...Modigliani and Miller approach to capital theory, devised in 1950s advocates capital structure irrelevancy theory. This suggests that the valuation of a firm is irrelevant to the capital structure of a company. Whether a firm is highly leveraged or has lower debt component, it has no bearing on its market value. Rather, the market value of a firm is dependent on the operating profits of the company. Capital structure of a company is the way a company finances its assets. A company can finance its operations by either debt or equity or different combinations of these two sources. Capital structure of a company can have majority of debt component or majority of equity, only one of the 2 components or an equal mix of both debt and equity. Each approach has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. There are various capital structure theories, trying to establish a relationship between the financial leverage of a company (the proportion of debt in the company's capital structure) with its market value. One such approach is the Modigliani and Miller Approach. This approach was devised by Modigliani and Miller during 1950s. The fundamentals of Modigliani and Miller Approach resemble to that of Net Operating Income Approach. Modigliani and Miller advocates capital structure irrelevancy theory. This suggests that the valuation of a firm is irrelevant to the capital structure of a company. Whether a firm is highly leveraged or has lower debt component in the financing mix, it has...
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...Modigliani and Miller proposition one (Modigliani & Miller 1958) assume that the composition of the firm's capital Structure is unimportant on the market value of all firms' securities, and consequently the firm's performance and shareholders' value. “The market value of any firm is independent of its capital structure and is given by capitalizing its expected return at the rate appropriate to its class. “This model depends on two keys, arbitrage and homemade alternative (borrowing on personal account). Arbitrage is the process that ensures that two firms differing on laying their capital structure must have the same performance. At the same time the homemade alternative describes that an investor holding an equity stake in a levered firm can sell his stake, raise a personal loan equal to the share that he held in the levered firm, spend the proceeds in a firm that is not levered and increase his income without additional cost. They assume that the shares of the firms within a given class both have the same expected return and the same probability distribution of expected return, and therefore can be considered perfect substitutes for each other. Modigliani and Miller proposition two This proposition is derived from the first one and it concerns he performance of a Common stock in companies whose capital structure contains some debt. The expected rate of return of a stock of any company belonging to a class is a linear function of the firm's leverage. “The expected...
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...This paper provides a theory on the effect of financial structure of the firm on market valuations. In other words, does capital structure influence value of the firm? I believe the introduction of the paper gives an important explanation of how Modigliani has reached his theorem, because his main goal was to correct the drawbacks of other theories. To understand the importance of such a theory, I considered adding these other theories as an introduction of this summary. The cost of capital to the owners of a firm is simply the rate of interest in bonds; this has derived the proposition that the firm, acting rationally, will tend to push investment to the point where the marginal yield on physical assets is equal to the market rate of interest. This proposition follows from either of two criteria of rational decision-making: (1) the maximization of profits, and (2) the maximization of market value. Under either formulation, the cost of capital is equal to the rate of interest on bonds. These have equivalent implications under certainty (Certainty Equivalent Approach) but not under uncertainty. The attempt of allowing uncertainty takes the form of superimposing on the results of the certainty analysis the notion of a risk discount to be subtracted from the expected yield. No satisfactory explanation has yet been provided as to what determines the size of the risk discount and how it varies in response to changes in other variables. The profit maximization criterion, under the...
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...Franco Modigliani Paper assignment Franko Modigliani was born in 1918 in Rome. He spent his childhood in Italy and finished Rome University with the degree of Doctor of Laws, in the same year he left Italy because of his Jewish origins and Antifascistic views. Firstly, he moved to France with his wives family and then moved to USA. He was an instructor of economics and statistics At Columbia University and Bard College from 1942 to 1944. In 1944 he also got degree of Doctor of social sciences at New School for Social Research. He defended his thesis for Doctor degree on the topic of “Liquidity Preference and the Theory of Interest and Money”, and was teaching there for a three years. This work was the first publication of Modigliani in English and, in his opinion, it was one of his main achievements. In 1946, he became a naturalized citizen of United states of America. After 1948 he joined University of Illinois, then Carnegie University (1950-1960), and North-Eastern University (1960-1962) afterwards. Since 1962, as a professor of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he continued he continued his researches in the field of Macroeconomics that he started before, especially Theory of Cash cylces. During these years, he begins study international financial and billing systems, consequences and methods of fighting with inflation, stabilization policy in open economies. Most widely known works of Modigliani was his works in various areas of finance. 1) Personal Finance ...
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...The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment Modigliani & Miller – 1958 Introduction In a world of certainty investment decision should be in line with either profit maximization or market value maximization. - According to profit maximization, a physical asset is worth acquiring if it increases the net profit of the owners of the firm. But net profit increases only if the expected rate of return on the asset exceeds the rate of interest - According to market value maximization an asset is worth acquiring if it increases the value of the owners equity i.e. if it adds more to the market value of the firm then the costs of its acquisition. At a micro – economic level a world of certainty has little descriptive value. A risk factor should be taken into account when pricing capital. Profit maximization and market value maximization seemed to have equivalent implications in a world of certainty, however in a world of uncertainty this equivalence vanishes. - Under uncertainty the profit outcome has become a random variable and as such its maximization no longer has operational meaning. - Market value maximization provides a workable theory of investment in a world of uncertainty. Under this approach any investment project and its financing plan must only pass the following test: Will the project, as financed, raise the market value of the firm’s shares? If so, is it worth undertaking; if not, its return is less ten the...
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...Stephen A. Ross, Franco Modigliani Professor of Finance and Economics, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Consulting Editor Financial Management Adair Excel Applications for Corporate Finance First Edition Block and Hirt Foundations of Financial Management Thirteenth Edition Brealey, Myers, and Allen Principles of Corporate Finance Ninth Edition Brealey, Myers, and Allen Principles of Corporate Finance, Concise Edition First Edition Brealey, Myers, and Marcus Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Sixth Edition Brooks FinGame Online 5.0 Bruner Case Studies in Finance: Managing for Corporate Value Creation Fifth Edition Chew The New Corporate Finance: Where Theory Meets Practice Third Edition DeMello Cases in Finance Second Edition Grinblatt (editor) Stephen A. Ross, Mentor: Influence through Generations Grinblatt and Titman Financial Markets and Corporate Strategy Second Edition Helfert Techniques of Financial Analysis: A Guide to Value Creation Eleventh Edition Higgins Analysis for Financial Management Ninth Edition Kester, Ruback, and Tufano Case Problems in Finance Twelfth Edition Ross, Westerfield, and Jaffe Corporate Finance Eighth Edition Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe, and Jordan Corporate Finance: Core Principles and Applications Second Edition Ross, Westerfield, and Jordan Essentials of Corporate Finance Sixth Edition Ross, Westerfield and Jordan Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Eighth Edition Shefrin Behavioral Corporate Finance: Decisions that...
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...Case #33 California Pizza Kitchen Synopsis and Objectives This case examines the question of financial leverage at California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) in July 2007. With a highly profitable business and an aversion to debt, CPK management is considering a debt-financed stock buyback program. The case is intended to provide an introduction to the Modigliani-Miller capital structure irrelevance propositions and the concept of debt tax shields. With the background of a pizza company, the case provides an engaging context to discuss the “pizza graphs” that are commonly used in corporate finance curriculum to illustrate the wealth effects of capital structure decisions. Objectives: * Introduce the Modigliani-Miller intuition of capital structure irrelevance; * Establish how the cost of equity is affected by capital structure decisions by defining financial risk and introducing the levered-beta capital asset pricing model (CAPM) equation; * Discuss interest tax deductibility and the valuation tax shields; * Explore the importance of debt capacity in a growing business. Suggested Questions 1. In what ways can Susan Collyns facilitate the success of CPK? 2. Using the scenarios in case Exhibit 9, what role does leverage play in affecting the return on equity (ROE) for CPK? What about the cost of capital? In assessing the effect of leverage on the cost of capital, you may assume that a firm’s CAPM beta can be modeled in the following manner:...
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...Lecture 13: Capital Structure Theory Exercises Question 1 Levered Inc. and Unlevered Inc. are identical in every respect except for capital structure. Both companies expect to earn $150 million in perpetuity, and both distribute all of their earnings as dividends. Levered’s perpetual debt has a market value of $300 million and the required return on its debt is 7%. Levered’s stock sells for $100 per share, and there are 5 million shares outstanding. Unlevered has 8 million shares outstanding worth $90 each. Unlevered has no debt. These firms operate in the Modigliani-Miller world with no taxes. How can you take advantage of this scenario? Question 2 Consider the problem of estimating the cost of equity for Crab Inc., a non-listed chain of restaurants specializing in crab meals. Crab has a debt-to-equity ratio of 2 and pays an interest rate of 5% on its debt. Crab’s operations are highly similar to those of the publicly traded Lobster Inc. and Shrimp Inc., which specialize in lobster meals and shrimp meals, respectively. Assume that none of these companies pays taxes. The risk free rate is 2% and the expected return on the market is 10%. Lobster has a debt-to equity ratio of 1, an equity beta of 2, and a cost of debt of 3.6%. Shrimp has a debt-to-equity ratio of 1.5, an equity beta of 3, and a cost of debt of 4.4%. a. Are the debts of Crab, Lobster, and Shrimp risk free? What does this imply for their debt betas? b. Estimate Crab’s cost of equity. Be careful to do it using...
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...------------------------------------------------- Modigliani–Miller theorem From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Modigliani–Miller theorem (of Franco Modigliani, Merton Miller) forms the basis for modern thinking on capital structure. The basic theorem states that, under a certain market price process (the classical random walk), in the absence of taxes, bankruptcy costs, agency costs, and asymmetric information, and in an efficient market, the value of a firm is unaffected by how that firm is financed.[1] It does not matter if the firm's capital is raised by issuing stock or selling debt. It does not matter what the firm's dividend policy is. Therefore, the Modigliani–Miller theorem is also often called the capital structure irrelevance principle. Modigliani was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Economics for this and other contributions. Miller was a professor at the University of Chicago when he was awarded the 1990 Nobel Prize in Economics, along with Harry Markowitz and William Sharpe, for their "work in the theory of financial economics," with Miller specifically cited for "fundamental contributions to the theory of corporate finance." Contents [hide] * 1 Historical background * 1.1 Without taxes * 1.2 With taxes * 2 Notes * 3 References * 4 External links | ------------------------------------------------- Historical background Miller and Modigliani derived the theorem and wrote their groundbreaking article when they were both professors...
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...From investopedia.com Modigliani and Miller's Tradeoff Theory of Leverage The tradeoff theory assumes that there are benefits to leverage within a capital structure up until the optimal capital structure is reached. The theory recognizes the tax benefit from interest payments - that is, because interest paid on debt is tax deductible, issuing bonds effectively reduces a company's tax liability. Paying dividends on equity, however, does not. Thought of another way, the actual rate of interest companies pay on the bonds they issue is less than the nominal rate of interest because of the tax savings. Studies suggest, however, that most companies have less leverage than this theory would suggest is optimal. (Learn more about corporate tax liability in How Big Corporations Avoid Big Tax Bills and Highest Corporate Tax Bills By Sector.) In comparing the two theories, the main difference between them is the potential benefit from debt in a capital structure, which comes from the tax benefit of the interest payments. Since the MM capital-structure irrelevance theory assumes no taxes, this benefit is not recognized, unlike the tradeoff theory of leverage, where taxes, and thus the tax benefit of interest payments, are recognized. In summary, the MM I theory without corporate taxes says that a firm's relative proportions of debt and equity don't matter; MM I with corporate taxes says that the firm with the greater proportion of debt is more valuable because of the interest tax...
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... 1. Assumptions of the Modigliani-Miller theory in a world without taxes: 1) Individuals can borrow at the same interest rate at which the firm borrows. Since investors can purchase securities on margin, an individual’s effective interest rate is probably no higher than that for a firm. Therefore, this assumption is reasonable when applying MM’s theory to the real world. If a firm were able to borrow at a rate lower than individuals, the firm’s value would increase through corporate leverage. As MM Proposition I states, this is not the case in a world with no taxes. 2) There are no taxes. In the real world, firms do pay taxes. In the presence of corporate taxes, the value of a firm is positively related to its debt level. Since interest payments are deductible, increasing debt reduces taxes and raises the value of the firm. 3) There are no costs of financial distress. In the real world, costs of financial distress can be substantial. Since stockholders eventually bear these costs, there are incentives for a firm to lower the amount of debt in its capital structure. This topic will be discussed in more detail in later chapters. 2. False. A reduction in leverage will decrease both the risk of the stock and its expected return. Modigliani and Miller state that, in the absence of taxes, these two effects exactly cancel each other out and leave the price of the stock and the overall value of the firm unchanged. 3. False. Modigliani-Miller Proposition II (No Taxes)...
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...The Capital Structure of Nicci’s Pizza Palace September 13, 2011 The Capital Structure of Nicci’s Pizza Palace A company is funded by debt, equity, or retained earnings. The mixture of debt and equity is the company’s capital structure. There are four factors that influence capital structure; business risk, tax position, financial flexibility, managers, growth rate, and market conditions. Management’s decisions concerning capital structure should be geared toward maximizing the intrinsic value of the company. This value is the present value of its expected future free cash flows (FCF) discounted at its weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Business risk is the basic risk of the company's operations (EBIT), excluding debt. It raises the question how well can a company’s operating income be predicted? There are several unknown variables that can assist in answering this question. The product for example, has a cost associated with its’ creation. Then there is the uncertainty of how much to charge for it, demand, operating leverage, etc. The general rule is: the greater the business risk, the lower the optimal debt ratio. Operating leverage is the use of fixed costs rather than variable costs. It is a measure of whether a company is getting value for its costs. It “can be a very powerful thing. With a cost structure geared toward a high proportion of fixed costs and few variables in the mix, strong sales almost automatically translate into higher profit growth. Companies...
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...CALIFORNIA PIZZA KITCHEN Teaching Note Synopsis and Objectives This case examines the question of financial leverage at California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) in July 2007. With a highly profitable business and an aversion to debt, CPK management is considering a debt-financed stock buyback program. The case is intended to provide an introduction to the Modigliani-Miller capital structure irrelevance propositions and the concept of debt tax shields. With the background of a pizza company, the case provides an engaging context to discuss the “pizza graphs” that are commonly used in corporate finance curriculum to illustrate the wealth effects of capital structure decisions. The case serves to motivate the following teaching objectives: • Introduce the Modigliani-Miller intuition of capital structure irrelevance; • Establish how the cost of equity is affected by capital structure decisions by defining financial risk and introducing the levered-beta capital asset pricing model (CAPM) equation; • Discuss interest tax deductibility and the valuation tax shields; • Explore the importance of debt capacity in a growing business. Suggestion for Advance Assignment to Students Students may consider the following study questions: 1. In what ways can Susan Collyns facilitate the success of CPK? 2. Using the scenarios in case Exhibit 9, what role does leverage play in affecting the return on equity (ROE) for CPK? What about the cost of...
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...FIN – 516 – WEEK 2 HOMEWORK ANSWER KEY - REVISED PROBLEM BASED ON CHAPTER 15 – WACC & THE HAMADA FORMULA Bickley’s Unlevered Beta: bu = b / (1+(1-T) ( D/S) = 1.3/( 1+(1-.40)(30/70) = 1.3 / (1+(.60) (.4286)) = 1.03 Bickley’s New Levered Beta: bL = bu X (1+(1-.40) ( 15/85) = 1.03 X (1 + (.60)(0.1765) = 1.14 Bickley’s WACC with the 30/70 Capital Structure: Cost of Equity: ke = 3.5% +(1.3 X 7.5) = 13.25% WACC = [7.5% X (1 - .40) X 30%] + [13.25% X 70%] = 1.35% + 9.28% = 10.63% Bickley’s WACC with the 15/85 Capital Structure: Cost of Equity: ke = 3.5% + (1.14 X 7.5) = 12.05% WACC = [7.0% X (1-.40) X 15%] + [12.05% X 85%] = 0.63 + 10.24 = 10.87% PROBLEM BASED ON CHAPTER 26 – MODIGLIANI & MILLER EXTENSION MODELS WITH GROWTH ASSUMPTIONS Unlevered Value Vu = $2.0 Million (1 + 6.5%) / (11.5% - 6.5%) = $42.6 Million Levered Value VL = $42.6 Million + [.08 X .35 X $8.0 Million / 11.5% - 6.5%] VL = $42.6 Million + [224,000 / .05] = $47.08 Million Therefore, Equity is : S = $47.08 Million – $8.0 Million = $39.08 Million Expected Return by Levered Shareholder (Without Taxes) rsL = 0.115 + (0.115 - .08) X $8 /$ 39.08 = 12.22% With M & M with Taxes VL = Vu + (T X D) = $42.6 + (.35 X $8.0) = $45.4 Million Value of Equity: S = $45.4 – $8.0 = $37.4 Million rsL = 0.115 + (.115 - .08) (1-.35) (8 / 37.4) = 0.115 + 0.005 =...
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...Traditional views on capital structure point to the existence of an optimal capital structure. Critique the analysis of the traditional views on capital structure in light of the competing views offered by Modigliani and Miller along with their assumptions. Capital structure refers to the way a corporation finances its assets through some combination of equity, debt, or hybrid securities. Stewart C. Myers argues that there is “no magic” in leverage and there is nothing supporting a presumption that more debt is better. He adds that debt maybe better than equity in some cases, worse in others or it may be no better and no worse. Thus, all financing choices are equally good. A firm's capital structure is then the composition or 'structure' of its liabilities. For example, a firm that sells $20bn dollars in equity and $80bn in debt is said to be 20% equity financed and 80% debt financed. The firm's ratio of debt to total financing, 80% in this example is referred to as the firm's leverage. There are many views on capital structure including the traditional views as well as the competing views offered by Modigliani and Miller. Traditional views on capital structure point to the existence of an optimal capital structure. An optimal capital structure is simply a mix of debt and equity which maximizes the value of the firm or minimizes the cost of capital. According to the traditional views on capital structure, changes in capital structure benefit the stockholders if and only...
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