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Mhd 508 Health Science

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The study of Chinese Canadian women looked at why there is a higher cervical cancer incidence and lower screening test rates that the general Canadian population. British Columbia has a high population of Chinese immigrants that have twice the incidence of cervical cancer than the white women population (Hislop et al, 2003). This study discusses the Cervical Cancer Screening Program (CCSP) that was first established in British Columbia. Although the program has been effective, there continues to be more than 1.3 million women that have not been recently screened (Hislop et al, 2003). The importance of the study was trying to determine facilitators and barriers among the Chinese population and use the information to improve the program and continue education about Pap testing that is culturally and linguistically appropriate for the Chinese community (Hislop et al, 2003). The Precede-Proceed model was used to determine predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors by comparing women who had never had a pap test in relation to women who had, but not within the last 2 years. The Precede-Proceed model was the conceptual framework used for development and analysis of the survey questionnaire and interviews. There are 10 steps in the model. The first five deal with defining and analyzing the problem and establishing the objectives and the last 5 involve implementation/ follow-up and evaluation (Hislop et al, U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services, 2003, 2011). First a Community Advisory Committee was established consisting of 6 people from various clinic organizations along with 2 family physicians who informed the Chinese Community through various media platforms about the study. Second a survey questionnaire and interviews were performed to collect further data. The survey asked questions pertaining to screening, health, women’s health, sociodemographics, health models, and acculturation. The surveys and interviews focused on predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors pertaining to Pap testing. Randomly selected household interviews were conducted among high -density Chinese neighborhoods. The age of the interviewees was between 20-79 years. Interviews were conducted in person in their language of choice with several attempts being made for each household (Hislop et al, 2003). Through the use of the survey and interviews, using the Precede-Proceed model the committee was able to determine the needs and social problems associated with the barriers to cervical cancer screening among the Canadian Chinese population. They identified the health determinants of the problems and needs and analyzed the behavioral and environmental determinants (Green, Gold, Hislop et al,1992,1999,1997, 2003). The sociodemographics associated with the screening consisted of: age, place of birth, marital status, education, household income, housing type, proportion of life in North America, fluent English speaking, and previous hysterectomy. There were many predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors associated with pap testing, which included questions related to health beliefs, concerns about pain or discomfort, ever receiving health care in North America, having private insurance or a regular physician, lack of time and recommendations by physician, family or friend (Hislop et al, 2003). The use of the Precede-Proceed model determined that Chinese women in British Columbia and Washington State who are single, with lower income and education are less likely to have been screened for cervical cancer. Many cultural factors were not influential for Pap testing in Chinese women. Some predisposing factors consisted of lack of time and concern about pain or discomfort (Hislop et al, 2003). These results revealed the importance of delivering culturally sensitive healthcare and increased public education pertaining to screening. The study also revealed that recent Pap testing was directly associated with having female Chinese physicians and care delivered in their language (Hislop et al, 2003). This study identified the need for education and culturally sensitive care needed among the Chinese Communities in Canada to increase the awareness and importance of Pap testing. As a result of the study the use of advertising public awareness or possibly marketing a Chinese screening awareness month within the community at the local Asian Health Clinics to increase participation (Hislop et al, 2003). Some implication for further research may focus on how, when, where, and from who the Chinese population obtains their healthcare information that reinforces healthcare screening would reveal the most popular information delivery method to increase Pap testing among the Chinese population.

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