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Mercury (Hydrargyrum) Hg

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Submitted By doktorot
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Proekt po hemija za :

Hydrargyrum-Hg
@iva

Izrabotil: Mentor:
Skenderoski [enol Sterjoska Silvija

Tetovo 2013

[to e `iva? Hemiskiot element `iva vo periodniot system go nosi simbolot Hg, atomskiot (redniot) broj i iznesuva 80, a atomskata masa i e 200.59. @ivata e poznata u{te od mnogu odamna (okolu 1500 godini pred Na{a Era). Imeto go dobiva od latinskiot zbor hydrargyrum {to zna~i te~no srebro. Toa e sjaen, srebreno-bel metal. Prviot pi{an dokaz za `ivata poteknuva od Aristotel, a spored ostatocite pronajdeni vo egipetskite grobnici se pretpostavuva deka Egip}anite u{te vo 6 vek p.n.e. znaele za postapkata na dobivawe na `ivata i za nejzinata sposobnost za amalgirawe. Od prviot vek `ivata po~nala da se koristi vo medicinski celi, a Paracelsus vovel le~ewe na sifilis so pomo{ na `ivata. Pri sobna temperatura se nao|a vo te~na sostojba. Mnogu lo{o sproveduva toplina i elektri~na struja. Stabilna e na vozduh. Ne reagira so bazi i so pove}eto kiselini. Se rastvora samo vo oksidira~ki kiselini. Te~nata `iva rastvora mnogu metali i gradi amalgami. Vo zavisnost od koli`inata na rastvorenite metali, amalgamate mo`at da bidat cvrsti ili te~ni. @ivinite parei se mnogu otrovni. Lesno se resorbira, duri i preku nepokrieni delovi na ko`ata. Organskite soedinenija na `ivata, kako {to e metal-`ivata, se isto taka mnogu otrovni. Vo prirodata `ivata ja ima 20 pati pove}e od kadmiumot. Mo`e da se najde samorodna dispergirana, vo oblik na sitni kapki niz kamewa i karpi. Mali koli~ini na `iva mo`e da se zabele`at vo granit, basalt, pesok, vo sostavot na moreto. Sepak najgoemo koli~estvo `iva se nao|a vo soedinenijata. Se nao|a vo oblik na mineral cinoberit (HgS) i vo oblik na levingstonit. Hlor-alkalnite elektrolizi se najgolemi potro{uva~i na `iva. Se upotrebuva kako katoda kaj elektrolizite, poradi golemiot prenapon na vodorodot vrz nea i sozdavawe na amalgami so product. So `iva se polnat toplomeri, barometri, baterii ili se izrabotuvaat svetilki koi svetat so svetlina bogata so ultravioletovi zraci. Cenata na redestilirana metalna `iva so ~istota 99.998% isnesuva 54.90 evra za 450 grami. Vo pove}eto soedinenija e edno valentna ili dvovalentna i toga{ poseduva najgolema povr{inska napnatost, {to nagovestuva na toa deka dokolku e mo`no elementarnata `iva bi se nao|ala vo oblik na pravilni top~iwa.

@ivini soedinenija
Hg2Br2 ; Hg2F2 ; Hg2I2 ; Hg2Cl2 - @iva(I) halogenidi: site ovie halogenidi se nerastvorlivi vo voda osven Hg2F2. @iva (I) hlorid e poznat pod imeto kalomel i se koristi vo medicinata kako purgativ i kako insekticid. Se dobiva so precipitacija na rastvor od hlorid vo oblik na bel kristal.
HgBr2, HgF2, HgI2 i HgCl2 - @iva(II)halogenidi: `iva(II)jodid so rastvorawe vo vi{ok jodni joni dava stabilen tetrajodmerkurat(II)jon HgI2-4 koja otkako }e gi dobie baznite svojstva taa se narekuva Neslerov reagens i se upotrebuva za doka`uvawe na amonijak. @iva(II) hlorid e korozivna i mnogu otrovna supstancija.
HgO - @iva (II) oksid: se dobiva kako `olto-portokalov prav so dodavawe na `ivini dvovalentni joni vo rastvor na natrium hidroksid. So zagrevawe se raspa|a na elementarbite sostojki.
HgS - @iva(II)sulfid: se javuva vo dve sostojbi crvena koja vo prirodata se nao|a kako crven mineral cinoberit i crna varijanta.
(Hg2N)OH - Milonova baza: kako reagens se koristi za doka`uvawe na proteini.

CINOBERIT
Zanimlivost
Mnogu tragi~ni nastani gi predizvikale tokmu organskite soedinenija na `ivata- na primer vo Japonija, Gvatemala, Irak, Pakistan. Site tie nastani bile preizvikani so koristewe na proizvodi koi bile kontaminirani so `iva. Vo Irak 1971-1972 godina zaginale preku 3.000 lu|e poradi koristewe na p~enica koja vo sebe sodr`ila fenil-`iva. Vnesuvaweto na alkalni soedinenija na `iva vo ~ovekoviot organizam doveduva da taa so pomo{ na krvotokot stigne do mozo~nite }elii i da onevozmo`i dotok na krv do mozokot so {to bi do{lo do poremetuvawe vo nervniot sistem.

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