...maintain and prevent infectious and disease. Although there are several diseases and infection requiring disease management, we will look at five and discuss the causative agent, mode of transmission and clinical symptoms. Smallpox is a contagious virus that is only known to humans and presents itself in one of two forms; Variola major and Variola minor. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, variola major is the most severe form of smallpox and has a fatality rate of about 30%, although Variola minor is not as common it still can lead to death and has a fatality rate of about 1%. Smallpox starts in the small blood vessels of the skin, mouth and throat, and emerges on the skin as thick fluid filled bumps. The smallpox virus has not been a major issue since the...
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...Unit 9 1. Using specific examples, explain the differences between infection & contamination. The entry and development (of many parasites) or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of persons or animals. Infection is not synonymous with infectious disease; the result may be inapparent (see Inapparent infection) or manifest (see Infectious disease). The presence of living infectious agents on exterior surfaces of the body, or on articles of apparel or soiled articles, is not infection, but represents contamination of such surfaces and articles. (SeeInfestation and Contamination.). Contamination—The presence of an infectious agent on a body surface, in clothes, bedding, toys, surgical instruments or dressings, or other inanimate articles or substances including water and food. Pollution is distinct from contamination and implies the presence of offensive, but not necessarily infectious, matter in the environment. Contamination of a body surface does not imply a carrier state. 2. What type of reservoir does the pathogen Treponema pallidum have? Explain why it is said to cause acute and possible chronic illness in infected patients. Humans are the natural reservoir of Syphilis. The type of microbe: spirochaete is transmitted from an infected person to a new host usually through sexual intercourse, although it can also enter the body via a skin abrasion on close contact with an infected person. Acute (short live and rapid) in the primary stage and chronic...
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...Smallpox Causative agent and clinical symptoms Smallpox is a viral infection caused by either Variola Major or Variola Minor. The virus has an incubation period of about 12 days between contraction and its symptomatic manifestation. Like other viral infections, smallpox presents with fever, headache, malaise and prostration, nausea and vomiting. The pre-eruptive stage lasting between day 12-15 presents with visible lesions on the palate, tongue, throat and mouth mucous membranes as the temperatures fall to normal. After the appearance of mucous membrane rashes, the virus attacks skin cells developing a rash within 24-48. The development of these rashes begins with the forehead to the whole face, trunk, and extremities. At this point, the...
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...epidemic in Paris in 1578. The epidemic primarily affected infants and young children and resulted in many deaths. The causative organism was first grown in 1906, and the first crude vaccines appeared soon thereafter. 2. Characteristics of the vaccine Pertussis is one of the 6 diseases initially identified by the WHO in May 1974, for its mass immunization program. Before widespread use of whole-cell pertussis vaccine, there were as many as 270,000 cases of pertussis reported each year in the U.S. with 10,000 deaths. The occurrence of pertussis declined markedly after universal pertussis vaccination of children in the 1940s. The multicomponent acellular pertussis vaccine is 71 to 85 percent effective. However, despite widespread vaccination, pertussis has persisted in vaccinated populations and immunization does not confer lifelong immunity, only offering protection for 3 to 6 years. Estimates from the WHO suggest that in 2008, about 16 million cases of pertussis occurred worldwide, 95 percent of which were in developing countries, and about 195,000 children died from the disease. K. Pneumococcal pneumonia Pneumonia is a form of acute respiratory infection that affects the lungs. The disease causes the alveoli of the lungs to be filled with pus and fluid, which makes breathing painful and limits oxygen intake. Pneumonia is caused by a number of infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria and fungi. The most common are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hib, respiratory syncytial...
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...284 I The Johns Hopkins and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Control of communicable diseases 7 This measles 'jab' will help prevent this child from the consequences of measles such as pneumonia, malnutrition, blindness and brain disease. Photo:Marko Kokic,Canadian Red Cross Control of communicable diseases in emergencies Description This chapter gives an overview of common and emerging communicable disease threats among displaced populations because of natural and human-made disasters. General and disease-specific strategies for monitoring, preventing and controlling disease outbreaks are discussed. Learning objectives To review communicable diseases of public health importance; To discuss the basic principles for communicable disease control in emergency and post-conflict situations; To plan a communicable disease control programme for emergency settings; To discuss simple but effective ways of preventing outbreaks of communicable diseases; To describe how to manage specific disease outbreaks in emergency settings; To review re-emerging and other diseases that may affect displaced populations; To discuss how to monitor and evaluate communicable disease control programmes. Key competencies Identify communicable diseases of public health importance; Discuss the basic principles for communicable disease control in emergency and post-conflict situations; Discuss how to design and evaluate disease control...
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...1. The sudden unexpected occurrence of a disease in a given population: a. Outbreak b. Zoonotic c. Endemic d. Sporadic 2. A causative agent of peptic ulcer a. Escherichia coli b. Bordetella pertusis c. Shigella dysenteriae d. Helicobacter pylori 3. The “four o’clock habit” promoted by the Department of health is designed to prevent the spread of: a. Dengue fever b. Tuberculosis c. Malnutrition d.malaria 4. The first drug available for HIV: a. ZDU b. RMP c. TMP d. CMC 5. An immediate hypersensitivity reaction following exposure of a sensitized individual to the appropriate antigen: a. Hay fever b. Anaphylaxis c. Asthma d. Desensitation 6. A thin proteinaceous appendage necessary for bacterial conjugation: a. Cilium b. Trichome c. Flagellum d. Pilus 7. The use of nitrite as preservative for food is discouraged because: a. It can discolour the meat b. It can react with amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines c. It decomposed to nitric acid which can react with heme pigments d. It is not readily available 8. The disinfectant of choice for municipal water supply: a. Lysol b. Chlorine c. Ozone d. Reverse osmosis 9. An object that is able to harbour and transmit microorganisms: a. Mite b. Fomite c. Arthropod d. Vector 10. Administration of a toxoid cenfers: a. Naturally acquired active immunity b. Naturally acquired passive immunity c. Artificially acquired active immunity d. Artificially...
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...Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the Varicella-Zoster virus. It is transmitted from person to person by direct touching the blisters, saliva, or mucus of an infected person and through air by coughing and sneezing. Chickenpox is characterized by an itchy rash on the face, scalp, and trunk with pink spots and tiny fluid- filled blisters that dry and become scabs four to five days later. The incubation of chickenpox is ten to twenty-one days and the disease is contagious 1 to two days before the appearance of the rash until the blisters have dried and become scabs ( CDC, 2011). Approximately four million people get this disease every year and it is commonly seen in children and mos frequently in the late winter and early spring. The symptoms includes a sudden onset of low-grade fever, feeling tiredness, and weak followed by itchy blister like rash all over the body. The other symptoms are low appetite, muscle and joint pain, feeling ill, and it appears fourteen to sixteen days after the exposure to someone with chickenpox. Mild or asymptomatic infections occur in children but it is more serious in infants and adults. Chickenpox is life threatening to infants and adults and those who have impaired immune system ( Maurer & Smith, p.212, 2012). Fetal effects are rare congenital symptoms which presence as congenital vericella syndrome with infection during the first trimester of pregnancy, low birth weight, extremity atrophy, scarring of the skin...
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...Danielle Wilkinson Alternate Clinical Assignment 01/27/2014 Case Study #1 Episode I 1. List five common environmental triggers for asthma and give at least one specific example for each. Five common environmental triggers for asthma are exercise, allergens, odors, weather, and food. Exercise induced asthma is common in young children and adolescents. The airways in the lungs become narrowed during strenuous exercise. There are many different types of allergens that induce asthma like dust mites, pollen from tress, mold, and pet dander. Odors that can trigger asthma are cigarette smoke, some kinds of perfume, cleaning products, and smoke from burning wood. Weather can trigger asthma by a sudden change in temperature, extreme hot or cold temperatures, and humidity. Foods may also trigger asthma in some by eggs, milk, peanuts, wheat, and soy. 2. Describe the impact of asthma (e.g., morbidity, mortality, economic impact, groups disproportionately affected) on the U.S. population. Asthma affects approximately 16 million Americans, with 2million emergency department visits, and 4,000 deaths a year. Low socioeconomic status impacts Americans with asthma because they may not be able to afford the medication that is prescribed. The more persistent asthma is to an individual, the more damaging occurs in the lungs. The airways begin to undergo remodeling which includes persistent changes in airway structure. The airways begin to become narrower because the epithelial...
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...1. Match each of the following innate defense mechanisms with its associated structure or body fluid: _Tears and saliva ----- Lysozyme __Stomach ---- Very acidic pH ____skin --- Sebum and fatty acids ___Low pH, flushing action of urine ___________ Mucociliary escalator ____________ Phagocytes (a) Urogenital tract (b) SKIN (c) Tears and saliva (d) Stomach (e) Lower respiratory tract (f) Bronchial tubes 15 Match the following terms of inflammation to their descriptions: ____________ Pyrogen ____________ Chronic inflammation ____________ Leukocytosis ____________ Acute inflammation ____________ Edema ____________ Bradykinin (a) Small peptide released at injured site that is responsible for pain sensation (b) Short-term inflammation that kills invading microbes, clears tissue debris, and repairs tissue injury (c) Fluid accumulation around injured cells causing swelling (d) Fever-causing substance (e) Long-term inflammation that attempts to destroy and/or confine the region of inflammation (f) Damaged cells release cytokines that trigger the production and infiltration of leukocytes to the inflammation site Chapter 17 There are five classes of antibodies or immunoglobulins. Match the following antibody classes to their descriptions: ____________IgG ____________IgA ____________IgM ____________IgI ____________IgD (a) The “allergy” antibody that attaches to basophils and mast cells with their...
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...What are Vaccines? A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a disease, its products, or a synthetic substitute, treated to act as an antigen without inducing the disease. What is the purpose of Vaccinations? To produce immunity. Immunity means the presence in a person's body of cells and substances known as antibodies that can produce a protective immune response. How does it work? Most vaccines contain a little bit of a disease germ that is weak or dead. Vaccines do NOT contain the type of germ that makes you sick. Some vaccines do not contain any germs. Having this little bit of the germ inside your body makes your body's defense system build antibodies to fight off this kind of germ. Antibodies help trap and kill germs that could lead to disease. Your body can make antibodies in two ways: by getting the disease or by getting the vaccine. Getting the vaccine is a much safer way to make antibodies without having the suffering of the disease itself and the risk of becoming disabled or even dying. Antibodies stay with you for a long time. They remember how to fight off the germ. If the real germ that causes this disease (not the vaccine) enters your body in the future, your defense system knows how to fight it off. Often, your defense system will remember how to fight a germ for the rest of your life. Sometimes, your defense system needs a booster shot...
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...(approximately 25 million people); the influenza pandemic of 1918 to 1919 that led to the death of 21 million people; and the death of 95% of Pre-Columbian Native American people by measles, plague, small pox, influenza, and typhoid (Magner, 2009). Although there has been some response to such epidemics in the recent past, naturally occurring infections still remain the Achilles’ heel of today’s health systems. 2. Terrorism Versus Bioterrorism Despite the dark past in healthcare systems, current issues of the use of biological agents as means of mass destruction is alarming. Most of the countries across the globe are now faced with the daunting task of terrorism control, since this is one area where biological agents find a lot of use. According to Forst, terrorism may be defined as a “premeditated and unlawful use of violence [on] non-combatant populations having symbolic significance….” (Forst, 2009). Forst mentions that the premeditated and unlawful use of violence usually has an aim of inducing or influencing changes in existing political landscapes; this is normally done through intimidation as well as destabilization of the populations in question. Such populations are identified as enemies by perpetrators of this form of violence. Bioterrorism, then, refers to a form of terrorism where biological agents...
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...Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V 11/23/13 “In 1895 varicella infection (chickenpox) was not reliably distinguished from smallpox until the end of the 19th century. The first vaccine to reduce the risk of herpes zoster was licensed in May 2006.” (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013) Chickenpox is a highly infectious childhood disease. Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox, and also shingles. When infected with chickenpox the most well-known symptom are the skin lesions present that appear on the torso then spreading to the rest of the body in rapidly, can take a couple of hours. The skin lesions that are present occur in the stages of macule, vesicle, and granular scabs, the size varies from one to four mm. It only takes a few hours for the first step, macule lesions to spread from the torso which is where the most of the fluid filled vesicles are seen, then to the rest of the body such as the mucous membranes, arms, legs, mouth, head, upper respiratory tract, vaginal/penis areas, and even the conjunctivae/ cornea. The vesicle stage of chickenpox happens when the lesions which resemble blisters can appear raised or depressed in appearance, and the third stage occurs when the blisters open, then dry and become scabs. Approximately by the third day of having chickenpox it is common to see all three of the different stages of vesicles at the same time. The skin lesions commonly two hundred to five hundred are referred to as one crop, with chicken pox...
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...Analysis of societal, economical, political, and environmental impact of the issue and solutions provided (5) Final recommendation- If we force kids to stay in school up until their 16 then hwy is it wrong to force them to get vaccinated, especially considering the fact that vaccinations are beneficial Slide 1 Should we force students to be immunized in schools? -Many diseases are spread due to contact with an infected person. -Schools are the perfect spreading grounds for infections -Incidence of common childhood illnesses such as polio, measles, tetanus, etc has significantly declined since the advent and use of vaccines. These diseases are unheard of nowadays. Picture of polio in africa eradication Pictures of polio graphs Slide 2 What are vaccines / how do they work? -Vaccine: a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a disease, its products, or a synthetic substitute, treated to act as an antigen without inducing the disease. -Vaccines are a safe and cost-effective way to maintain public health and prevent diseases. -Discovered by Edward Jenner more than 200 years ago -Several ways of developing a vaccine -Possible options are to: Inactivate the virus, weaken the virus, use part of the virus/bacteria. Can be injected or induced orally. -Another option is to not get vaccinated, however this is not the smartest option. Slide 3 Possible side effects and...
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...Chapter 1 Introduction to Pathophysiology Lee-Ellen C. Copstead Key Questions • What is pathophysiology? • How are etiology and pathogenesis used to predict clinical manifestations and response to therapy? • How are normal and abnormal physiologic parameters defined? • What general factors affect the expression of disease in a particular person? • What kinds of information about disease can be gained through understanding concepts of epidemiology? http://evolve.elsevier.com/Copstead/ • Review Questions and Answers • Glossary (with audio pronunciations for selected terms) • Animations • Case Studies • Key Points Review Pathophysiology derives from the intersection of two older, related disciplines: pathology (from pathos, suffering) and physiology (from physis, nature). Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids. Physiology is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. Together, as pathophysiology, the term refers to the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings. Pathophysiology seeks to reveal physiologic responses of an organism to disruptions in its internal or external environment. Because humans exhibit considerable diversity, healthy structure and function are not precisely the same in any two individuals. However, discovering the common and expected responses to abnormalities in physiologic functioning is useful, and it...
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...SOLOMON SMART KALUBA ID: UB28902SPU37458 PUBLIC HEALTH ASSIGNMENT: DEFINATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, ITS USE AND EXAMPLES OF SUCCESS DATE OF SUBMISSION: 5/02/2014. ANTLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY HONOLULU, HAWAII Contents Introduction 2 The Historical Context 2 Recent developments in Epidemiology 2 Definition, scope and use of epidemiology 4 Distribution 5 Determinants 5 Health- related states or events 6 Specified populations 6 Application 7 Scope 7 Epidemiology versus Public Health 7 Causation of diseases 8 Achievements in Epidemiology 9 Small pox 9 Methyl Mercury Poisoning 10 Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease 11 Iodine Deficiency Disease 11 Tobacco use, Asbestos and Lung Cancer 12 Hip Fractures 12 HIV/AIDS 13 Global AIDS epidemic 1990–2003 13 SARS 14 Conclusion 15 Bibliography 16 Introduction This essay provides a brief summary of what epidemiology is, what it is used for and discusses the major successes epidemiologist have contributed towards control and eradication of major epidemics. The discussion will also touch on the historical context and development of the emergency of epidemiology as a science and art, and give example of some of the people that greatly contributed to the achievement scored in epidemiology studies and applications. The Historical Context Epidemiology originated from the Hippocrates` observation more than 200 years ago who identified environmental factors to have an influence...
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