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Mayo

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Elton Mayo

Introducción

El ensayo de Elton Mayo busca mostrar de manera resumida sus ideas y su trabajo.

Trabajo sobre la fatiga y su mejor experimento fue el que realizo para Western “Electric Company”.

Capitulo I: La fatiga

La fatiga es la condición fisiológica normal pero cuando se convierte en patológica ya se debe considerar un problema.

Existen numerosos intentos por medir la fatiga en la Industria y se centran en medir: las horas de trabajo, los accidentes laborales, las condiciones atmosféricas, la iluminación estudio de movimiento y otros.

La fatiga industrial reduce la capacidad de trabajar y es vista en: variación del output, tiempo perdido, rotación laboral, enfermedad y mortalidad, accidentes y grado de esfuerzo desplegado.

Capitulo II: La Monotonía

La monotonía o estado estacionario se vio visto incrementada en la industria moderna.

Siendo una de las causas de la baja en la producción la monotonía.

Una de las conclusiones de Wyatt es que la experiencia del aburrimiento esta relacionado con procesos repetitivos.

El postula que el grado de aburrimiento esta relacionado con las condiciones de trabajo:

• Cuando el trabajo es cambiado cada cierto tiempo

• Cuando se paga de acuerdo al producto

• Cuando se introducen metas

• Cuando el trabajo permite formar grupos sociales

• Cuando se introducen descansos fuera de los programados

• Se podrá reducir el grado de aburrimiento

Además los trabajadores con inteligencia superior son los que mas fácil se aburren.

Capitulo III: El experimento “Hawthorne”

Western Electric Company

Este experimento busco medir el efecto de la iluminación en la productividad de los trabajadores. Para lo cual disminuyo la iluminación a un grupo de estos pero el resultado que arrojo no era significativo con respecto a los que no les había variado las condiciones.

La segunda investigación en 1927, se separo un grupo de trabajadores para observar el efectos de varios cambios en las condiciones de trabajo.

Este experimento duro 5 años y el gran aporte de este trabajo radica en que se obtuvo la mas importante serie de observaciones de una empresa industrial.

En el cuarto experimento le variaron las condiciones de descanso, y en el séptimo les entregaron refrescos y comida.

En 1928 se implanto el programa de entrevistas.

Las conclusiones mas saltantes fueron:

• La reducción de la fatiga no es la razón principal para el incremento del producto

• El producto esta relacionado mas con el tipo de trabajo que con la cantidad de días de trabajo

• La actitud mental y la reducción de la supervisión mejora el producto.

Capitulo IV: El Programa de entrevistas

Los entrevistados fueron instruidos para que tengan una buena actitud ante la investigación.

Se vio la necesidad en la industria de desarrollar entrevistas técnicas en razón de aprovechar y anticiparse a situaciones emocionales, por lo que la división de investigación industrial organizo las funciones de la siguiente manera:

• Entrevistas anuales a los empleados que les gusta o disgusta de su estatus

• Estudio de los comentarios favorables o desfavorables de los empleados

• Para determinar los beneficios

• Conferencias de training para los supervisores

• Pruebas para los empleados sobre la fatiga y la eficiencia.

Capitulo V: El significado de Moral.

Los resultados de estas entrevistas se vieron dos años después.

The western Electric Company tenía altos estándares de calidad para sus trabajadores y por eso encabezaba la lista de la empresas industriales mas importantes.

Implanto políticas como:

• El respeto por el horario de trabajo

• Dotaba de buena comida a precios moderados (Jefes y trabajadores comían los mismo)

• Tenía hospitales muy bien equipados y con personal altamente calificado.

• No tuvieron huelgas

• Daban facilidades de financiamiento.

En resumen se podía decir que esta empresa era un modelo de administración. Esta es una de las razones por las que se pudo hacer el experimento y tomar las entrevistas ya que solo en un ambiente de confianza como este es que se podía obtener la información cualitativa que se buscaba con esta investigación.

Capitulo VI: Desarrollo Técnico y anómia

Shaw define delincuencia, criminalidad y el suicidio como síntomas de la desintegración del control social. Deben ser reducidas si se quiere vivir en orden y generar progreso.

Las civilizaciones industriales que han tenido un rápido desarrollo sufren de anomia..

Un individuo crece con un grupo con el que se identifica, este al migrar a los lugares industrializados rompe con ese vinculo quedando en solitario sin su grupo de referencia. Quedando sin su motivación y por lo tanto sin rumbo, generándose un problema social.

Abona a incrementar este problema la migración o movilidad laboral, los defectos en el sistema educativo y ciertas doctrinas excéntricas políticas y religiosas que abona a la diferenciación de clases.

Capitulo VII: Teoría de Gobierno y orden social.

Trata sobre ciertas dificultades que enfrentan los gobernantes

Aparece un movimientos en gran parte de Europa que se origina en el mal entendimiento de la historia y en la ignorancia del cambio social que se daba.

Quesnay se basa en la forma en que se regulo las asociaciones humanas en el trabajo.

Además, contribuyo con este problema el intento de incorporar el contrato social de Rousseau en la teoría política, esta doctrina era contraría a la de Quesnay.

La ignorancia y el descontrol del cambio social

La creación de grandes unidades económicas y la absorción de las pequeñas fue creando el descontento individual y la insatisfacción material de estos grupos.

La política de esa época desconocía la existencia de un organismo social.

Aparece el método de Piaget de la observación, repudiaba el método del psicoanálisis, propone en su investigación una civilización con un apropiado sistema de educación con una capacidad de entender la situación social. Da tres tipos de respuestas al entorno de cada individuo:

Lógica, desarrolla los juicios

No lógica: la acción individual se adecua a la situación

Irracional: respuesta no lógica, ajuste social deficiente.

La acción política supone que los individuos tienen la capacidad de trabajar juntos, la función política no funciona en una sociedad en donde se ha perdido esta capacidad

Capitulo VIII: El problema del administrador

Pareto, propone la importancia de una alta performance en los administradores a fin de que se mantenga un equilibrio.

La elite administrativa, incluidos los gobernantes y los no gubernamentales como los que tienen que dirigir siguiendo los preceptos morales.

Brooks Adams propone tener un numero suficiente de administradores que nos lleven a ese equilibrio de Pareto.

El administrador debía estar calificado como un “listener” . Según Hoover se presentaba un problema entre los empleadores y los empleados, postulaba que los administradores no estaban preparados para entender el problema de la cooperación humana que se estaba forjando debido a la aparición de conflictos laborales.

La universidades estaban preparadas para formar científicos pero no lo estaban para formar el administrador Elite que la época necesitaba. Ese que pudiera descifrar esos nuevos códigos sociales que hacían inviable el trabajo conjunto, rompiéndose así el equilibrio de Pareto.

Conclusiones de la Lectura:

En tanto y en cuanto afecte la capacidad de trabajo fue objeto de estudio de este trabajo.

En general el gran problema de esa época fue saber afrontar los cambios que se venían producto de la revolución industrial.

Queda claro que existía una necesidad imperiosa de crear condiciones para que se desarrollara el Management como ciencia, ya que algunos teóricos como Quesnay vieron la necesidad imperiosa de tener un cuerpo de administradores que pudieran liderar este cambio.

Queda concluir que el gran aporte de mayo fue dedicar gran parte de su vida a esta investigación que genero la información para trabajos posteriores.

Aquí ya se ve el comienzo del uso de la investigación científica pero todavía faltará llegar mas adelante a una ciencia del Management.

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