...Josh Wagner SC300 Final Project: Randomness and Mutation May 01, 2012 Methods of Mutation After reading the given scenario, its safe to say that everyone’s reaction towards certain situations will be different. The scenario states, that when I arrive home late at night, I walk up to the front door, unlock it, and reach in to turn on the light switch located inside by the front door. The light strangely does not turn on, now what? Its clear that there must be some explanation as is to why the light did not turn on, my first reaction would be to try one more time to see if “it really was the light” and not human error. Using the scientific method, I came up with two different reasons/scenarios as to how and why the light did not turn on in hopes that one will solve the current situation. Trial #1: * Observe: I have observed that the light does not work, since I tried flicking the switch a couple of times. * Hypothesis: Since the light is not working my first thought would be that the light bulb has burnt out. * Experiment: Since the house is dark, I take out my phone in hopes it will shine a path to the next light switch, which is a couple feet away. I switch on that light and observe if it or isn’t working. * Data: Once I have figured out if the other lights are working or not I can come up with my conclusion and collect my data. My data would conclude if the lights in the other part of the house were working or not. * Communicate/Conclusion:...
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...Running Header: Unit 9 Final Project Unit 9: Final Project MT300-28 Big Ideas in Science: From Methods to Mutation Professor Atkins Submitted by Paula Ahl October 1, 2012 PART I: SCIENTIFIC METHOD Each and every day, we are faced with having to make split-second decisions, and the need to solve random problems that we encounter. To reach those decisions and work those problems out you are subconsciously using the scientific method. Apply the five steps of the Scientific Method to two situations that could occur in your everyday life. Use the scientific method in the first scenario provided below to solve the problem at hand. Please come up with a second detailed scenario on your own and follow the same steps in the scientific method to find a resolution. Scenario 1: You arrive home late at night. You walk up to the front door, unlock it, and reach in to turn on the light switch located just inside the front door. The light does not come on! Now what? 1. Name the problem or question you are trying to solve. One evening I came home late, my husband and children were out for the night, I unlocked the front door, reach in to turn the light on and it doesn’t come on. I go back to my car for the flashlight. I need to identify where the problem is generated from. Why doesn’t the light turn on when the switch is switched on? 2. What is your background research? Check the neighborhood to see if electricity is out. Check to see if breaker has flipped. ...
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...natural selection and evolution interchangeably. New research shows that mutations do not allow evolution to occur. A recent study questions the age of fossils and the most trusted dating method, radioisotope dating. Finally, the eruption of Mount St. Helens changed the view of erosion and sedimentation. A big issue in evolution is where life came from. Even if one assumes that humans evolved from Protozoa, they still have a question; where did the protozoa come from? Ker Than explains that scientists do not know. There are endless possibilities to explain...
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...analyzed through different methods to find mutations, or an alteration in gene regions that may cause abnormalities. Research then continues in discovering the nature of this variation. The process of screening genes for mutations became widely used in prenatal testing. In the past, most mutational diseases that were tested for were rare, but now studies are being conducted to detect mutations such as cancer. In 1930, the process of mutational screening for errors in DNA began when newborns were tested for phenylketonuria, which causes a buildup of in amino acid buildup in the blood that causes mental retardation. Blood was taken from the child's foot. If PKU was discovered, it could be prevented with a specific diet....
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...GAOVER OTHER TECHNIQUES? 6. WORKING OF GA 6.1 BASIC DESCRIPTION 6.2 GENERAL ALGORITHM 7. IMPLEMENTATION 8. EXAMPLE-A SIMULATION BY HAND 9. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 10. CONCLUSION 11. REFERENCES 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 11 12 13 13 3 Abstract Genetic Algorithms have recently become a popular artificial technique for solving complex optimization problems and a sophisticated tool for machine learning. This paper provides an introduction to genetic algorithms and brief applicability to problems. There is a focus on GAs used as a optimisation technique. GAs technique is based on natural evolution where provides a robust solution for a given problem. This paper explains how GAs approaches to optimization for a problem with implementation methods. 1. Introduction Nature provides us different things. When...
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...reproductive cycle, and small in size and easily observed phenotypic characteristics. Within three years this model organism was used to discover more than 300 mutations caused by mutagens [1]. 39 years later Dr. Brenner won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for his work with C. elegans. Since its introduction by Dr. Brenner this organism has...
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...To be produced for each new solution, the pair of parents’ solutions is selected for breeding from all the pool selected previously. In our DFP project we Use Select_fun to select two parent routes from the population for the purpose of crossover process. Child producing solution is using the above methods of the crossover and mutation; because new solutions are created typically shares in many of the characteristics of its "parents". New parent is selected for new child, and the process are continues until a new population of the solutions is appropriate size generated. This process ultimately results in the next of generation population, chromosomes that are different from the initial generation. The average of the fitness will have increased by this procedure population, the best organisms from the first generation is selected for breeding, along with a small proportion of less fit solutions. These less-fit solutions ensure genetic diversity within genetic pool of the parents and so ensure the genetic diversity of the subsequent generation of the...
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...Table 1 shows the different disorders that may overlap with Marfan Syndrome because of their clinical features. It is therefore important that all these clinical manifestations are ruled out before diagnosing an individual of a potential disorder. A disorder that overlaps mostly with the many features of the Marfan syndrome is Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) as a result of mutations in TGFBR2, TGFBR1, SMAD3 and TGFB2.4 Patients with LDS present with malar hypoplasia, arched palate, scoliosis, dural ectasia, aortia aneurysms and dissections.2 Although they have long finger, bone overgrowth is often absent and does not show ectopia lentis.2 Distinctive features include high frequency hypertelorism learning disability, congenital heart disease and...
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...that it is difficult to solve using classical methods. Different Genetic Algorithm (GA) have been right to solve the TSP each with advantages and disadvantages (Davis, 2005) In this research paper, I highlight a new algorithm by merging different genetic Algorithm results to the better solution for TSP. In amalgam algorithm, appropriateness of algorithm and traveled distance for TSP has been considered. Results obtained suggest that it does not quickly establish in the local optimum and enjoys a good speed for an inclusive answer (Fogel, 2010). New methods such as GAs, refrigeration algorithms, Artificial Neural Networks, and ACO (Ant Colony Optimization) to solve TSP problem, in recent past have been suggested. Both ACO and GAs is centered on repetitive (Goldenberg, 2005) ACO system was unfilled for the first time by Dorigoat al. to solve TSP. In ACO algorithms, people work together to find the solution. In collective intelligence algorithms, it uses the real life of creatures without putting in consideration the complex mechanisms in run their day to day life in all aspects as best as possible. GA is an iterative procedure that contains a population of individuals or chromosomes. Coding of randomly or heuristic by a string of symbols as a gene in possible solution is done. All possible solution in this search space is examined. When search space is large, GAs usually are used. People can select an operation, integration or mutation the problem to obtain a higher fitness values...
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...International Journal of Electronic and Electrical Engineering. ISSN 0974-2174, Volume 7, Number 5 (2014), pp. 463-474 © International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.com A Review of Software Testing Techniques Manpreet Kaur1 and Rupinder Singh2 1 Department of CSE CGC, Gharuan Mohali, India 2 CSE CGC, Gharuan Mohali, India Abstract Software testing is important to reduce errors, maintenance and overall software costs. One of the major problems in software testing area is how to get a suitable set of test cases to test a software system. We identify a number of concepts that every software engineering student and faculty should have learned. There are now many testing techniques available for generating test cases. This set should ensure maximum effectiveness with the least possible number of test cases. The main goal of this paper is to analysed and compare the testing technique to find out the best one to find out the error from the software. Keywords: Software testing; process model; testing techniques; 1. Introduction Software testing is a process or a series of processes designed to verify computer code does what it was designed to do. According to ANSI/IEEE 1059 standard [1, 2], Testing can be defined as ―A process of analyzing a software item to detect the differences between existing and required conditions (that is defects/errors/bugs) and to evaluate the features of the software item. Another more appropriate definition is this: [3] Testing is the...
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...healthcare system and therefore there is a need to investigate novel treatments as well as more efficient and effective diagnostic methods. There are approximately 50 different Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), which involve cases where a mutation exists in a gene encoding a lysosomal enzyme required to breakdown a certain substrate. Lysosomes are important membrane bound organelles which contain many hydrolytic digestive enzymes. The lysosome is acidic and acts as the site of the breakdown of various substrates in cells. The contents is then transported and secreted via fusion with the plasma membrane of a cell. Mutations in genes encoding these enzymes cause the product to accumulate within the lysosomes of cells and have the devastating clinical manifestations associated with the disease2. The Sphingolipidoses are diseases...
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...those from descendants of other countries. Cystic fibrosis has a wide range of phenotypes, and it also can effect several different organ systems, including respiratory, gastrointestinal, and even the reproductive system. The disease is usually fatal, although the average life expectancy is about 40 years old. The mutation effects the regulation of chloride ion channels. Cystic fibrosis involves mutations on the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene and diagnosis commonly requires an analysis of this gene amongst other things. There is an extensive amount of possible...
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...Midterm 1 Notes * Anthropological Approaches to Understanding Evolution * What is Anthropology? * the study of culture * the study of humans * the study of humans and human behavior * the study of culture among different people and places * the study of global cultures and the comparisons between the various differences * It incorporate culture, including language, social practice, religion, etc. * the study of culture…it can be scientific, humanistic and based on observation * the study of humans in all parts of the world…it combines several fields into a holistic view * the study of humankind in all time and places * Anthropology is: 1. A Social Science * Academic discipline concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society, which often reply primarily on empirical approaches 2. Studies Culture * Culture is composed of ideas, values and perceptions * Culture is not instinctual, it must be learned and shared * Culture only exists within a society or group of people * Culture is a human adaptation to their environment 3. Holistic * The various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence * Cultural Anthropology * The study of patterns of human behavior, thought and emotions, focusing on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures ...
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...triggered by mutation in the gene CFTR i.e. cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. CFTR is an ABC gene i-e ATP-binding cassette (transporter) gene that encodes a protein. This CFTR protein is a chloride ion channel protein that controls the flow of chloride ions and water across the cells. This movement is important in generating sweat, digestive juices, as well as mucus secretion and its clearance. This CFTR gene is located at q 31.2 locus of chromosome 7 long arm. The most common mutation in cystic fibrosis is removal of three nucleotides that results in loss of a nucleotide phenylalanine (F) at 508th position at the long arm of chromosome 7. Depending upon the protein expression and function six classes of mutations have been identified in cystic fibrosis: CLASS I: these are non-sense mutations that hinder the protein synthesis as they have premature stop codons. CLASS II: these mutations are most commonly found in patients of cystic fibrosis that include the deletions of phenylalanine 508th del. As a result of this deletion, protein folding is reduced and as a result its transport to cell surface is impaired and it undergoes degradation within the cellular lysosomes. CLASS III: in these mutations, proteins are normally present but are not expressed to a level that responds to intracellular signals. CLASS IV: these are the mutations in which chloride channels are present but exchange is impaired due to pore abnormalities. CLASS V: in these mutations, CFTR proteins...
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...modeling has identified two types of FLT3 mutations conferring resistance: tyrosine kinase domain 1 (TKD1) mutations involving the ATP...
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