...In this era, medical knowledge progressed faster than it ever had before. Medicine shifted more towards more accurate diagnoses and understanding diseases much better in order to be able to heal patients properly. This meant that laboratory usage and experimentation became much more prevalent. Medical research and science flourished in this era. Although animal testing was still not regulated in the first half of the 19th century, opposition to vivisections grew throughout Europe and expanded even further in the second half of the 19th century. Previous to this era, the antivivisection argument was that vivisections did not provide useful medical knowledge, but this argument quickly shifted to preventing unnecessary suffering to animal subjects. Near the end of the 19th century, people began realizing that there was some validity to both sides of this argument; although animals suffered, some scientific advancement was coming out of it. Instead of choosing a side on the debate, scientists and legislators proposed bills which would regulate animal experimentation rather than to cut it out entirely or to make it an unrestricted field to...
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...transition is from high fertility and morality to low fertility to morality. (Editorial Board [EB], 2013, p. 191). Demographic transition is known for collecting data from countries about human population and is also known for the categories in 4 stages. (EB, 2013, pg. 192). Stage one deal with pre modern times in demographic transition. This stage change in the 18th century when the balance was broken in Western Europe. In stage one the birth rates and death rates are very high. This cause very slow population growth until the 18th century as stated above. The causes of deaths in stage on were fever, plagues, infections, TB, measles, whooping cough, and dysentery. Along with these problem poor hygiene, and clean during water wasn’t available. Some has called this stage the “Malthusian stalemate” because of its characteristics. (Montgomery, K. n.d.). Stage two; many have seen a rise in Europe population because the death rates have decreased slightly. It is still debatable that the birth rates stayed the same or risen slightly. The decline in death rates was seen in Europe starting in the 18th century in the north and the west. The reason for the lower death rates was two causes. One was the food. With food Europe develops new technology that helps grow food faster and bigger. When the food was no longer a problem people found work and had more food to eat so they married younger and started having babies sooner. The second is the improvement in food and hygiene...
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... scientists still lacked a theory that explained the cause of diseases. The germ theory was instrumental in formulating an understanding of various diseases in order to protect the public from lethal epidemics. The development of the germ theory is credited to Dr. Robert Koch, Dr. Joseph Lister and chemist Louis Pasteur. The theory helped other scientists develop future vaccines and procedures to stop the spread of disease. The invention significantly changed how society and medical experts thought about and practiced medicine. The germ theory made it possible for scientists to discover the complex causes of infections and diseases such as cholera. At first, the general public was very apprehensive about the rapidly changing medical practices that resulted from the germ theory. However, once these practices were successful, the public trusted the new procedures such as the introduction of the antiseptic practice. Although many medical breakthroughs were introduced in the late 19th and early 20th century the most significant was the discovery of the germ theory because it allowed European physicians to discover other medicines. It was the foundation for the discovery of other medicines such as cholera and the inception of antiseptic surgery. Before the invention of the germ theory, scientists did not understand the concept of disease. Surgical operations only occurred in dire situations because the operation was a very risky procedure and the patient would often die. ...
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...Emergency Medical Services: The Evolution Behind the System Russell Keogler CED 595: Project Seminar May 3, 2011 Dr. Richard Gatteau Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine the evolutionary process of the emergency medical services system. The research explores the impact of war and prominent military figures on the development of emergency medical services as well as civilian efforts made to establish emergency services within the public sector. The research also discusses the ways in which major medical advancements and various reports and acts of legislation played a crucial part in the development of the modern day EMS system. Overall, results show that the EMS system as we know it today is a fairly modern creation based on centuries’ worth of ideas and discoveries. Introduction In modern day America the three digits 9-1-1 signify an accessible lifeline for individuals in need of emergency medical attention. The vast system is accessible from any telephone line and provides emergency services to even the most remote locations of the country. However, in spite of the simplistic process to initiate services, the emergency medical system is very complex. Thousands of independent agencies working in different capacities must coordinate efforts to insure that the system runs efficiently. Without effective cooperation by organizations the system would undeniably fail to meet the expectations of those calling for medical aid (Limmer &...
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...into her final rest on October 4, 1951. What made her demise different from other related death, is that her cancerous cells changed medical history. Henrietta cancer cells killed her, it metastasized throughout her...
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...encompasses? Bert Hanson – medical breakthrough = social phenomenon * How has promise of medical breakthroughs influenced: media culture and patients expectations relationship between medicine and media place of medicine in American political culture How and why does the medical community use media to communicate with public? Increasingly interdependent spheres w/ differing perspectives on vision of media’s role is in “media-ted” world What makes health “news”? Producing Medical Heroes How and why has American society selected its medical heroes? How has this changed over time? What functions do depictions of heroic doctors (Walter Reed, and House, M.D.) and patients serve? How have fictional medical characters – in novels, Hollywood films, on TV – shaped expectations of medical culture? VD, HIV, and the Media How did the media contribute to the publics perception of venereal diseases and HIV? What images (both visual, and stories told to make a point) came most powerfully to cultural prominence? What were the aims of medical and public health authorities, the state, and media professionals in working to make those images publically visible? What role did the media play in changing public’s image of HIV? Stigmatization, Destigmatization, and Medical Illnesses Ways portrayal of medical condition in media contributes to a stereotype in society? How does representation influence publics perception of a particular medical condition? Some consequences...
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...and their families, even though an individual’s socioeconomic status is not an issue in the decision making process of who should receive treatment. Clinical psychologist deals with an individual that has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and individual coping with his or her own issues, such as losing a love one or divorce. Clinical psychologist let’s patients express his or her frustrations while assisting them in understanding his or her ability and skills in using different techniques to help patients, depending on their psychologist’s area of expertise. In the early 1800’s, psychology has been around since 2500 B.C. In this time, the approach to examining mental health involved supernatural, religious aspects, and medical. The Greek physician Hippocrates, known as the father of ancient medicine, played a role in the development of psychology. The Hippocrates came up with the theory of humors, which consists of four bodily fluids, and they are the key to good health, which the fluid colors are yellow bile, black bile, blood and phlegm (Plante, 2011). A body with too much phlegm causes him or her to experience lethargic and tiredness; therefore, too much blood would cause irritability. An individual body with too much yellow bile will experience anxiety; while he or her body with too much black bile can experience melancholy. The father of ancient medicine believes in healthy diet, and exercise can prevent or treat...
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...their car. A field that has been completely changed by advances in technology is the medical field. No longer due doctors take ones temperature or blood pressure manually, they have special devices that can give a more accurate reading then a human ever could. Hand held medical scanner technology is showing an astonishing breakthrough and can revolutionize home and hospital medicine just as the home thermometer did. These types of devices have already improved the way care is given in the U.S. greatly and can do the same for countries all over the world. The two countries I chose to enter are ones that have been growing rapidly in almost all aspects, China and India. Handheld medical scanners are a real product being used but are very new and do not have much of a history or a company that solely produces them. So what are they? According to David Freeman in the Huffington Posts article “Star Trek's Tricorder Medical Scanner May Become Reality, Thanks To Nanotechnology Breakthrough,” using nanotechnology, physicists in London and Singapore found a way to make a beam of the "T-rays"--which are now used in full-body airport security scanners--stronger and more directional. The advance, which was described in a recent issue of the journal Nature Photonics, could lead to T-ray scanning devices that are smaller and more portable than existing devices. "T-rays promise to revolutionize medical scanning to make it faster and more convenient, potentially relieving patients from...
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...FEDERAL UNIVERSITY KASHERE P.M.B 0182, GOMBE FACULTY OF HUMANITIES, MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE; 4303 COURSE TITLE; DEMOGRAPHY ASSIGNMENT QUESTION; Brief Explanation of Demographic Transition Theory GROUP (5) MEMBERS FUK/HMSS/12B/SOC/1042 FUK/HMSS/12B/SOC/1043 FUK/HMSS/12B/SOC/1044 Course lecturer; PROF. UMAR BAPPAH TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Demographic transitional theory 3. Stages of demographic transitional theory 4. Criticisms of demographic transitional theory 5. Summary of demographic transitional theory 6. References INTRODUCTION Demographic transition (DT) refers to the transition from high birth and death rate to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. This is typically demonstrated through a demographic transition theory. The theory is based on an interpretation of demography history developed in 1929 by the American demographer Warren Thompson (1887–1973) Thompson observed changes, or transitions, in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the previous 200 years. Most developed countries are in stage 3 or 4 of the model; the majority...
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...psychologists deal with, such as individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, or individuals coping with his or her personal issues, such as going through a divorce or losing a job. Clinical psychologists allow patients the opportunity to express his or her anger or frustrations while assisting the patient in understanding and controlling his or her situation in a healthy manner. Psychologists have the knowledge and skill in using a variety of methods developed to help patients, depending on the psychologist’s area of expertise. History of Clinical Psychology Established in the 1800s, psychology has been known since 2500 B.C. During this time, the approach to examining mental health involved holistic, supernatural, medical, and religious aspects. The father of ancient medicine, also known as the Greek physician Hippocrates, played a role in the development of psychology. The Hippocrates came up with the theory of humors, which consists of four bodily fluids, and they are the key to good health. The fluids are yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm (Plante, 2010). A body with too much phlegm causes an individual to experience tiredness...
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...“The Doctors plague: Germs, Childbed Fever, and the Strange Story of Ignac Semmelweis” is a 203 page history and fiction book that covers the related topics of medical history, biology, arrogance and scientific discovery. It was written by Sherwin B. Nuland and Published by W. W. Norton & Company in 2004. Sherwin B. Nuland, or shall we say, Dr. Nuland is among other things a “…Clinical Professor of Surgery at Yale University School of Medicine and a Fellow at Yale's Institute for Social and Policy Studies. He is the author of over ten books, including…. HOW WE DIE: Reflections on Life's Final Chapter. In addition he is a contributor to leading publications including the New Yorker, the New Republic, and the New York Review of Books.” (Gellene,...
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...bill of healthcare? Health insurance is used in America to describe any program that helps pay for medical bills through the following: privately purchased and social insurance or a social welfare program usually powered by the government. Simply put, health insurance is any form of insurance that provides protection by offsetting the actual costs of medical services. Before the onset of federal government’s intervention on health insurance, it can be said that the onus were thrown to lower arms- the federal government left responsibilities to the state governments while state governments left responsibilities to the private bodies. However, America did have some funds which were provided for its members in sickness and death, but there were no funds for public programs during this said time which was between the late 19th and early 20th century. The public usually pay for their health care costs on their own, under what is known as the fee for service business model. Meanwhile, during the progressive era in the 1930s, while it was designing the Social Security system, President Theodore Roosevelt led administration explored possibilities for creating a national health insurance program, this was embedded in Roosevelt’s belief that no country could be strong when its inhabitants are sick and impoverished. Unfortunately, the project was left aside because the American Medical Association (AMA) vociferously opposed it, along with all forms of health insurance at that time. In...
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...CONSULTANCY NOT A PROFESSION By Henry Egyeyu Bellying Consultancy P.O Box 1234, Kitgum 30th March, 2010 RE: CONSULTANCY MEETING PROFESSION OR NOT - A CASE OF BAIN & COMPANY 1.0 Background information Bain & Company was established in 1973 by a group of seven former partners and managers from the Boston Consulting Group headed by Bill Bain. The company was originally headquartered in Lexington, Massachusetts on Militia Drive. By the end of the decade, the firm's headquarters were in Faneuil Hall Marketplace in downtown Boston. Under Bain's direction, the firm implemented a number of unconventional practices in its early years. Notably, Bain & Co. would work with only one client per industry to avoid potential conflicts of interest. Partners did not carry business cards and clients were referred to by code names to enforce client confidentiality. The company won clients by boardroom referrals rather than marketing, and claimed its consultants worked on increasing a company's market value rather than simply handing clients a list of recommendations. To win business, Bain demonstrated the increase in the price of their clients' stocks relative to the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The firm's founding was followed by a period of growth in the late 1970s and early 1980s as the firm opened offices in Menlo Park, California, London, Munich, Paris, and Tokyo. Another consulting approach used...
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...Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, ruled an empire that stretched from the Balkans to the Himalayas and from Egypt to the Caspian Sea during the mid-4th century BC. But his empire soon fell apart after his sudden and unexpected death in Babylon. His goal of further conquest was thus cut short, and his empire was left without a successor. What Alexander left behind was not a huge empire, but the spread and intermingling of ideas among the areas he conquered. Some important advancement in medicine and science were thus made, owing to the collaborative work of many Hellenistic intellectuals from Alexander’s former empire. The source of Greek knowledge about medicine came from Egypt, which was fairly well-developed by the Greece was entering its Golden Age. Greek figures such as Pythagoras traveled widely, and picked up discoveries from places and brought them back to Greece. Thales gained first-hand experience of medicine when he was training in Egypt. Similar to Greek medicine, Egyptian medicine also lied in religion and spirituality. The Egyptian god of medicine was Imhotep, whose role was analogous to that of Asclepius. People would pray to him and other gods for healing, and it was believed that gods played a role in matters of health and disease. Despite these religious origins and beginnings, Egyptian medicine was rather rational and scientific. Blood was thought to be an important nutritive and regulatory substance, and the heart was considered to be the center of the...
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...potential harmful diseases in our society. They play a significant role in public health practice, as “Vaccines are one of the greatest achievements of biomedical science and public health.” 2 “Immunization averts an estimated 2 to 3 million deaths every year from diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), and measles.” 2 The history of vaccines began when Dr. Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in the eighteenth century. At that time, Polio was one of the many illnesses occurring in the twentieth century crippling many children. Many parents were in fear of this dreadful disease called Polio and advocated for the development of the Polio Vaccine which was first introduced in 1955 by Dr. Salk through many clinical trials. In 1881 a French microbiologist named Louis Pasteur demonstrated immunization against anthrax; he also developed a vaccine for rabies. In those days, scientists took many risks for the benefit of Science, for example, Dr. Jenner and Dr. Salk risked their reputations and career in order to achieve these breakthroughs, therefore, setting the path for further development of future vaccines that now exist presently. Today vaccines are able to confer immunity to many various diseases such as, measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus, chickenpox and polio. Children are routinely vaccinated against 14 diseases during infancy to preschool years. Many have asked the question why at such an early young age children are to be vaccinated for certain...
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