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Mattel and the Toy Recalls

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Coffee Barometer 2014
Sjoerd Panhuysen & Joost Pierrot
13 / ha India 5 mio Vietnam 22 mio bags 40 bags / ha 10 / ha Ethiopia 6 mio 7 Indonesia 13 mio bags

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Hivos IUCN Nederland Oxfam Novib Solidaridad WWF

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1 Introduction
Coffee, cultivated in more than 80 countries in Central and South America, Africa and Asia, ranks among the world’s most valuable agricultural commodities. Coffee cultivation provides livelihoods for 20-25 million farming families [4]; and engages over 100 million people in its producing and processing. Smallholder coffee farmers, together with their families and rural workers produce over 70 per cent of this labour intensive crop. Women comprise half the productive workforce and play a crucial role that often goes unnoticed. However, to retain the involvement of rural youth is a challenge as they often aspire to a different future and seek employment outside the coffee sector. Historically, declining terms of trade and price volatility have plagued coffee production. This makes poverty reduction, which is essential to ensure the sustainability of the sector, both an important and difficult challenge. Figure 3 presents an overview of the main social, economic and environmental challenges for smallholders and plantation labourers. These problems at the production level are compounded by the effects of changing climatic conditions. The International Coffee Organization [9] acknowledges that the world coffee sector is facing major challenges from climate change. Prolonged droughts, raised temperatures or heavy rains make the harvest seasons unpredictable. The situation is alarming. Erratic temperature and rainfall can affect coffee plants directly, by bringing about sub-optimal growing conditions, and indirectly, by providing favourable conditions for pests and diseases such as coffee rust and the berry borer [1]. These changes

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