...organization’s behavior determines by culture, structure, leadership, internal and external factors of organization; therefore, the manager must be able to recognize and react to the factors in order to achieve the organization’s goals. Human behavior in the organization is complex and it differs from every individual to another. Organizations face challenges to match the task, manager and subordinate in an efficient and effective way. Manager or Management in the organization should analyze the tasks, required skills and assemble a team that match each other skills; therefore the management can create an enrich and conflict free team which need to perform the job well. This report is based on XYZ Company’s challenges such as declining of Sales, low level of employee morale and low level of motivation. Also other behavioral issues observations such as conflicts in the work place, absenteeism, lack of trust and integrity between the superior and the subordinates, occasional sabotage, high temper people with severe stress. This report is primarily based on the study of the MARS model, type of individual behavior in organizations and ethics and values in the workplace. Also this report contains the solution for the above problem. Literature Review a. MARS Model MARS model is a model explain individual behavior as a result of internal and external factors or influences acting together. The name of the model is an acronym for individual Motivation,...
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...ASSIGNMENT 3 1. Legal forms of business in Malaysia. Start up Business in Malaysia - What is a business firm? Business firms can be either of these two types: 1. Sole proprietor/ Sole trader - Sole proprietor is a business carried out in the name of an individual. 2. Partnerships (governed by Partnership Act 1961) - Partnership is a business owned by two or more individuals. Both these types of business firms have no separate legal existence apart from the persons who owns the business and properties cannot be held under the name of the business firms. All contracts are signed in the name of the individuals who own the business and their liability is unlimited. Forms of business formation in Malaysia | Company | Partnership | Sole-proprietorship | 1. | StructureA company is a person separate from its members. | Two or more persons carrying on business with a view of profit. | Individual in business on his own. | 2. | RegistrationNeed to be registered with the Registrar of Companies as a company. | Need to register their business under the Registration of Businesses Act, 1956. | Needs to register his business under the Registration of Businesses Act, 1956. | 3. | TransferabilityShares in a company are generally transferable although the right of transfer may be restricted. | Generally, a partner cannot transfer his status as partner to someone else without the consent of all the other partners. | A sole-proprietor may transfer his business to someone...
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...MODELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BUYING BEHAVIOR INTRODUCTION Organizational buying is a complex process of decision making and communication, which takes place over time, involving several organizational members and relationship with other firms and institutions. It is much more than a simple act of placing an order with the suppliers. In this sense, organizational buying behavior is the decision making process by which formal organizations establishes the need for purchased products and services and identifies, evaluate and choose among alternative brands and suppliers. Industrial or Business buyers are influenced by many factors when they make buying decisions. Generally, business buyers are influenced by organizational factors or task oriented objectives (like best product quality, or dependable delivery, or lowest price) and personal factors or non-task objectives (like promotion, increments, job security, personal treatment or favor). When the suppliers’ proposals are substantially similar, organizational buyers can satisfy organizational objectives with any supplier, and hence personal factors become more important. When suppliers’ offer differ substantially, industrial buyers pay more attention to organizational factors in order to satisfy the organizational objectives. There are two models available to provide a comprehensive and integrated picture of the major factors that combine to the organizational behavior. These are (i)The Webster and wind model and (ii) The Sheth...
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...Theories Comparison Essay The behavioral model is about the concept of learning. “The behavioral perspective is identified with the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1958), the, the discoverer of the conditioned reflex, and the American psychologist John B. Watson (1878–1958), the father of behaviorism”( Rathus, et al., 2006, p.52). Therefore, the way individuals learn can end up having a psychological problem. Individuals who are raised in a harsh, abused, or lack of praise for good behavior can manipulate a person’s behavior. The cognitive model describes the state an individual motion or behavior is in. Aaron T. Beck and Albert Ellis are the founding fathers for the cognitive model. An individual cognitive function is the process of knowing or perceiving in how an individual deals with information. The comparison between the behavioral and cognitive model are similar by the way of learning and how the information is processed. However, the behavioral model can be different depending on the way a person is raised. Therefore, a child raised in a loving environment, praised for good behavior can lead to have normal behavior and normal cognitive functions. In conclusion, the individual is able to process or perceive information better. The contrast is when a child raised in an abusive home, lack of praise and lack of loving parents, the child’s behavior is abnormal. When this happens, it can affect the child’s cognitive behavior. The child has a hard time of processing...
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...Prochaska and DiClemente in 1983, the Trans-Theoretical Model is one of many popular theories, which is used to describe the event of changing a behavior. It is said that the Trans-Theoretical Model (TTM) is a theory of behavioral changes which "intentional behavior change is a process occurring in a series of stages, rather than a single event and that motivation is required for the focus, effort and energy needed to move through the stages” (Miller, W.R., Rollnick, S., 2002). What makes the Trans-Theoretical Model so unique, is that it describes how change occurs over time and not immeadiately. According to Prochaska & DiClemente (1983), this theory proposes that a person may progress through five stages of change when trying to modify their behaviors. In the first stage titled pre-contemplation, we have people who have no intentions of taking action, or wanting to change their behavior in the near future. Many peers suggest that the desire to change a behavior is usually measured within the next six months (Prochaska, DiClemente, & Norcross, 1992). Individuals in this stage are unaware or uninformed of the consequences of their behavior (Scholl, 2002), or they may have had a number of failed attempts and are reluctant to try again (Prochaska & Velicer, 1997). Prochaska et al. (1992), says the main component of pre-contemplation, is the person shows resistance to recognize or modify problem behavior. For an individual to move out of this stage they must experience cognitive...
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...facilitated for long-term success. The article compares the characteristics of Lewin’s Three-Step Change Theory, Lippitt’s Phases of Change Theory, Prochaska and DiClemente’s Change Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, and the Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior to one another. Leading industry experts will need to continually review and provide new information relative to the change process and to our evolving society and culture. T here are many change theories and some of the most widely recognized are briefly summarized in this article. The theories serve as a testimony to the fact that change is a real phenomenon. It can be observed and analyzed through various steps or phases. The theories have been conceptualized to answer the question, “How does successful change happen?” Lewin’s Three-Step Change Theory Kurt Lewin (1951) introduced the three-step change model. This social scientist views behavior as a dynamic balance of forces working in opposing directions. Driving forces facilitate change because they push employees in the desired direction. Restraining forces hinder change because they push employees in the opposite direction. Therefore, these forces must be analyzed and Lewin’s three-step model can help shift the balance in the direction of the planned change (http://www.csupomona.edu/~jvgrizzell/best_practices/bctheory.html). 1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY ACADEMIC INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY...
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...branch of psychology that deals with behaviors that are not considered normal as well as psychological phenomena such as dreams and altered mental states, which have not been explained. The goal of this branch of psychology is to understand abnormal behavior as well as to determine how and if the behavior needs to be addressed and to develop a treatment plan that will help individuals. This branch of psychology also recognizes that there are many influences such as environmental influences on psychological development. The goal of many mental health professionals is not to force an individual to achieve normality but to help individuals who struggle with mental and emotional disorders to achieve fulfilling and active lives. However, to completely understand what abnormal psychology is we need to understand the origins of abnormal psychology as well as the challenges of defining and classifying normal and abnormal behavior. It is also important to understand how abnormal psychology evolved into a scientific discipline as well as the different viewpoints or models of abnormal psychology. The following paragraphs will hopefully help us to completely understand the branch of abnormal psychology. Origins of Abnormal Psychology The field of abnormal psychology has only existed for about 100 years. Although, there have been many forms of mental illnesses have been recorded throughout history. When an individual exhibited abnormal behavior, it was considered to be caused by demons...
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...THE NATURE OF MAN Michael C. Jensen Harvard Business School mjensen@hbs.edu and William H. Meckling University of Rochester Abstract Understanding human behavior is fundamental to understanding how organizations function, whether they are profit-making firms, non-profit enterprises, or government agencies. Much disagreement among managers, scientists, policy makers, and citizens arises from substantial differences in the way we think about human nature—about their strengths, frailties, intelligence, ignorance, honesty, selfishness, and generosity. In this paper we discuss five alternative models of human behavior that are commonly used (though usually implicitly). They are the Resourceful, Evaluative, Maximizing Model (REMM), Economic (or Money Maximizing) Model, Psychological (or Hierarchy of Needs) Model, Sociological (or Social Victim) Model, and the Political (or Perfect Agent) Model. We argue that REMM best describes the systematically rational part of human behavior. It serves as the foundation for the agency model of financial, organizational, and governance structure of firms. The growing body of social science research on human behavior has a common message: Whether they are politicians, managers, academics, professionals, philanthropists, or factory workers, individuals are resourceful, evaluative maximizers. They respond creatively to the opportunities the environment presents, and they work to loosen constraints that prevent them from doing what they wish. They...
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...Capital Structure of Sonoco By: Glenn C. Mack FIN 560 Financial Management of the Enterprise Salem International University June 15th 2014 In finance, capital structure refers to the way a corporation finances its assets through some combination of equity, debt, or hybrid securities. A firm's capital structure is then the composition or 'structure' of its liabilities. For example, a firm that sells $20 billion in equity and $80 billion in debt is said to be 20% equity-financed and 80% debt-financed. The firm's ratio of debt to total financing, 80% in this example, is referred to as the firm's leverage. In reality, capital structure may be highly complex and include dozens of sources. Gearing Ratio is the proportion of the capital employed of the firm which come from outside of the business finance, e.g. by taking a short term loan etc. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_structure). Introduction Packaging is the expertise of protecting a product for distributing, storage, sale, and use. Research shows that packaging can be traced back to the ancient times. In this research paper we will be looking at the company Sonoco Products history, capital adequacy, its cash flow, its financing history and future plans. This company has a personal attachment to my family. It supported 3 generations of my family financially. My great grandfather (Tommy Mack) started working with the company in the 1940’s. Grandfather (Lee...
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...CHAPTER 15 Leadership and Employee Behavior in International Business Chapter Objectives After studying this chapter, students should be able to: Identify and discuss the basic perspectives on individual differences in different cultures. Evaluate basic views of employee motivation in international business. Identify basic views of managerial leadership in international business. Discuss the nature of managerial decision making in international business. Describe group dynamics and discuss how teams are managed across cultures. CHAPTER SUMMARY Chapter 15 examines the behavior of managers and employees in different cultures, and the impact of managerial behavior on international business. The chapter begins with a discussion of Hofstede’s work concerning individual behavioral differences, and then relates his ideas to motivation, leadership, and decision making. Finally, issues related to creating and managing cross-cultural teams are discussed. INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Individual differences are reflected in personality traits. Attitudes, perception, creativity, and stress also are factors in influencing individual behavior. Personality Differences across Cultures • Personality is the relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguish one person from another. Both biological factors and environmental factors are believed to be important influences on personality. It is important for international...
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...Assignment Subject: Organizational Behavior Submitting Date: February 26, 2009 Topic Organizational behavior Submitted To: Mr. Mohsin Rauf Submitted By: Syed Hassan Askari Roll No: 073605-098 Section: B Batch: 36 Organizational Behavior Definition: Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act within the organizations. Explanation: It interprets people-organization relationships in terms of the whole person, whole group, whole organization, and whole social system. Its purpose is to build better relationships by achieving • • • Human objectives Organizational objectives Social objectives It is the study of human and group behavior within organizational settings. The study of organization behavior involves looking at • • • • • • • Attitudes Interpersonal relationships Performance, Productivity, Job satisfaction, Commitment of employees, Levels of organizational commitment and industrial relations Factors which affect Organizational Behavior: There are different factors which can affect organizational behavior in different ways. These are given below. • • • Corporate culture Leadership Management style In fact organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structures have on behavior within the organization. This impact works towards improving the organization’s effectiveness. In short words it involves organization,...
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...Model |Description |Limitations |Notes | | |Biological Model |Examine the presence of atypical development and |Cannot provide all the information|Looks at behavior from an organic standpoint. | | |sequential behavioral differences. Neurological and |needed by educational personnel in| | | |Neurochemical factors, chromosomal abnormalities, |the delivery of educational and | | | |prenatal difficulties, gene defect, postnatal brain |behavior support. | | | |damage. | | | |Developmental Model |As children age, they proceed through several stages |Model fails to inform us |Piaget: Assimilation- fit new stimuli into | | |of development, own unique set of characteristics. |completely in how to adapt to |their comfort zone. | | | |children with atypical |Accommodation- children modify their cognitive | | | ...
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...Introduction Models of crime causation have been put forward by professionals in the field of criminology for a better understanding of the factors that lead to antisocial behavior which Moffitt (1993) subdivided into two categories: life course persistent and adolescence limited. Life course persistent shows that the offender starts offending at a very young age and they are usually hyperactive children with cognitive deficiency and a difficult temperament. Offending may continue in adult life. On the other hand, adolescence limited deals with individuals who start offending during adolescence as a result of socialization and stops during late adolescence. The different causal models are the developmental propensity model, prefrontal damage...
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...gement Review 1979, Vol. 4, No. 2,215-224. Task Design Determinants of Effective Leader Behavior^ RiCKYW. GRIFFIN University of Missouri—Columbia The theoretical and empirical research literature on task design and path-goal theory of leadership is reviewed. It is suggested that task design and individual variables interact to form a construct called individual-task congruence. A model is then developed which depicts leader behavior as a moderating variable between individuai-task congruence and satisfaction and performance. There is an increasing body of theoretical and empirical behavioral science literature dealing with the design of work in formal organizations. Much of this literature is concerned with the diagnosis and description of existing jobs and/or the implementation of task design change programs for the purpose of improving organizational effectiveness. The rationale seems to be that if the needs and capabilities of an individual are matched with the expectations and requirements of a task, higher 9/els of satisfaction, motivation, and productivity .vill result (6). Most published research on task design, however, has not taken other organizational variables into consideration. The general model for contemporary task design research has investigated the moderating effect of certain variables on the relationship between task design and outcome variables such as satisfaction, performance, and commitment (2, 7, 8, 19, 22, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33). A few empirical studies...
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...Stages of Change lie at the core of the Transtheoretical Model, (TTM) which is currently the most mainstream stage models in health and well being psychology. It has demonstrated success with a wide assortment of basic and complex health conducts, includ-ing weight control, smoking cessation, sunscreen use, reduction of dietary fat, quitting cocaine, exercise acquisition, condom use, and mammography screening. Studies of change have found that individuals, travel through a progression of phases while adjusting their behavior. Even though the time an individual may stay in any given stage is liable to vary or change, the com-mitments obliging them to move to the accompanying stage unquestionably do not. Definite standards and procedures of...
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