity is available for everyone but only those individuals with the higher skill sets will end up in virtuous work...
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...Latricia Proctor "Professional (General) - Personality" Test Results Organization Organization is the tendency to establish and maintain a specific structure in goals, behaviors, and the home or work environment. Professional Fit: People high in Organization tend to be suited for jobs that require self-discipline, tidiness, or careful planning of activities and schedules. Potential Risk: People high in Organization can miss potential opportunities if they are too rigid in their pursuit of specific goals and behaviors, and may be perceived by others as lacking in creativity or innovation. Preference for Pressure Preference for Pressure is the tendency to thrive in stressful environments and situations. Professional Fit: People high in Preference for Pressure tend to be suited for jobs that involve constant demands or urgent deadlines. Potential Risk: People high in Preference for Pressure can lose motivation, become bored, or have difficulty focusing in low-pressure environments or situations. Precision Precision is the tendency to be careful and attentive to small details. Professional Fit: People high in Precision tend to be suited for jobs that require work to be completed very delicately, accurately, and with few errors. Potential Risk: People high in Precision can sometimes have difficulty being productive in fast-paced environments, and may be inefficient at tasks that benefit from certain shortcuts or can allow for minor errors. Page 1 Intuitive Thinking ...
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...ANNOTATED SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR HISTORICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN Gerard M Koot History Department University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Allen, Robert C., The British Industrial Revolution in a Global Perspective, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Pp. viii, 331. Allen’s book is an excellent example of the persuasiveness of the new economic history. It is solidly rooted in statistical data and uses sophisticated methods of economic analysis but its analysis is presented in plain English. He argues that the first industrial revolution occurred in northwestern Europe because its high wages during the early modern period encouraged technological innovation. Although high wages were initially a consequence of the demographic disaster of the Black Death, they were reinforced during the early modern period by the economic success of the region around the North Sea, first, in European trade and manufacturing, especially in wresting the textile industry from the Italians, and then in world trade. According to Allen, the first industrial revolution took place in Britain instead of the Low Countries primarily because of Britain’s abundant and cheap coal resources, combined with the central government’s ability to use mercantilist policies and naval power to reap the greatest benefits from an expanding European and world trade. Once it had taken the lead from the Dutch, and defeated the French, Britain used its comparative advantage...
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...GM 6030 A3 Regional Business Environment: Latin America MIDTERM EXAM The success of any business venture in Latin America depends on the ability of the company to find a country that will provide the right amount of incentives and benefits but that will also have a continued political stability and guarantees for property rights and investment security. Our analysis will evaluate the probability that Brazil and Argentina, as the possible site selections for K-FIT, will have this kind of business friendly environment and will enact market oriented reforms. We’ll evaluate the aspects in both countries that make them adequate or not to invest in them. We’ll also provide a recommendation of which country and region within them we see as the best option to set up operations. Argentina Argentina is a democratic republic organized as a Federation of 23 provinces and the Capital City of Buenos Aires. It has a total population of 42.19 million and has an area of approximately 1.07 million sq. miles in the southernmost part of America (Buckman, “The World Today Series 2012 Latin America” p. 35). To understand the current business environment in Argentina and the prospects of market friendly reforms going forward, we have to understand its cultural legacy and the way its society is structured. Since its beginnings as a nation, and even before it got its independence from Spain in 1816, Argentina’s society has been polarized between the “people from the Interior” that lived in the...
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...Skip to content HOME BLOG A2 GEOGRAPHY Discuss the roles and relative importance of NICs and TNCs in a changing global economy. Discuss the roles and relative importance of NICs and TNCs in a changing global economy. An economy is the activities related to the production of goods and services within a specified geographic region. This can exist on a national scale, the trade and services within a country, but equally, if countries trade goods and services with each other, their economies interact, it can happen on a global scale, this is known as globalisation. This interaction of economies on a worldwide scale is else known as the global economy, and NICs and TNCs play a fundamental role in changing how it operates. An ‘NIC’, else known as a ‘newly industrialising country’ is a country where industrial production has grown sufficiently for it to become a major source of their income as a nation. A ‘TNC’ is a company that operates in at least two countries. They often have management headquarters in their home country and operate in host countries alongside; examples would include GlaxoSmithKline, BP, Wal-Mart and Coca-Cola. NICs are having a prominent impact on sculpting the global economy. They are characterised by the fact that they are gaining an increasing share of the world manufacturing output, a significant growth in their manufactured export production and a significant annual growth in their manufacturing sector. The first generation of NICs were,...
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...Case 4: Where was your food grown? 1- Do you believe that it is a positive or negative for multinational companies that many customers might perceive their products to be foreign in certain markets? Ethnocentric consumers believe that buying foreign products hurts the domestic economy and national employment. Consumer ethnocentrism implies the normative belief that purchasing domestic products is more beneficial than purchasing foreign goods so it is believed to have a negative effect on customers’ repurchase intent to foreign products, although that may vary within cultures and between different country-of-origin products. Particularly, consumers who hold strong ethnocentric beliefs are more likely to evaluate foreign products negatively than are those who do not hold such beliefs. Those who believe that it is wrong to buy foreign goods also tend to perceive those goods as lower in quality than domestic goods; ethnocentric consumers prefer domestic goods not only because of economic or moral beliefs, but also because they believe that their own country produces the best products. Researchers believed that consumers with ethnocentric tendencies have a tendency to evaluate domestic products favorably, often unreasonably so, compared to imported products. 2- Over 60% of the population of Malaysia are Muslin consumers. Most domestic food products have the JAKIM logo printed on the packaging, which certifies that it is safe to be consumed by Muslims. This may be a key reason...
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...Conflict rarely leaves one unscathed Scars, fear, loss of hope and faith. These are all outcomes of the difficulty that lies within a conflict. The precise definition of conflict refers to arguments and disputes which in many cases escalates into becoming a threat to an individual’s life, family or country. It has a major impact on an individual’s life as conflict barely leaves one unscathed. The after effect of conflict leaves some individuals to be scarred for a short period of time and some for life. The key factors of encountering conflict will be focused on the consequences and impacts of conflicts encountered by individuals. They include, the adversities faced by individuals and surroundings due to the circumstances of certain conflicts, the change within oneself that is discovered through conflict, and the drastic aftermath attached. Conflict is a part of life which is better resolved, as it may influence others, who are no involved, to face difficulties due to the circumstances that come along. Some conflicts can occur based simply on our perspectives and judgments on sensitive issues. We as individuals need to learn to accept things the way they are. This idea is demonstrated in an American film, ‘Remember the Titans’, directed by Boaz Yakin, which proves how our perspective on certain things can create dilemmas. The film demonstrates the impact of sensitive issues related to conflict, such as racism. The clashes that occur as impact of racism between individuals is...
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...Cody Unit 1 Assignment 2 I was also surprised with my high creativity score. I have never considered myself very creative. I always assume I can’t come up with something from scratch; I need something to build onto. The more I think of it though I always seem to get required things done even if I don’t have much experience or knowledge of the subject. It is my drive I am assuming that enables me to achieve my requirements. My lack of full self-confidence came as a surprise with a score of eighty-five indicating considerable stress when my expectations aren’t met. I have a tendency to put off many things that would advance my career and bring me feelings of success but I have a hard time believing that because going back to school for my Bachelor’s was a choice I made for the simple fact to advance my career. Maybe up until this point in my life I may have had those tendencies thinking my previous two positions were where I should be but not at my full potential. The assessment also showed that I dawdle on some projects or tasks and tend to be over attentive to details on other tasks. I assume that is just my way of knowing my priorities. Scoring in the middle doesn’t seem too bad to me even though I have room to improve I am not at the bottom recognizing that I do take the time to negotiate and listen to all views. I will argue my case to show the merits of my position but I try to avoid arguments to do...
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