...interesting age group to study for the fact this is the development stages from childhood to adulthood. These developments involve the development stages of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial phases. Adolescence, some may say, revolve around the age group 12 to 18 years of age. In detail this paper will focus on the factors that affect physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality developments. In addition, the paper will as well discuss hereditary and environmental influences of each. According to Wiley Plus, adolescence and adulthood are the times for dramatic and gradual changes. Early and a person’s late teen years a person would experience physical changes in the body itself. What we mean by physical changes is what is called puberty. Puberty can be defined as changes to the body from a child to an adult. Girls and boys will each experience hair growth in places where he or she usually does not see as child, such as pubic, facial, and underarms. Girls start to experience menstruation cycles and breast development. For girl these are signs that she is turning into a woman. Men on the other hand, experience voice changes, muscle changes, and hair growth in many places. With the cognitive development stages, adolescents start to experience logical skills. This development stage is called formal operational stage, which means “intelligence is demonstrated through the logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts (Huitt, 2003)”. The cognitive development...
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...15 to 20 years of age as they have higher risk or have the problem already. Individuals experiencing eating disorder at times find it difficult to differentiate between what is either normal or abnormal. Anorexia nervosa has many behaviors and thoughts among them body image distortion, inability of maintaining healthy body weights, eating habits that are scarce and fear of eating due to weight gain (Bryson, 2014). Anorexia nervosa may not have huge impacts compared to other diseases in the world but it has serious problems to affected individuals. It causes physical illnesses such as problems associated with stomach, insomnia, fainting of individuals, loss of appetite, loss of weight, extraversion and interruption of regular menstruation cycle. During the...
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...There are various stages to experience in life that leads to success. According to Erik Erikson these stages are infancy, early childhood, middle childhood and adolescence. Throughout the course we have been introduced to a number of psychologists that have developed their own theory of how people develop into successful or unsuccessful adults. This expository paper will cover the theory of Erikson's psychosocial stages during development, the influences that culture has and the cognitive, social and physical changes a teenager will experience. But does Erikson's theory on adolescence development truly hold a solid structure for a child's success? Adolescence is the age stage of 11-18, the period of life between childhood and adulthood where...
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...Name: Tutor: Task: Date: Developmental psychology Infancy and Childhood Physical development During early childhood stage, infants begin to drop their roundish baby like display. Their bones grow more proportionate with the lengthening of their legs and arms. They start to obtain fine motor skills. The newfound skills enable them to grip a pencil in a more functional way. This is a good time to provide them with puzzles and blocks, as well as to supervise them while they use paper and scissors as objects (Stern 245). Although it is normal for boys than girls to be more physically active, they will acquire more control over their motor skills allowing for the advancement of new activities such as swinging, jumping, running, and climbing. Children will start to change themselves away from taking a daily nap, but it is vital to give periods to rest. Cognitive development According to Piaget’s stages of cognitive development; the first being the sensory motor stage, It is considered to extend from birth to the age of two years. The development of reflexes, motor abilities as well as senses is rapid. Throughout the initial development stages, infants only perceive and interact with their immediate surrounding through their actions and observations. The preoperational stage stretches from the age of two to seven where the child is not yet able to think logically. With the acquisition of language, the child can express to the world via mental images and symbols. The third...
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...Women Psychology Exam 1 Chapter 1 Sex: a relatively narrow term that typically refers only to those inborn biological characteristics relating to reproduction, such as sex chromosomes or sex organs. Gender: the psychological characteristics and social categories that human culture creates. Doing Gender: (West and Zimmeman) we display gender in our social interactions and we perceive gender in other people during those interactions. Sexism: bias against people on the basis of their gender. Racism: bias against people on the basis of racial or ethnic groups. Classism: bias against people based on social class Ableism: bias against people with disabilities. Ageism: bias based on chronological age. Typically directed toward elderly people. Heterosexism: a belief system that devalues lesbians, gay males, and bisexuals – or any group that is not exclusively heterosexual. Feminist/ Feminism: women and men should be socially, economically, and legally equal. Women and men who hold these beliefs are feminists, however many people believe in feminist principles, even if they do not identify themselves as feminists. Cultural Feminism: emphasizes the positive qualities that are presumed to be strong in women than in men qualities such as nurturing and caretaking. (Cooperation) Liberal Feminism: emphasizes the goal of gender equality, giving women and men the same rights and opportunities. (Reduce our culture’s rigid gender roles) Radical Feminism:...
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...Effects of Divorce on Children Elizabeth O’Connor Psychology 210 Liberty University Online Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to examine the effects divorce has on children. This paper will look at several areas of child development and introduce some statistics on children affected by divorce. It will discuss pre and post-divorce family environments and the factors that lead to it, as well as the effects 25 years post-divorce. It will also summarize studies conducted by other researchers and present ideas found to be true from clinical interviews and following a group of children from 18 months post parental divorce to 25 years later. Other topics will include family functioning pre and post-divorce, the impact of father involvement post-divorce; as well as common behavioral issues present with children of parental divorce families. In conclusion a summary of how variations in home life, parenting style and personalities can affect the outcome of long term effects on children of parental divorce. I. Introduction Several studies have been conducted over the years analyzing the effects divorce has on children. This research has proved to be a valuable tool in the field of psychology. This year over one million children will experience parental divorce (Demo & Supple, 2003) and the effects can last a lifetime. Of those one million children fifty percent of them are under the age of six (Wallerstein & Lewis, 2004). II. Statistics In the United...
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...HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Health psychology is defined as the application of psychology to the relevant areas of health, disease and the health care system. Medicine and health psychology have many common themes and interests but they differ in their approaches. The primary focus of medicine is the diagnosis, treatment and cure of illness. The focus of health psychology goes beyond that of medicine to stress the prevention and enhancement of health. It expands the biological framework of medicine to also include psychological and social factors. The scope of health psychology is very broad because many theories and methods of psychology can be applied to health-related issues. Maes & van Elderen (1998) (cited in Gross, 2009) defines health psychology as “…a sub-discipline of psychology which addresses the relationship between psychological processes and behaviour on the one hand and health and illness on the other...”. Health psychology aims to understand, explain, develop and test theories by evaluating the role of psychology and its perspectives as factors affecting illness, predicting unhealthy behaviours and understanding and evaluating the role of psychology in the experience and treatment of illness. It also aims to put theory into practice by promoting healthy behaviour, preventing illness and thereby improving the health care system and health policy. For example, from programmes developed to help people reduce risk factors to their health, such as obesity and...
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...slight effect. Maturation is a constant in our lives that varies based on a physical, emotional, and psychological basis for every person. Because of this, the experiences that we go through in life have an effect on how we mature. Therefore, our experiences drive our maturation, as well as visa versa. Keep in mind that maturation is both physical and cognitive. In this essay I will argue that there are many experiences that shape our maturation as well as how different paths of maturity can have an effect on our everyday lives and in different contexts. The role of genetics, although not the central focus of this essay, still has a relevant place in the maturation and experience argument. Every single person has a genetic makeup that influences the kinds of experiences that they seek and have throughout their lifetime (Scarr & McCartney, 1983). This means that there are some genes that shape our development and are central in determining what our individual experiences are. A simple example of this can be seen through observing infants. A baby that is constantly crying is more likely to be held by their parents more in order to keep the baby calm and stable. Conversely, a quiet baby will be held less because it appears that they are content with their current state. This shows that certain levels of maturity evoke experiences that are specific to that person’s wants and needs. Another example of how maturation can drive experience is by observing the differences of body changes...
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...An example can be that of telling a girl who just started menstruation to stop playing with boys without telling her why, she might end up asking friends of which also them they do not really know; which can contribute to teenage pregnancy because to them they do not know about sex or either the use of...
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...Estrus In Women May Not Be Lost Estrus is a phase of increased female sexual receptivity, proceptivity, and attractiveness that is common amongst mammalian species ( [Lange et al., 2002] and [Lombardi, 1998] as cited in [Miller, Tybur, Jordan, 2007] ). Its purpose appears to be designed to obtain sires of superior genetic quality ( [Gangestad et al., 2005] and [Thornhill, 2006] as cited in [Miller, Tybur, Jordan, 2007] ). Today, estrus in female humans has been said to have disappeared or been hidden over evolutionary time ( [e.g. Burt, 1992] as cited in [Miller, Tybur, Jordan, 2007] ). Correlational research assessed whether women’s ovulation cycles affected the amount of tips that lap dancers earned at a gentlemen’s club in Albuquerque. Through the study they found implications for human evolution, economics and sexuality and that it appears to still be present in females (Miller, Tybur, Jordan, 2007). Miller, Tybur, and Jordan stated that if estrus is still present in women, men tend to subconsciously tip more during lap dances. In addition they predicted that normally cycling participants would demonstrate a larger increase in the fertile phase relative to the other phases for pill-using participants (2007). The argument for using lap dances as a measure for estrus is that at a gentlemen’s club, all of the dancers are already motivated to earn as much tips as possible. If estrus is present in woman, the researches stated the dancers would earn more during this...
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...LESSON FIVE & SIX – ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT EATING DISORDERS ------------------------------------------------- Specification link: You will be able to outline and evaluate: ------------------------------------------------- Biological, including neural and evolutionary, explanations of anorexia nervosa ------------------------------------------------- Psychology explanations of anorexia nervosa Outline and description of theories | Research evidence and commentary | IntroductionThe DSM-IV Rev identifies three categories of eating disorder: * Anorexia nervosa 1. AN -restricting type – refusal to eat 2. AN- binge eating/purging type – episodes of binge eating followed by removal of food from the body by vomiting, laxatives, or enemas.Both of these are associated with significant weight loss and the other symptoms of AN. * Bulimia nervosa – episodes of binging followed by removal of food from the body by vomiting, laxatives, or enemas (no significant weight loss). * Eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS)The four major symptoms of anorexia nervosa are: * The body weight is 85% or less of normal weight for age and height * Distorted perception of body weight/shape, and/or denial that the weight loss is severe * Intense fear of becoming fat * Loss of three consecutive menstrual cycles in women (amenorrhoea)Anorexia nervosa (AN) and Bulimia nervosa (BN) have much in common, particularly a dissatisfaction with body weight and/or shape....
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...MEMORY-WORK: AN INTRODUCTION Jennie Small University of Technology, Sydney Research methodology, from the perspective of Critical social science, is considered as: inherently political, as inescapably tied to issues of power and legitimacy. It is assumed that methods are permeated with assumptions about what the social world is, who the social scientist is, and what the nature of the relation between them is (Lather, 1991, p.12). Critical social science moves away from description of behaviour as enduring social fact to attempting to understand how behaviour is produced, thus recasting behaviour as “the effects of contingent and contested processes of change” (Churchman, 2000, p.100 citing Scott). Feminists and those working within a social constructionist paradigm have debated whether there are research methods specific to such approaches. In other words, is there a social constructionist or feminist method? Schwandt (1994), in discussing constructivist, interpretivist approaches to human enquiry, commented that “what is unusual about the approaches cannot be explained through an examination of their methods. They are principally concerned with matters of knowing and being, not method per se” (p.118). Feminists have also considered that it is the methodology and outcomes rather than the methods which define the research as being feminist. Nonetheless, while feminists have adopted a variety of methods, they have tended to prefer qualitative...
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...Adolescence is often considered a time of confusion, rebellion, and problems. While this can occur, most people emerge from adolescence without any problems and successfully navigate the changes that accompany adolescence. Researchers do seem to agree that there are a lot of changes that take place during adolescence, but it does not always mean that it is an unpleasant time in the lives of humans (Santrock, 2011). As children enter adolescence they will experience neurological, hormonal, and physical changes. It is also important to consider the psychosocial development of adolescents and how it can be influenced by these biological changes as well as the environment that the adolescent is experiencing. Many of the changes that adolescents experience are the result of a combination of factors and the interaction of biology and the environment. Neurological Changes Many times the focus on neurological development is during the early childhood years of development. Such rapid changes take place during early childhood, it is many times the focus of clinicians and academics, but very significant changes also take place during adolescence as well (Rutter, 2007). One of the most interesting neurological changes that are observed in adolescents is that the connections between neurons continue to be refined through pruning (Rutter, 2007). The amount of brain matter tends to increase throughout childhood, but a decline in grey matter is found in adolescence due to pruning of the synaptic...
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...Midlife Crisis Dalia Brown PSYCH/600 November 11, 2013 Dr. Jody Pendleton Mid-life Crisis As individuals get older his or her emotions and wisdom become more mature. It is a view that mid-life crisis occurs when an individual realizes that he or she is halfway through his or her life. Mid-life crisis is a state of different emotions, such as anxiety and depression. Individuals experiencing mid-life crisis begin to look at life different. Mid-life crisis can last a minimum of three years and some experience as long as 10 years. This crisis typically begins between the age of 35 and 60. During this time people experiencing mid-life begin to think about his or her life, and they things that he or she have accomplished along with the things he or she has failed to accomplish. At this time he or she may decide to set new goals and begin to exhibit different behaviors. Individuals experiencing mid-life crisis place a certain value on his or her life. Williams, (2008) stated, “ The crisis period of an individuals life is a reflection of flaw in the development of an individuals ego at the time of his or her childhood.” In this paper is a summary of mid-life crisis and how it is a normal stage in one’s life. This paper will provide indicators and exhibited symptoms of mid-life crisis. There will also be information on ways to avoid mid-life crisis, sex during mid-life crisis and the experience of mid-life in men and women. Mid-Life Crisis Mid-life crisis is a term...
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...media’s version of beautiful is not something that is often thought of as negative. However, their portrayal of what is beautiful has become distorted over the years, to the point where achieving this “thin-ideal”, which will be defined later, is nearly impossible for women if done through healthy means. Because of this, many women develop body dissatisfaction, which can lead to serious and dangerous consequences, such as the development of eating disorders, in order to be “beautiful”. While there are many factors that can be linked to eating disorders, research has found that the media’s influence on society’s portrayal of extremely thin females as the ideal body is directly correlated to the increase in body dissatisfaction, eating disorders and other harmful conditions found in women. By analyzing this from a feminist perspective, it can be argued that not only does the media’s influence on the idealization of thinness effect females physical and mental health negatively, but it also acts as reinforcement for the patriarchal culture prevalent in today’s society. There is a wide range of eating disorders, ranging from minor to severe. Body dissatisfaction, which is “a psychiatric condition in which the affected person suffers from a flawed perception that views some part of the body or physical feature to be defective or...
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