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Mental Illness: Depression

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Mental Illness: Depression
Phill S. Reg
University of Phoenix Online
HCA 240
July 20, 2014

Mental Illness: Depression
Many American suffer from a form of mental illness. When you look at the statistics, it is quite alarming just how many Americans suffer from a mental illness. It is estimated that 26.2 percent of the American population from the ages of 18 and older suffer from a diagnosable mental illness (NIH, n.d). This is an astounding number to consider. If you do the math, that means that approximately 1 out of 4 Americans has a mental illness. We will discuss the mental illness of depression for this discussion. One of the most common mental illnesses in America is depression. A large number of Americans live with depression undiagnosed and untreated.
What is Depression? “Over 9 million American adults suffer from clinical depression each year” (Stanford School of Medicine, 2014). Why does depression affect so many people? Let us first define depression. Most people would probably consider depression as being sad. However, clinical depression goes much deeper than just feeling sad. “Depression is a persistent state that can significantly impair an individual's thoughts, behavior, daily activities, and physical health” (Stanford School of Medicine, 2014). People who are diagnosed with depression will usually receive psychological assistance as well as regular prescriptions of some sort.
The History of Depression “Melancholia” was the named that used to originally define depression. Ancient Mesopotamia was recorded of the first case of melancholia according to ancient Mesopotamian texts. During this period of time, the belief of mental illness was blamed on the individual of being demon possessed. Mental depression was historically thought to be a mental and spiritual condition and not physical. Thus, the priest or religious leader, in the place of medicine, handled the treatment of the individual. The Greek physician known as Hippocrates suggested that body fluids known as humors were deeply related to the traits of someone’s personality and mental illnesses. Hippocrates also considered mental illness as two categories, depression and brain fever. The suggested treatment for mental illnesses from Hippocrates was bathing, exercise, and dieting (Nemade, Reiss, and Dombeck, 2013). In the years before Christ, Hippocrates influence began to fade and the prevailing thought of depression from educated Romans of the cause of depression were from anger from gods and demons. Starvations, beatings, and chaining individuals succumb by depression was the treatment recommended from physicians such as Cornelius Celsus. However, the prevailing view of depression, by the Persians, was still considered a mental disease from the brain. This view was also held the senior physician of the Bagdad hospital, Rhazes. The recommended treatment for depression during this time period was hydrotherapy and behavior therapy. Scientific consideration of the cause of depression began to regress during the 5th century. In the middles ages, religious beliefs began to prevail of the causes of mental illness, particularly the views held by most Christians. They believed that those who were depressed or had mental illnesses where demon possessed. They also believed that people who had mental illnesses were influenced by witches and had the ability to infect others as well. Exorcisms, drowning, and burnings, were the treatments during this time. However, there were a few doctors still consider that poor diets, humors, and possibly grieving were the causes of depression. They also locked people with depression in “lunatic asylums” (Nemade, Reiss, and Dombeck, 2013). Today, explanation of the cause of depression will vary from many factors. Essentially, depression may be caused by mental, physical, or hereditary causes. Treatment for depression will vary from person to person. It will all depend on the cause of the depression. Antidepressants and psychosocial treatments are the most common treatments for people who suffer with depression.
Signs and Symptoms of Depression There are many signs, symptoms, and warnings of depression. If depression continues without treatment, it could possibly lead to the person committing suicide. It is very important for people to recognize the signs, symptoms, and warning of depression. Whenever these signs, symptoms, and warning are recognized, it is vitally important to seek help immediately for the individual. Here is a list of some signs, symptoms, and warnings of depression: • Prolonged sadness or unexplained crying spells • Significant changes in appetite and sleep patterns • Irritability, anger, worry, agitation, anxiety • Pessimism, indifference • Loss of energy, persistent lethargy • Unexplained aches and pains • Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, and/or hopelessness • Inability to concentrate • Indecisiveness • Inability to take pleasure in former interests • Social withdrawal • Excessive consumption of alcohol or use of chemical substances • Recurring thoughts of death or suicide (Zelman, Tompary, Raymond, Holdaway, and Mulvihill, 2010). The prevailing theory of depression is considered to be to the disruption of the neurotransmitters. Moods are influenced by the dispersal of neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine from the central nervous system (Zelman, Tompary, Raymond, Holdaway, and Mulvihill, 2010). Essentially, this affects the sleep patterns and movement of the individual. To reduce the symptoms of depression in the individual, certain medications are prescribed to elevate serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. There are many differing medical prescriptions as well as abuse of differing substances that can induce depressions. This is caused by the brain operations being altered and regulated from neurotransmitters as well has hormonal affects. An example of this is certain heart medications. Certain heart medications will modify the neuronal reply of the norepinephrine. This will lead to drowsiness or exhaustion and cause symptoms of depression. Corticosteroid medications will persuade adjustments to behavior in most impressionable people. Also, Alcohol and other substances of abuse will impair the central nervous system. Most cases of depression will undergo a test of certain antidepressant medications to help regain the control of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. Theses medications will raise the amount of neurotransmitters. These medications are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and dopamine agonists (Zelman, Tompary, Raymond, Holdaway, and Mulvihill, 2010). Between 14 to 21 days, symptoms are usually noticed to reduce upon beginning the medication process. Psychosocial treatment is recommended to enhance the changes of the thoughts of depression as well to help the patient to regain function in social environments. Electroconvulsive therapy is often recommended for depression that is not improved from the use of prescribed medications.
Diagnosis of Depression Diagnosing depression can become a difficult process to. There are many tests and screening processes to diagnosis depression, however, the most common way doctor’s diagnosis depression is by observing the patient over time. When a patient exhibits some of the following traits over a period of 2 weeks, the doctor can then diagnosis the patient with depression. The traits or symptoms are a depressed mood, reduced interest in activities that used to be enjoyed, change in appetite or weight increase/decrease, disturbance in sleep, agitated feelings, energy loss, difficulty in concentrating, and thoughts of suicide (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2014). Once depression has been properly diagnosed, then treatment should proceed. As mentioned earlier, most treatments consist of a combination of prescription drugs and psychosocial treatment. Treatments for depression will vary from patient to patient and person to person. Once a prescribe treatment has been determined, the doctor will monitor the patient’s progress. It is vitally important that the patient has a strong support system throughout their treatment process. Treatment for depression has progressed vastly throughout the years. The more we learn about depression and its effect on the human psyche, the better treatments we are able to provide for those who are suffering with depression. There have been various methods and treatments for depression over the years. At one time, depression was considered to be from a spiritual nature and those who had depression were considered to be demon possessed. This is not view of depression today. Depression is widely accepted and treated as a clinical condition.
Conclusion
Depression is one of many mental health illnesses. It must be treated carefully. If depression persists untreated, it could lead to suicide. There are many treatments available for depression, so there is no need for anyone to live with depression untreated. The percentage of Americans that are diagnosed with depression is astounding. How many Americans live with depression untreated? The sad truth is many Americans have depression and it is left untreated and undiagnosed.

References:
National Alliance on Mental Illness (2014). Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis. Retrieved from, http://www.nami.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Mental_Illnesses/Depression/Depression_Symptoms,_Causes_and_Diagnosis.htm
Nemade, R. Ph.D., Reiss, N. Ph.D., and Dombeck, M. Ph.D. (2013). Historical Understanding of Depression. Retrieved from, http://www.gracepointwellness.org/5-depression/article/12995-historical-understandings-of-depression
NIH: National Institute of Mental Health (n.d). The Numbers Count: Mental Disorders in America. Retrieved from, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-count-mental-disorders-in-america/index.shtml
Stanford School of Medicine (2014). What is Depression? Retrieved from, http://www.drc.stanford.edu/depression.html
Zelman, M., Tompary, E., Raymond, J., Holdaway, P., and Mulvihill, M. (2010). Mental Illness and Cognitive Disorders, chapter 14. Human Diseases. A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition. Pearson Education.

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