...iconic line of “who are you?” is a heavy question of identity. According to Merriam Webster’s Dictionary, identity is defined as “the condition of being the same with something described or asserted;” identity is purely derived from comparing two subjects. Attempting to describe one's self through comparisons is a difficult task; as no two people are identical. As shown through Alice in Wonderland, language cannot effectively describe an individual's identity. Alice’s identity is questioned and doubted, especially with the physical changes she experiences throughout the book. At the beginning of the story, Alice is an aloof schoolgirl who often acts without thinking of the consequences. This lack of foresight leads Alice into situations where she becomes uncertain of her own identity. Alice falls down the rabbit hole, “never once considering how in the world she was to get out again (Carroll 16).” Alice is confident in...
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...young children helps avoid disapproving gender views that limit children’s behavior and learning abilities, which plays a vital role in their social and cognitive development. I. Beliefs and Behaviors II. Influences a. Biological b. Environment 1. Family 2. Teachers 3. Peers III. Identity a. Emergence of gender identity IV. Gender Schema V. Conclusion After researching and learning about this topic, children who hold a flexible gender view of what boys and girls can do tend to see the world in a less gender biased fashion and increases their social and cognitive development, which helps prepare them for entering society. Gender Stereotyping in Children Parents play the role of nurturing their children and preparing them for society, and somewhere in between they unintentionally introduce their children to gender stereotyping (beliefs and behaviors acceptable for girls and boys). As children grow they start to learn gender typing on their own through biological and environmental influences. Then through observation children develop their own identity towards male or female, and they start to organize their experiences through gender schemas. This is how children interpret what’s happening in their world. Piaget’s cognitive development theory and Bandura’s social learning theory explain how children learn through modeling and actively constructing knowledge as they manipulate and explore the world. So, parents can try...
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...Headnote This two-part exploratory study utilized a social cognitive theory framework in documenting gender portrayals in teen movies and investigating the influence of exposure to these images on gender-based beliefs about friendships, social aggression, and roles of women in society. First, a content analysis of gender portrayals in teen movies was conducted, revealing that female characters are more likely to be portrayed as socially aggressive than male characters. Second, college students were surveyed about their teen movie-viewing habits, gender-related beliefs, and attitudes. Findings suggest that viewing teen movies is associated with negative stereotypes about female friendships and gender roles. Research examining the effects of media exposure demonstrates that media consumption has a measurable influence on people's perceptions of the real world, and, regardless of the accuracy of these perceptions, they are used to help guide subsequent attitudes, judgments, and actions. For example, these results have been yielded for viewing media representations of race,1 the mentally ill,2 and the elderly.3 Past research additionally indicates that watching televised gender portrayals has an effect on individuals' real-world gender-based attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.4 Based on this research, and the tenets of social cognitive theory, it would be expected that consumption of teen movies would have an analogous influence on audience members' gender-based attitudes and beliefs...
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...There are more or less 7 billion people living in this world and very few of them could mark their name by doing some exceptional things in their lives. Some are famous and loved by most of the people while there are some people who are notorious and people dislike them. But majority of the people in this world are simply good for nothing. They come and they die and nobody even notice their presence and their absence as well. (Olson, 2002) If we have to categorize the expression of identity we may find that basically there are two different classes of identity these are social identity and personal identity. Social identity is a collective identity. Social Identity refers to the procedure by which people use to be characterized themselves in terms as well as groups which they share in the company of other inhabitants in the society. (Deaux, 2001) Social identity theory is a prominent theory, which may highlights the way of social identification of the people. The theory of social identity is a theory, which is intended to...
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...Internal and External Factors Influencing the Development of Gender Identity Lanita Doub Liberty University COUN 502-Human Growth & Development Laura Rolen August 11, 2012 Internal and External Factors Influencing the Development of Gender Identity Gender identity is defined as "the perception of oneself as male or female", ( Feldman, 2011). Gender is established by the time a child reaches his or her preschool years. "By the age of two, children consistently label themselves and those around them as male or female" (Feldman, 2011). Preschoolers are very rigid in their beliefs about gender-appropriate behavior. These beliefs become more pronounced by the age of five years. By age seven years the beliefs are still there, although less rigid. Preschooler's ideas of stereotypical behavior are compared to those of traditional adults. Preschoolers develop a gender schema, "a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender"(Feldman, 2011). For example, a preschool boy may refuse to wear makeup in a school play because he knows that makeup is for girls only. In 1966, Lawrence Kohlberg proposed a cognitive-developmental theory, which explains the rigidity of preschoolers as their understanding of gender, and gender appropriate behavior (Feldman, 2011). Shuvo Ghosh states that the development of gender identity "clearly begins in the intrauterine stage". He attributes this to hormone production...
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...similarities. Both of these men seemed very interested in the perception of self in the eyes of others as well as yourself. “Mind, Self, and Society” is an article written by Mead which was placed in the book entitled “Social Theory: The Classic Tradition to Post-Modernism” which was edited by Farganis with the copyright of McGraw-Hill in 2004. This primarily deals with the development of one’s self, or their identity. “Presentation of Self in Everyday Life” is an article written by Goffman which was arranged to be in the book “Inner Lives and Social Worlds: Readings in Social Psychology.” This book was edited by Holstien and Gubrium and has a copyright from Oxford University Press in 2003. This mostly addresses the performance of ones self in comparison to a dramaturgy. In “Mind, Self, and Society,” Mead goes into detail on how people perceive themselves and exactly who they are. The only way you know certain things about yourself is from interaction with other people. By the way they react to your actions, you can gain a stronger sense of who you are. This creates the development of the “I” and the “me” identity. The “I” is how you see yourself and is subjective. In further explanation, “I” is the right now. If you are a guy who is more comfortable in girl clothes, the “I” doesn’t see anything wrong with it because there is the subjective justification. The “me” is how others perceive you and is objective. If you are a guy who enjoys wearing women’s clothes, the “I” doesn’t...
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...DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN SEXUALITY NaShawn Edwards July 10, 2013 DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN SEXUALITY A young boy sits and watches children playing on the playground, trying to see which activity he wants to engage in. He sees a group of boys playing basketball on one side and down the way he sees a group of girls playing “double dutch” jump rope. Off to the side of them are some boys watching and talking to them, flirting. The young boy decides he wants play jump rope with them. The young man approaches the girls and they invite him to join them. The young man makes his first attempt to jump in the ropes. As soon as he is ready to jump in, he’s pushed from behind. The push is so forceful that he stumbles into the ropes, tangling them around him and falls to the ground, scraping his knee badly. He looks up and sees one of the boys that was watching the girls play jump rope, had pushed him. He started shouting obscenely things at the young boy and soon begin punching hitting and kicking him. The young boy didn’t know what he did wrong and why he was being treated this way. An adult saw what was going on and ran to stop it. He then took the young boy home with the little boy asking “Why?” See the young boy didn’t know that jump rope was known as “femininity”. He was raised to be open-minded and androgynous. The other boy was raised and taught the masculine gender roles and what he is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Somehow, the other boy felt that the young boy’s behavior...
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...Mean Girls is a film about an adolescent foreign student, Cady, who moves from Africa to a suburban area in Illinois (Lorne, Shimkin, & Waters, 2004). Consequently, she had to give up homeschooling. Cady is introduced to a typical, public high school full of cliques, which makes her question her individuality in terms of popularity. After befriending two outcasts, she ironically is drawn to the “plastics” – a group of domineering, popular girls. Cady is persuaded by her two unpopular friends to falsify a friendship with the plastics in order to reveal their deepest secrets and ultimately destroy their clique. Unfortunately, Cady ends up becoming one of the plastics herself, which causes her to lose connections with both cliques. Cady...
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...Gender Identity Many different factors come into play while figuring and ultimately understanding someone’s gender identity. What many do not understand is that everything may not be what it seems, and just because something appears a certain way, does not mean it will perform the same. A person may look at their body and understand they may look like a boy, but to themselves they are not a boy. When taking a look into the anatomy of a human chromosomes are what make up a humans gender role. The sexual chromosomes determine the difference, for example, XX chromosomes make up a female, while XY chromosomes make a male. The X chromosome is the more dominate chromosome and has the ability to develop either sexual genitals. It has been discovered that hormones are responsible for a human’s biological development, and after they are born should be exposed to hormones. The Y chromosome directs the glands to release male sex hormones, and while pregnant it is important to take hormones, because it will take care of the nervous system. It takes many years to understand who we are, or even sometimes people never really understand themselves, but what we do know, is that you are not born knowing who you are. There are many factors that come into play all while trying to understand yourself, such as your environment, religious views, parental guidance. While growing up children are first influenced by their parents, and then as they soon start school, they are often influenced by...
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...PRESCHOOL Just look at this→think of examples for all of them Chapter 7: Physical & Cognitive Development • Growth & ability of the body Right/ left handedness emerges early Bone ossification Gross motor skills • Brain lateralization—certain cognitive functions are located more in 1 hemisphere of brain than other→ become more pronounced during preschool years o Right vs. Left hemisphere specialization • Left hemisphere- speaking, reading, thinking & reasoning • Right Hemisphere- Spatial relationships, pattern recognition & emotional expression (global processing) o What are examples of skills associated with the right and left hemisphere? o Some specialization of each hemisphere, BUT each can perform most tasks of the other. EX: right hemisphere does some language processing and does important role in language comprehension • Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development (early childhood: 2—6) o Children at this time increase in use of symbolic thinking, mental reasoning, use of concepts.. Representational thought • EX: seeing moms car keys(symbol) prompts u to ask “are we going to the store?” • Primarily defined by limitations. Characterized by centration o Aren’t capable of operations→ organized/formal mental process that develops in school-aged children o Confuses own POV w/ others & cant consider multiple characteristics of stuff o Period of centration- concentrating on 1 limited aspect of stimulus & ignoring other stimulus. (EX: a cat w/ dog...
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...is about the sociological concept. For the political and economic concept, see Socialization (economics). Sociology Portal Theory · History Positivism · Antipositivism Functionalism · Conflict theory Middle-range · Mathematical Critical theory · Socialization Structure and agency Research methods Quantitative · Qualitative Historical · Computational Ethnographic · Network analytic Topics · Subfields Cities · Class · Crime · Culture Deviance · Demography · Education Economy · Environment · Family Gender · Health · Industry · Internet Knowledge · Law · Medicine Politics · Mobility · Race and ethnicity Rationalization · Religion · Science Secularization · Social networks Social psychology · Stratification Categories · Lists Journals · Sociologists Article index · Outline Major category: Sociology v t e Socialization (or socialisation) is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, political scientists and educationalists to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies. It may provide the individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within their own society; a society develops a culture through a plurality of shared norms, customs, values, traditions, social roles, symbols and languages. Socialization is thus ‘the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained’.[1]. [2] Socialization, however, is not a normative term: it describes a process which may...
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...Socialization (or socialisation) is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, political scientists and educationalists to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within his or her own society. Socialization is thus ‘the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained’.[1][2] Socialization describes a process which may lead to desirable, or 'moral', outcomes. Individual views on certain issues, such as race or economics, may be socialized (and to that extent normalized) within a society. Many socio-political theories postulate that socialization provides only a partial explanation for human beliefs and behaviors, maintaining that agents are not 'blank slates' predetermined by their environment.[3] Scientific research provides some evidence that people might be shaped by both social influences and genes.[4][5][6][7] Genetic studies have shown that a person's environment interacts with his or her genotype to influence behavioral outcomes[8]. | | edit] Theories Socialization is the means by which human infants begin to acquire the skills necessary to perform as a functioning member of their society, and is the most influential learning process one can experience.[9] Unlike other living species, whose behavior is biologically set, humans need social experiences to learn their culture and to survive.[10] Although...
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...Socialisation is similar to Social Darwinism. The application of evolutionary laws of natural selection to human societies to 'explain' social processes and behaviours. Spencer coined the term 'survival of the fittest' (often misattributed to Darwin) to describe how Darwin’s ideas about natural selection in nature can be used to explain social processes and behaviours. Socialisation as a term refers to a process that is of critical importance in development of the individual person and in the functioning of groups and societies. (Hunt, P. 3) A major theme is the socialisation process has been the of social structure and value orientations on patterns of child rearing. (P.30.) Agencies of socialisation are where socialisation occurs within, these agencies or social networks aid in the social construction of an individual. The primary socialisation (refers to the socialisation of babies and young children, and mainly occurs within the family) is the family. The family is a child’s first reference group. Families are diverse and their style of parenting reflects cultural, class, ethnic, and religious differences. (Rogoff, P55) Other members of the family’s social network, such as neighbours, also have an influence on behaviour, attitudes and values through their provision of positive and negative representations. It includes all those who are included in the family’s primary social network, such as neighbours, grandparents, close family friends, cousins. (Hunt, P. 33.) ...
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...Comprehensive Analysis Case Study Cheryl M. Todd PSY7220 Capella University Abstract This comprehensive case analysis will follow Gwen Cohen-Green through the following three stages of development: early childhood, middle childhood, and early adolescence. Within each of the three stages I will identify Gwen’s social and emotional development, theories pertaining to her development, validation, and predominate factors. A complete analysis and synthesis will support the findings, and recommendations will be given to support her. Table of Contents Introduction Case Study: Early Childhood Case Study: Middle Childhood Cased Study: Early Adolescence Analysis and Synthesis Recommendations Conclusion References 1 1-5 5-10 10-15 15-16 16-17 17 18-20 Comprehensive Analysis Case Study Introduction This study will identify the child I have chosen for my case study project and follow her through each of the following stages: early childhood, middle childhood and early adolescence. Secondly, the study will include an analysis and synthesis of developmental domains and of environmental and influential factors and finally, the study will make recommendations for optimal development. Early Childhood: Case Study Gwen Cohen-Green is an only child that lives with both her mom and dad in a suburban setting. Mom and dad both work long hours with mom being the primary parent to attend conferences as well as being the disciplinarian. Gwen’s parents are...
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...Wright April 10, 2012 WMST 453 Essay #2 We are born often with a single identity of being male or female. The second we are born, behaviors of others and how we are treated are based on that fact alone. If we are female, we are more likely to be dressed in pink and ruffles. If we are male, we are more likely to be dressed in blue. Being born male or female carries a lot of preconceived notions about how we are supposed to be treated, dressed, and raised. Being feminine is different than being female, just as being male is different from being male. That is Leach’s main point I think. Just because we are male doesn’t mean we are masculine, but in every culture being male comes with its own expectations of being masculine. Men are violent and get rage easily. Men abuse women and rape them. A female murderer is a rare thing to come by, or so we think, because women are peace keepers and they are sweet and kind. Men are the bullies and the mean people. “There was, however, no correlation between testosterone and rated masculinity or attractiveness” (Peters, Simons, and Rhodes, 2008). There is a set of behaviors and rules that one is supposed to follow being a male. Leach also specifies that theories of masculinity must take into account the power roles that come with being masculine, otherwise the theories are incomplete. “Unlike the biological state of maleness, masculinity is a gender identity constructed socially, historically and politically. It is the cultural interpretation...
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