...A History of Modern Psychology Psychology 310-History and Systems of Psychology October 7, 2013 Abstract Philosophy has been said to be the mother of all disciplines. Philosophy is the oldest disciplines studied and has influenced modern science. Natural and social science have their roots in philosophy. Modern sciences are influenced by philosophy and are similar to philosophical questions. Understanding the way problems are addressed by philosophers is essential to understanding the science of psychology. Philosophers paved the way for modern psychology. Aristotle was a very famous philosopher and was called the father of psychology. Aristotle created idealism which believes that the mind and reasoning cannot exist without the body. Plato was also a philosopher. He taught theories based on the behaviors of humans like impulses and reasoning. Rene Descartes, another philosopher determined that psychology is an actual discipline. There are several philosophers that have influenced 19th Century philosophy. Edward Hitzig and John Locke are respected 19th Century philosophers, just to name a few. These philosophers have had an impact on 19th Century philosophy like no other. Their discoveries provide a different perspective on modern psychology. ("Understanding Learners", n.d.). Psychology as a Discipline According to "Understanding Learners" (n.d.), “Psychology as a discipline aims to describe behavior, explain behavior...
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...fascination with themselves and each other has led to various theories. Most important the fascination with human nature has led to the development of the science of psychology. Psychology’s answer to man’s fascination and wondering has come about through the roots in other discipline; disciplines such as philosophy, biology, and physiology. This led to a science that aims to describe and explain how human thinks, how human feel, and how human acts. Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. The science of psychology has a history that goes back to ancient past. Back to the time of Plato and Aristotle but began to flourish and take shape in the 1600’s. For one to have an appreciation for this science he or she must consider the root and various perspectives of psychology. Modern psychology has come a long way since Rene Descartes and john Locke in the 16th century. The science of psychology began to flourish in the 1600’s with philosophers Descartes and Locke contributing significant theories on human behavior, impacting the rise of modern psychology. “As a science psychology evaluates competing ideas with careful observations and vigorous analysis” (Myers, 2007. p. 2). Rene Descartes was a French philosopher and mathematician who became influential and well-known in the field of psychology. He is the father of the mind-body interaction also known as the dualism theory. According to the dualism theory the mind and body are separate entities working...
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...History of Modern Psychology The roots of early Philosophy are the initial study of understanding; it is therefore the core of Psychology, which is used to motivate an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and actions to understand behavior. Philosophy relates to how an individuals experiences through understanding with no emotions. Therefore, one understands of how both philosophy and psychology can correlate with each other, even though they are both very different, the foundation was laid for further development of modern psychology today (Kowalski & Westen, 2005). Psychology has a long past, short history (Hermann Ebbinghaus, 1908). Hermann Ebbinghaus was noted for his slogan, and the first person to study memory through experimenting. Which brings us to psychology in its infancy, and the development of this science can be contributed to many philosophers as far back as the 18th century, and forward into the 19th century. Featuring, German experialmentalist Gustav, and Fechner 1801-1807, and Hermann von Helmholtz 1821-1894 all were apart of the growing developments of what Philosophy would become (Garth Kemerling, 2002). The American Psychological Association was founded by G. Stanley Hall in 1892. The Principles of Psychology, one of the most important texts in Psychology was written by William James, who would later determine functionalism. Rene Descartes and John Locke are two of the greatest philosophers known for teaching many about psychology today (Wade Pickerin...
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...The History of Modern Psychology PSY/310 Psychology is not something that came about over night. Through the years and centuries psychology has grown from simple ideals of philosophers into its own kind of science. There are not a lot of people who know very much about when psychology and philosophy first came together, which was during this century, “a period that to a large extent defined the philosophical-methodological distinctiveness of our psychological science in comparison to world psychology” (Abul'khanova & Slavskaia, 2007,p. 1). This paper will look at the early philosophers and the beginning of psychology. I will also research psychology and its development into a real science. One of the early philosophers was Plato, “Plato is one of the founding fathers of philosophy and has had a massive impact on the history of western thought” (In Great Thinkers A-Z, 2004, p. 1). Another early philosopher was Descartes, he believed that by using your own abilities to reason then the truth will come out (Goodwin, 2008). “Descartes identified the ‘thinking thing’ or mind, with the human soul or consciousness; the body, though somehow interacting with the soul, was a physical machine, secondary to, and in principle separable from, the soul” (The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide, 2009, p. 1). For centuries philosophers and psychologist have tried to figure out what the connection between the mind and body is and they...
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...30, 2015 General Psychology Early and Modern Perspectives of Psychology Throughout the years many great minds have opened up to the challenge in opening up to study how the human brain functions and what it can cause a person to do and feel; this is called Psychology. These theorists have each came up with their own ideas of why humans, as well as animals, function the way it does and even though each and every one of them have very different ideas it does mean that they are wrong. As time has passed these theories have become bigger, brighter and with more time they will more than likely continue this research which has a lot questions still unanswered. For example, in the late 1870’s and early 1900’s the study of psychology had just started in many places around the world. One of the first people to start this research was Wilhelm Wundt, also known as the “father of psychology”. He was the first to open a psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany around 1879 where he studied non-physical structure of the mind as his first attempt to bring objectivity and measurement to psychology. Wundt had a student by the name of Edward Titchener who believed that every experience could be broken down into individual emotions. Titchener also applied introspection method to thoughts and physical sensations; all this was known as Structuralism. During this time there were many minorities such as women, Hispanics and African Americans that contributed to psychology but were not actually...
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...A History of Modern Psychology University of Phoenix Flaur Conde Psy 310 The History of Psychology is something that is important to many psychologists everywhere. The history is celebrated by many centennial celebrations that started in 1979 (Goodwin, 2008, pg. 2). In the 1960’s when the history of psychology caught interest research of psychology’s past became prominent (Goodwin, 2008, pg. 2). History is important, because it lets people know where they came from, and what mistakes were made, and what discoveries were made, and how we can apply the past to future learning (Goodwin, 2008, pg. 3). One of the forerunners to the beginning philosophy to psychology is Rene Descartes. The Renaissance gave him a great stage to start with, because it had already started the changing of thought, made science more accepted, and made the approved teachings of the church mundane. Descartes wanted to search for a system where all information could be united (Goodwin, 2008, pg. 32). He believed that knowledge can be found through reasoning, and wouldn’t accept any truth unless it could not be doubted (Goodwin, 2008, pg. 32). In the Discourse on Method, Descartes explained his four rules for being able to reason so one could come up with the truth (Goodwin, 2008, pg. 33). The first one is what I stated previously is he would accept information as truth unless it was un-doubtable. The second rule he would take information and break it down to the first stages. The third rule is that...
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...Stratford-upon-Avon United Kingdom Dear Mr. Shakespeare, I wish I could say that this letter finds you in the best of health and mental faculties, which it sadly doesn’t, as it is addressed to your grave. It’s been nearly four hundred years since the literary renaissance brought about a whole new aeon of English, courtesy of you. Everything is ethereal in the face of time, but you have defied that universal law. You have managed to render yourself immortal through your plays and sonnets, which are still considered to be the finest literature ever penned down by somebody. Your literary zealotry and fanaticism with the English language has forever changed and influenced it. But, Elizabethan English has been phased out and replaced by “modern” English, which is the lingua franca of the global world in the 21st century. You may have already gotten a sniff of that while reading my letter and my diction must have baffled you. Before this letter finds you turning in your grave, I’ll try to cover as much ground as I can about the changes in English and your influence on it. Languages are dynamic and evolving. The English language has been in constant transition throughout its history, but the most significant transformation can be accredited to Queen Elizabeth’s voracious appetite for colonizing nations, which sowed the seeds of English in the farthest reaches of the world, including America, India, Asia, Africa and Australia. This pushed English to the top of the ladder, emerging...
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...Modernism and the Visual Arts Must Knows I.Jane Avril II.Toulouse Lautrec III.Post Impressionism (France) 1. This artist embraced the concept of the Demi-Monde which was the late night meeting place of the intellectuals and the emotionally troubled and as well upper class social society and lower class social society. 2.Inspired by Japanese print making and Manet’s summery modelling, this artist revolutionized commercial advertising art and brought the common poster into the ranks of high classical comparison. I.Starry Night II.Van Gogh III.Impressionism (France) 1.This artist largely self taught continues the angst occupied ideas of the biblical so called doomsday philosophy typical of the last 2 decades of each century in western culture for more than 1000 years 2. The artists passionate style looks forward to the birth of expressionism in the 20th century and his subconscience death related symbolism looks forward to the birth of a symbolist movement in the 20th century. The artist is therefor called both a proto expressionist and a proto symbolist I.Mount Sainte Victoire II.Cezanne III.Post impressionism (France) 1.On the one hand Cezanne flattens out the picture plane by largely using Manet’s idea of summery modelling and it emphasizes the concept of art for arts sake simply defining a painting as being pigment on a 2 demential surface. 2.Cezanne returns the illusion of 3 dimensional space by using the theory of advancing and receiving...
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...Contemporary Confucianism REL 133 March 11, 2014 Confucianism The system of thought known as Confucianism has its roots in the teachings of the Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived over twenty-five hundred years ago. Confucius devised a set of guidelines for individual moral development and for creating a harmonious, orderly society. During the early twentieth century, Confucianism lost its dominance in the political and educational systems of China. Throughout the modern era, the moral teachings that form the heart of Confucianism have continued to shape the attitudes and behaviors of millions of people worldwide.(Coogan, 1998) The contemporary issues can be understood by examining the common characteristics of Confucianism and other eastern religions, analyzing the interactions between the modern world and Confucianism, and studying how those interactions influence Confucianism and the modern world. Common Characteristics Among Eastern Religions Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism are three religions that make up the essence of traditional, Chinese culture. While all three religions have differences, the religions also share fundamental elements such as purpose, principle, and teachings that have created a strong and long lasting way of life for the Chinese culture. When comparing religions a person can deduce that all religions have a purpose and follow a specific set of rules, guidelines, and traditions. The vessel that leads each individual to their ultimate purpose...
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...How has the concept of childhood changed though history? Children have been apart of history as long as human beings have existed, however Prior to modern day notion of childhood, Children and childhood appears to be something that traditional historians have never considered, one of the many reasons that became of interest was due to the idea that childhood was a social construction. However the traditional view for a long time is that children were essentially little adults and the most famous proponent of this theory was a French historian named Philippe Aries he wrote a controversial book called the centuries of childhood. His view was that the crucial point in the construction or invention of childhood is something that happened, especially in the 18th and the early nineteenth century, however since 1985 and 1990 there have been a vast amount of theories which have criticised Aries concepts on childhood. Aries tapped into a common belief about the middle ages, which is if the Middle Ages generally was different than it must have been different in terms of children too, so they must not have loved their children and they must not have taken good care of them. Thus taking us to the centre of the argument, being that people in the middle ages and early modern Europe had a lot of children as a sort of self defence mechanism to not invest as much in their children because they knew that half of their children would die before they reached adolescents or adulthood . For...
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...Whore To Culture Life and self are irrevocably connected. One cannot become one’s self without the influence of life, and it also is true that life cannot exist without self. At the center of life is culture, culture that shapes who one is and is shaped by that one. Even if one rejects that culture, in doing so, they effectively reshape it. In this form, the interplay between the two seems flawless and uninhibited, a harmonious ebb-and-flow, a back and forth that seems as natural as the tides. Sounds great for an overview, right? But under the microscope in modern society, one may begin to see that this is not nearly the case. Companies, such as Kodak, strongly convinced that film and film-based cameras still have a place in the modern world, are falling by the wayside, in a time where the culture-accepted norm is digital. The rejection of popular culture by a construct (be it a company, a philosophy, an establishment, or an idea) can lead to a gap of disparity that only further drives that culture and construct apart. Those unwilling to heed to the call of culture, or whore themselves to it, may be in need to find a new calling. One thing in life I will never consider myself is a prolific reader, more of a casual observer. Some of my earliest memories of reading is back when I was around the age of 11, in the fifth grade, when the Scholastic Book Company would bring around their annual book bazaar, advertising and promoting reading to the masses of young readers. I remember...
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...Primarily in New York in the early 1940’s, a group of artists developed a stylistic diverse collection of art that began a drastic new development in the artistic realm that guided/shifted the perception of art across the globe. Abstract expressionism broke away from the conventional thought in both subject matter and technique, changing the focus to a more inner spiritual expression of impulsiveness and improvisation; the work of abstract expressionist resisted the stylistic labeling that was commonly based upon dynamic movement in contrast to reflection with an open palette of color. Imagination and artistic creativity was the overall basis of abstract expressionism. Even when depicting realistic subject matter the artist utilized extremely spirited, messy brush stokes or no brushes at all, simply dripping/flinging paint onto the canvas with overlapping inspirational sources. Critics of this era did not viewed or even consider abstract expressionism as art, which is similar to every new artistic form that emerged before them. Many of the initial artists of this movement lived in New York and met in a tavern located in Greenwich Village, thus, the movement was also given the name The New York School. One of the most notorious members of this group was Jackson Pollock, who became so well known for his dip and splatter form that many gave him the nickname “Jack the Dripper;” Pollock utilized drips and lines to stimulate emotion versus portraying distinctive subject matter...
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...What intrigued me the most in Laura Vandenburgh’s presentation was her ability to bring importance and precedence on a subject that many people don’t think twice about. Drawing was a topic I deemed insignificant, boring, and useless up until Laura’s presentation where I realized the daily benefits we draw from the art itself. Her statement that “drawing is fundamental yet marginal” stuck with me as I watched each slide of art she put up. With each of those pictures I couldn’t help but see the drawing behind it, whether it be the distinct reflection of the thought process, the faint strokes of lines behind the finished product, or the development of a message the artist wished to express. Out of the many pieces of art Laura presented to the class, the two that caught my eye and were visually stimulating were the Real Life is Rubbish created by Tim Noble and Sue Webster and Francis Alys’s political statement photo. When I saw Tim Noble’s art, what came to mind was the saying “one man’s garbage is another man’s treasure” and while this statement may not be representative of this art, it certainly grasps the message that something so ghastly and repulsive can also be beautiful and breathtaking at the same time. I love the irony this piece of art represents, the dual meanings garbage is given, as well as the various perspectives it forces the audience to see. In Francis Alys’s politically influenced photo I enjoyed the way he went around getting his message across. The creativity and...
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...“They say that time changes things, but you actually have to change them your self” . Is it ever possible to call art everyday objects? One soup can, may be really boring but is it possible 100 of them being an actual piece of art having an incredible value? Can it be possibly believed that Homer Simpson is in the world wide history of art? "Everything is beautiful. Pop is everything." Everything is allowed in Pop Art. Abstract Expressionism held sway for fifteen years. But in the early sixties, a group of artists occurred. They were much more different from all other artists since their subjects were Coke bottles, beer and soup cans, comic strip characters and hamburgers. Having to do with so common things mostly everyone has and being so popular objects their movement was labeled Pop Art. Pop Art is basically a 20th century art movement that utilized the imagery and techniques of consumerism and popular culture. It was really easy of it to develop since by the mid to late 1950s the economic and social climate was changing enormously, and so it was really easy for new generation of painters to interest society. Pop Art developed in the United States and in Britain mostly. In the United States the artists were responding to the nation’s consumer society well as in Britain the style had a more nostalgic flavour. The main difference in my opinion of British Pop art and American Pop art is that in the first we have an overtone of melancholy which was not been shared yet in...
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...The Culture Industry and The Society of the Spectacle In Guy Debord’s The Society of the Spectacle, the author discusses how culture has become commodified. In Theodor Adorno’s The Culture Industry, the author discusses how art became autonomous. In this essay, I will compare the two books and show how Debord’s theory of commodified culture and Adorno’s theory of autonomous art directly correlate with one another. The mass production of commodities destroyed quality guidelines and broke down legal and regional barriers. Debord says, “The capitalist production system has unified space, breaking down the boundaries between one society and the next” (Debord, §165). One point Debord is making is that capitalism broke down spatial barriers. When objects became commoditized, human circulation – or tourism – became the by-product. Debord says, “Tourism is the chance to go and see what has been made trite.” (§168) People travel to Rome to see the Coliseum, and travel to Egypt to see the Great Pyramids. These objects, reduced from historical masterpieces to the latest thing you must see before you die, fuel travel and break down geographic barriers. The distance between New York and Rome become significantly smaller. Cars did this in the United States on a smaller scale. It was easier and faster to travel farther in a car than it had been before the car was invented, making travel more accessible, and commodities more able to be made even more trite. Another point Debord...
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