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Micro Ekonomi

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ÜNİTE 1 İKTİSADIN TANIMI VE TEMEL KAVRAMLARI
İktisat, bireyler ve toplumların kıt kaynaklarını, sonsuz ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için nasıl dağıttıklarını inceleyen bilim dalıdır. (Kıt kaynaklar-Sınırsız ihtiyaçlar!!! Bu ikisini sakın unutmayın)

* İktisat kıtlık bilimidir (Yeryüzünde sahip olduğumuz kaynakların miktarları sınırlıdır. Petrol rezervi, altın, elma armut, hepsinin miktarı sınırlı ve tükenirdir. Bu yüzden bu kaynakların dağıtılması önemlidir ve iktisadın konusunu oluşturur. İktisatçılar “Cennette iktisada ihtiyaç yoktur” derler. Sizce neden?

* İktisat malların üretimi ve değişimini içeren faaliyetleri incelemektedir.

* İktisat bir tercih bilimidir. İnsanların çeşitli mallardan hangisini diğerine tercih edeceği iktisadın kapsamı içerisinde yer alır.

* İktisat, ulusal ve uluslar arası bazda ticareti incelemektedir. * İktisat, para-bankacılık-sermaye ve serveti incelemektedir.
İktisadın Özellikleri 1. İktisat sosyal bir bilimdir. (Toplumla bağlantılı olarak insanların ve insan gruplarının davranışlarını inceler.)

2. İktisat analitiktir. (Alternatif çözüm yolları üretir ve her birinin iyi ve kötü yönlerini ortaya koyar.)

3. İktisat, insan davranışlarının sadece iktisadi yönünü inceler.

4. İktisat malların tüketimi ile ilgili olduğu kadar üretimi ve dağıtımıyla ilgilenir.
İktisadın Yöntemi

İktisatçılar araştırmalarında, ekonomik sistemin çalışma şekli hakkında genel ilkeler bulmaya çalışır. Bu ilkeleri bulmak için belirli araştırma sürecini izler. Bu süreç:

(I) İktisatçı ilk olarak belirli bir ekonomik sorunla ilgili bütün gerçekleri araştırıp toplar. Buna betimleyici iktisat denir.

(II) İktisatçı elindeki verilere dayanarak ekonomik davranış hakkında genel bir teori oluşturur ve bu teoriyi test eder. Gerçeklerden, ilkeler veya teoriler türetme işine ekonomik analiz denir.

HİPOTEZ: İki değişkenin birbiriyle nasıl ilişkili olduğunu belirleyen koşullu önermedir.

(III) Son aşamada, iktisat politikaları oluşturulur. İktisat politikası; belirli ekonomik sorunların çözümüne veya bu sorunların ortaya çıkmasını önlemeye yönelik politikaların oluşturulmasıdır.

İktisat politikaları oluşturulurken iki yöntem kullanılır: Tümdengelim ve tümevarım. Tümdengelim; teoriden yola çıkarak gerçeklerin incelenmesi yani genelden özele gidilmesidir. Tümevarım ise gözlenen gerçeklerden hareketle teorinin oluşturulması yani özelden genele gidilmesidir.

İktisadi Düşünce Tarzı

Rasyonel Davranış: Tercih yapmak veya karar almak durumunda olan bir iktisadi birimin kendi ÇIKARına uygun hareket etmesidir. Tüketicilerin hedefi, tüketiminden en yüksek faydayı sağlamak, üreticinin hedefi ise maksimum kâr elde etmektir. Bu amaçlar önceliklidir ve hem tüketici hem üreticiler bu amaca ulaşmak için ellerinden geleni yaparlar.

Karar Alma: Karar alınırken bir eylemin yarar ve maliyetleri göz önünde bulundurulur. Maliyetler ve yararlar kişiden kişiye farklılık gösterdiği için kararlar da farklıdır. Maliyet ve yararlarda değişiklik olursa, kararda da değişiklik olacaktır.

Marjinal Analiz: Mevcut koşullar değiştiği zaman ne olacağının incelenmesidir.

İktisadi Düşünme Tarzında Yapılan Hatalar:

a) Diğer Şartlar Sabitken Varsayımı (CETERIS PARIBUS): İktisat incelemelerini yaparken genellikle bu varsayımı kullanır. Bir kararı etkileyen bir çok etken vardır. Markete gidip deterjan alacaksanız, kaç lira olduğuna bakarsınız, diğer deterjanlar kaçaymış diye bakarsınız, cebinizde kaç para var diye bakarsınız, kalitesi nasıldır diye bakarsınız ve tüm bunları değerlendirerek bir karara varırsınız. Ancak iktisat sizin “deterjan alma” kararınızı incelerken, tüm bu etkenlerden sadece bir tanesini dikkate alır (diyelim ki fiyatını) ve diğer tüm etkenleri (kalitesini, cebinizdeki parayı vs.) değişmez kabul eder. Birçok şeyin aynı anda değişimini incelemek zordur. Bu yüzden iktisat böyle bir kolaylaştırmaya gider. Ancak gerçek hayatta bu kolaylaştırma bazı sorunlara yol açabilir.

b) Birlikte Değişim-Nedensellik: İki olayın aynı anda değişmesi bunların birbiriyle ilgisi olduğu anlamına gelmez. Mesela bir iktisatçı, nüfus ile ilgili bir araştırma yapıyorsa, leyleklerin göçettiği ağustos aylarında doğumların arttığını gözlemlemişse, bu bebekleri leyleklerin getirdiği anlamına gelmez:) Sadece tesadüftür:) Bazen iktisatçılar (tüm sosyal bilimciler gibi) bu hatayı da yapabilirler.

c) Tümleme yanılgısı: Birey için doğru olanın, her zaman toplum için de doğru olacağını söyleme hatasıdır. Mesela, sınıfta bir öğrencinin söz alıp yüksek sesle konuşması, herkesin kendisini duyması açısından, mantıklıdır. Ama sınıftaki herkes aynı anda yüksek sesle konuşması gürültü oluşturma dışında hiçbir işe yaramaz.

İktisadın Bölümleri
Mikro İktisat; tek bir tüketici, tek bir firma, tek bir endüstri (aynı işkolunda faaliyet gösteren firmalar) ile ilgili iktisadi kararların incelendiği iktisat bölümüdür. Mikronun kelime anlamının “küçük” olduğuna ve inceleme alanının da sınırlı olduğuna dikkatinizi çekerim:-)
Makro iktisat ise bütün bireyler, bütün firmalar, genel anlamda tüm ülke ekonomisi ve uluslar arası ekonomi ile ilgili kararlarla ilgilenir. Enflasyon, işsizlik, milli gelirin olu-şumu makro iktisadın başlıca konularıdır. Aynı şekilde makronun kelime anlamının “büyük” olduğuna ve inceleme alanının da daha geniş olduğuna dikkat edin:-)
Pozitif İktisat: Mevcut durumu inceleyip, “ne olduğunu” belirlemeye çalışır, değer yargısı içermez.
Normatif İktisat: Toplumsal refahın en üst düzeyde sağlanabilmesi için, “ne olması gerek-tiğini” belirlemeye çalışır, değer yargısı içerir.

Temel İktisadi Kavramlar

Ekonomik birimler: a)Hanehalkı; aynı çatı altında yaşayan ve ortak finansal kararlar alan insanlardır. b)Firmalar; Üretici kaynakları kullanan ve ne üretileceğini kararlaştıran, şahıs şirketlerinden devlete kadar bütün üretici birimlerdir. c)Devlet; Ekonomide gerekli düzenlemeleri yapan, piyasalara üretici ve tüketici olarak katılan ve vergi toplama ayrıcalığına sahip oluşumdur.

İhtiyaç; tatmin edildiğinde haz ve doyum, tatmin edilmediğinde ise acı ve üzüntü veren duygudur. İhtiyaçlar zorunlu ve zorunlu olmayan ihtiyaçlar olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Zorunlu ihtiyaç, insanın yaşamını devam ettirebilmesi için gerekli olan ihtiyaçlardır. Zorunlu olmayan ihtiyaç ise, karşılanmaları yaşamsal olmayan ancak tatmin edildikçe insanlara haz veren, yaşam kalitesini yükselten ihtiyaçlardır.

İhtiyaçların özellikleri:

a) İnsan ihtiyaçları sonsuzdur.
b) İhtiyaçlar şiddetleri bakımından farklılık gösterir.
c) Tatmin edildikçe, ihtiyacın şiddeti azalır.
d) Bazı ihtiyaçların ise tatmin edildikçe şiddeti artar. (Uyuşturucu gibi)
e) İhtiyaçlar ve ihtiyacı tatmine yarayan araçlar ikame edilebilir. (İhtiyaç: su içme, bu ihtiyacı tatmine yarayan araçlar: Su, portakal suyu, kola. Bunlar birbirinin ikamesi, yani birbirinin yerine geçebiliyor.)

Mallar ve hizmetler: İhtiyaçları tatmin özelliği taşıyan fiziksel varlıklara mal denir. (kalem, kağıt, çelik, çimento) ihtiyaçları tatmin etmesine rağmen maddi özelliği olmayan mallara da hizmet denir. (turizm, bankacılık, dişçilik, berberlik, taşımacılık vs.)

Malların Özellikleri:

a) Mal, insan ihtiyaçlarını gidererek fayda sağlar
b) Ekonomik malların bir değeri vardır (fiyatı)

Mal türleri:

a) Serbest mal-ekonomik mal: Ekonomik malın bir bedeli yani fiyatı vardır, serbest malın ise yoktur. Deniz suyu serbest mal, musluklarımızdan akan su ise ekonomik maldır. Beyazıt Meydanındaki güvercin serbest maldır, ancak pet-shopta satılan kanarya ekonomik maldır.

b) Tüketici (nihai mal) ve üretici (ara mal) malları: Tüketici malları, doğrudan doğruya tüketilebilen mallardır. Üretici malları ise doğrudan tüketilmeyen, üretim sürecine tekrar katılması gereken mallardır. (Kalem bir tüketici malıdır. Ama çimento başka bir üretim sürecine katılması gerektiğinden üretici malı olarak nitelendirilir.)

c) Dayanıklı-Dayanıksız mallar: Dayanıklı malla elde edildikten uzun süreler sonra da fayda sağlayan mallardır. (Buzdolabı, çamaşır makinesi gibi) Dayanıksız mallar ise fayda sağladığında yok olan, biten mallardır. (Sigara gibi)

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...Michael Dell is the founder and CEO of Dell Computer Corporation. His entrepreneurship and fascination with computers can be traced back as far to his early adolescent years. This simple interest he had in computers shortly became the startup for Dell Computer Corporation in 1984. With his stock increasing near the peaks of 90,000 percent, rating it the number one stock in the 1990's; it's no wonder how he became the youngest CEO of a Fortune 500 Company at the tender age of 27. Mr. Dell believed that 'by placing the customer at the epicenter' and creating a strategic concept 'based on customers' needs and preferences' would be the key to a successful company. (Krames, 2003, p. 59) Having a direct model 'based on a one-to-one relationship between the company and the customer' was how he made Dell so successful with ''no intermediaries, no middlemen'. (Krames, 2003, p. 59) Andy Grove is the co-founder and former CEO of Intel. The company he co-founded in the 1960's success can be contributed to his suspicious mentality of 'only the paranoid survive.' (Krames, 2003, p. 135) This man was considered as a legend of this industry by many and built Intel into the biggest computer chipmaker in the world at that time. Mr. Grove was credited for 'his role in fueling the computer revolution' by being named Person of the Year in 1997 by Time magazine. (Krames, 2003, p. 135) Mr. Grove's three-legged stool metaphor outlined how equal levels of execution and strategy in technology, manufacturing...

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Intel

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