...social consequences of the First Industrial Revolution are urbanization and mechanization. Urbanization is the increase of the number of people who migrate from rural areas to the city. With the constant influx of people who moved to the city the problems of overcrowding and sanitation arose. With the lure of factory jobs and a better lifestyle the people who once lived out in rural areas were persuaded that there could be a better life in the city. One of the problems that were not anticipated was one of proper sanitation. With more people the problem of crowed conditions apply with more garbage, more sewage and more contamination. Another social consequence is that of mechanization. Mechanization is the process of removing people and animals from their jobs and replacing them with machines. Machines may offer the luxury of mass production but it is at the cost of human workers being unemployed. So like a domino effect, all the people who moved to the city for work in factories are now being replaced by machines. In turn you have overcrowded cities with a large number of unemployed, hungry and desperate people. Now these people can barely afford to live, eat or even take care of their animals, the same animals that were replaced by machines. The first Industrial Revolution contributed to the rise of capitalism because of the increase of factories and the mass production of materials. With the advent of machines to mass produce things such as cotton...
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...UNIT# 2: TOURISM THROUGH THE AGES Introduction; Great Empires; The Middle Ages; The Renaissance; The Industrial Revolution and Tourism Today. Objectives of this unit: Recognize the antiquity of human travel over vast distances on both sea and land; Understand how these journeys have evolved from trips that were difficult and often dangerous, to mass travel for millions today. Introduction: People have always traveled, in search of food or animal skins for clothing, or for territorial expansion. Travel in these early days was time-consuming and dangerous. Indeed, our word travel comes from the French word TRAVAIL, which means work, and that is what it was, hard work. Most early travel was on foot, but later donkeys begun to be used. Waterways and seaways also frequently become paths for trade and commerce. 1. EARLY BEGINNINGS (THE GREAT EMPIRES): Organized travel in the West probably began during the great empires of Persians, Assyrians, Greeks, Egyptians, and Romans. This period began several millennia B.C. and continued to several hundred years A.D.1 (or C.E./Common Era). During the empire period, travel developed for military, trade, and government reasons, as well as for communication from the central government to its distant territories. (i) Travel Methods: For overland travel, ordinary people used donkeys or camels, but for military and government purposes, horses were used, along with wagons and chariots. Goods also had to be transported. In Persia between 500 and 400...
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...History of World Tourism The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is the United Nations agency responsible for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism. It is the leading international organization in the field of tourism, which promotes tourism as a driver of economic growth, inclusive development and environmental sustainability and offers leadership and support to the sector in advancing knowledge and tourism policies worldwide. It encourages the implementation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism[1] to maximize the contribution of tourism to socio-economic development, while minimizing its possible negative impacts, and is committed to promoting tourism as an instrument in achieving the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), geared towards reducing poverty and fostering sustainable development. UNWTO generates market knowledge, promotes competitive and sustainable tourism policies and instruments, fosters tourism education and training, and works to make tourism an effective tool for development through technical assistance projects in over 100 countries around the world. UNWTO’s membership includes 156 countries, 6 territories and over 400 affiliate members representing the private sector, educational institutions, tourism associations and local tourism authorities. Its headquarters are located in Madrid, Spain. Grand Tour Modern tourism can be traced to what was known as the Grand Tour, which was a...
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...America into the industrialized capital of the world and forever changing the American landscape and the people. The Civil War “as destructive as it was”, laid the foundation for Americas’ future success. I. Three influences between 1865 and 1920 that affected America A. The Industrial Revolution took place over more than a century however, the period from 1859-1873 has been characterized as the most fruitful and dense in innovations in American history (Mowery and Rosenberg, 1989, pg2). The growth was astounding. America, during this period was characterized by seemingly boundless economic expansion and the emergence as new world power. War needs had enormously stimulated manufacturing, speeding an economic process based on the exploitation of iron, steam, and electric power, as well as the forward march of science and invention. In the years before 1860, 36,000 patents were granted; in the next 30 years, 440,000 patents were issued, and in the first quarter of the 20th century, the number reached nearly a million. (Dickenson). B. Industry existed in the United States prior to the Civil War but agriculture had represented the most significant portion of the American economy. After the war, small businesses grew larger. The facilities that were built by the opposing Civil War forces to support their war effort were now being revitalized. Most factories were purchased by local businessmen throughout the North and South and transformed into large textile operations...
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...industrialisation, urbanisation, modernisation, in the growth of mass tourism and consider to what extent tourism in the 21st century, with its emphasis on ‘individual experience’, represents a ‘postmodern’ return to the pre-modernity of the Grand Tour. THE EVOLUTION OF INTERTNAIONAL TOURISM With economies growing on a daily basis across the world, an element to every economy, the word tourism receives a growing definition too. This can be interpreted as a leisure activity or a use of leisure time, with the exchange of the ordinary for the extraordinary, such an individual or group seeking this can be identified as tourists (lecture notes). Such interpretations have evolved over time from previous definitions to help represent the concept as successfully as it can. I will trace the course of tourism history from the 18th century Grand Tour to the present day. Discussing and evaluating the importance of broad economic and social developments, e.g. industrialisation, urbanisation, modernisation, in the growth of mass tourism and considering to what extent tourism in the 21st century, with its emphasis on ‘individual experience’, representing a ‘postmodern’ return to the pre-modernity of the Grand Tour with understanding of the historical and chronological evolution showing a clear chain of events that were affected. With this in prospective two main aspects can be evident, travelling- the action used by a tourist, and leisure the reason why the action is used by the tourist. When...
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...The profound economic change that occurred in the early 1900’s was largely influenced and formed by the industrial revolution, in particular the second wave that occurred in the late 1800’s. The revolution as a whole resulted in the change from economies based on agriculture and farming, to industry based profits. This second wave of the revolution not only refined and improved the prior inventions of iron and coal, but brought with it new highly developed technologies such as steel, electricity, oil and chemicals that lead to the creation of new industries that had not existed prior. The introduction of large scale steel and iron production, as well as advanced railway systems and the opening of the Suez Canal, allowed countries to export vast amounts of resources easily, therefore boosting economies. The introduction of electricity into society during this time also had a profound impact on the economic situation of many countries and individuals by allowing possible work hours to be increased dramatically. In 1914, Britain, Germany, France and the US owned 72% of the world’s manufacturing output, having a profound impact on the economies of the countries but also creating a climate of competition between the strong industrial powers. To a certain extent, this economic change throughout the world had a significant impact, and acted as a catalyst for increasing social and political change. Political change was evident during the early 20th century given that dynastic rulers...
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...In 1913 Ford had an absentee rate of 10 percent and the annual turnover was 370 percent. Another problem with Ford during this time was that only the rich were able to buy their cars. Ford tried to improve on these numbers by offering $5 a day for an 8 hour work day (Budd 31). Ford increasing the pay of his employees helped to improve both of these issues that his company was facing. After this change the unskilled workers at Ford were able to purchase the the cars they were producing and other items they would have never been able to afford before this pay increase. Not only did this increase in pay help lead to the formation of the middle class, it also allowed for these employees to spend their money on items they could not before....
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...Industrial Revolution: The Future of Western Europe The Industrial Revolution was the moment in history when Europe began to change from a hands-on age to more of a mechanical age. The Industrial Revolution began mainly in Western Europe and soon spread across the world, including North America. Britain accelerated its manufacturing, business, and even daily life, being the center head of the Industrial Revolution. Britain first led the way back in the 18th century, and by 1850, its entire society was changed forever, both economically and socially. Britain’s decisions in the previous decades shaped the prime location for an economic boom, mainly by not wasting its time with an absolutist rule nor with too many disputes with other European countries. Through technological and scientific means, Britain propelled itself economically forward, letting the rest of Europe play catch up. By controlling the seas, it shielded itself from disaster in markets across waters. The living and working standards transformed with longer life spans and whole family units working in industries. Although these families faced horrid conditions in these factories, they were still able to make money in the long run through labor unions and new legislation. Overall, Britain became the leading industrial power in Europe, if not the world, as a result of a new prominent social class, a strong capitalist ideal, life altering inventions, revamped living and working conditions, and revolutionary maritime...
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...Susan Edson 1 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Escrito por: Susan Edson Dirigido por: D. Juan Carlos Palmer Trabajo presentado para la obtención del Titulo Universitario Senior Universitat Jaume I Castellón, mayo 2005 2 Indice: I. General Concept………………………………..…… 4 1. First industrial revolution 2. Second industrial revolution 3. Modernization II. Europe……………………………………………….. 9 1. England 2. Scotland 3. Rest of Europe III. U.S.A………………………………………………... 17 1. The growth of U.S. industry. 2.Organization of industrial relations. 3.Agriculture. IV. Developments and innovations……………………… 24 1. Colonialism 2. Apprenticeship 3. Science and technology 4. Machine tools 5. Textiles 6. Steam engines 7. Locomotives and Steamboats 8. The Electric Telegraph 9. Architecture 10. Rubber 11. Lighting 12. Time V. Conclusions………………………………………... 42 VI. Bibliography………………………………………… 44 3 I. General Concept 1. The First Industrial Revolution Between 1760 and 1830 the Industrial Revolution was mainly confined to Britain. Being aware of its head start on other countries, Britain forbade the export of machinery, skilled workers and manufacturing techniques. This could not last, as many Britons saw profitable industrial opportunities abroad and continental European businessmen were keen to lure British know-how to their countries. Belgium became the first country in continental Europe to be transformed economically, having machine shops ...
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...Assignment 1.1: Industrialization after the Civil War Thesis and Outline Amiah-Mone Parker The Industrial Revolution was of great importance to the economic development of the United States. The new era of mass production kindled in the United States because of technological innovations, a patent system, new forms of factory corporations, a huge supply of natural resources, and foreign investment. The growth of large-scale industry in America had countless positive results, but also negative results as well. Industrialization after the Civil War affected the United States in several ways including poverty, poor labor laws, and the condition of the people. Between 1865 and 1920, Industrialization had many positive effects on society which caused change in people’s daily lives. The first major innovation that was beneficial was the new railroad system. Railroads out west played a huge part in the successful expansion of our country. Prior to the development of a more efficient railroad system, the movement of people and freight were slow, difficult, and cost efficient. Most goods had to be produced and provided locally on a small scale. As a result, prices for products were costly. Despite that, with the help of federal grants, railroad developers were able to build a more efficient railroad system that would connect the established east with the unsettled west. After the completion of the new railroads system, farmers were in practical distance...
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...Marketing Principles Unit 1 Task 1 History Of Marketing The concept of Marketing that we see today is following the developments of the Industrial Revolution (This transition included going from hand production methods to machines - 18th and 19th century) which was a period of rapid social change. Mass production, developing transport infrastructure and growing mass media meant that producers needed to, and could develop more sophisticated ways of managing the distribution of goods. Marketing Orientations There are 4 main marketing orientations: Product Orientation –. An organisation would make a product and sell it without finding out if the customer wants or needs it. However the organisation will be very interested in making sure the product is high quality and good price. This is then likely to produce sales as the customer will be getting a good quality product. The company always needs to ensure there product maintains its quality and if at any point their quality drops they will lose customer loyalty. Although as markets grow and competitors start coming in to the picture this can work as a disadvantage:- Henry Ford Stated, that "Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants, so long as it is black." This was because in 1908 Henry had begun making Ford model T. He became the most successful car manufacturer and realised because demand was so high, customers were buying what was produced rather than demand anything different. He also didn’t want to...
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...Lecture 2 History of Advertising Advertising – to gather together, to persuade people about something Advertising has existed before the industrial revolution According to Singer advertising is… A key element in economic history as well as our social, technological, artistic and cultural histories… and perhaps one of the keys to the understanding of the evolution of our complex urban society For exams you don’t need to know date but you need centuries/periods etc. Preliterate period (3000-400 BC) Pre writing and reading period – advertising will be very different than is does now Literacy levels were low, people couldn’t read and write – so communicated with symbols 1200 BC: painted on carved messages on rocks and stones leading down paths to harbor (ship was coming in, stuff available to obtain) Fijians o Came up with the alphabet as a consistent form o Centered around biblical ideologies o When societies became literate – usually taught religious stuff only select people were taught literacy (high up people, nobility) (school comes from the word leisure, only rich people had leisure time – thought it was a foolish endeavor to teach poor because they were not smart enough) th 6 century BC: town criers most common form of advertising throughout history is oral advertising or the town crier (bellmen) o What they do is go around and be very loud voices, men always, ringing bell, delivering some kind of message, dressed in a certain way...
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...Demographic changes are being monitored on traditional and on the existing outbound markets respectively, since these are two markets having various influence factors on the individual exogenous changes which influence development of international tourism. Recent developments in Tourism on the 21st Century Introduction Tourism is a significant economic factor of nations worldwide. Not only does this help contribute to overall economic gain, but this also enable countries to share their natural resources, gain international recognition and attract prospects for further business transactions. Despite the rise of previous tourism obstacles such as epidemic and terrorism attacks, countries from all over the world attempt to revive their tourism industry through extensive marketing and development. Indeed, the start of the 21st century witnessed various growing tourism trends that other nations followed and applied. Among these are the developments observed in global tourism’s latest visitor attractions. Thus, in this brief essay, the different tourism trends worldwide will be described. How these trends had affected the latest visitor attractions will also be discussed. Latest Trends Sports Tourism Sports in general have been an important aspect of global culture; it is in the conduction of sports where language and cultural barriers are replaced by the universal eagerness for such activities. Recently, several sports activities are being held in different countries...
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...Capitalism and Its Effects “As a result of capitalism, we are increasingly unhappy and dissatisfied, and only by turning against capitalism will we be able to move on.” Peter Saunders cites by Clive Hamilton in his book “Why Capitalism Is Good for the Soul” (8). Capitalism dates back to industrial age. After the industrial revolution, the traditional trade has evolved to a new global platform and some of economic system like capitalism came into prominence. According to Cambridge Dictionary, capitalism is a political and economic system in which a country’s trade is controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. With this system, the numbers of producer increased because of the private owners. Until the last few decades, it seems beneficial and useful breakthrough for humanity but today, increasingly people criticize this system. While Peter Saunders in his article “Why Capitalism Is Good for the Soul” defends that capitalism provide a profitable result for us; Clive Hamilton in his books “Grown Fetish” and “Affluenza”, Annie Leonard in her video “The Story of Stuff” and Tim Kasser in his book “The High Price of Capitalism” claim that capitalism has damaged people in some ways. Although some people argue consumerism provides an easy life and a better world; it actually makes people materialistic and dissatisfied with life, kills people’s free time and damages the plane. With capitalism, people become materialistic and dissatisfied with life. They become...
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...Assignment 1.2: Industrialization after the Civil War Final Paper Belinda Scott History 105: Spring 2014 Prof. Michael Smith Industrialization after the Civil War After the Civil War the United States became a much more industrialized society. Between 1865 in 1920 industrialization and proved American life in many ways. However industrialization also created problems for American society. This paper will introduce my previously crafted thesis statement where I stated my opinion on how industrialization after the Civil War influenced US society, economy, and politics. This paper will also identify three major aspect of the industrialization during 1865 in 1920 that influenced United States society, economy, and politics while considering issues such as; geography, entrepreneurship, and legislative representation. This paper will also identify three specific groups that were affected by industrialization and provide two examples of each group describing how the group was affected while considering issues such as race, ethnicity, gender, and child labor. Finally this paper will summarize how industrialization affected the life of the average working American during this period. After the Civil War the United States became a much more industrialized society. Between 1865 in 1920 industrialization improved American life in many ways. However industrialization...
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